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Photograpmc 

Sciences 

Corporalion 


2?  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


A 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historii,ues 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


m 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illuiStrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
tors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-§tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


0 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piqu6es 


I      I    Pages  detached/ 


Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualit^  in6gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materit 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  6dition  disponible 


r7|  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  materiel/ 

I      I  Only  edition  available/ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6ti  filmdes  A  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  mailleure  image  possible. 


n 

to 


Th 
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of 
fill 


Or 
be 
thi 
sic 
oti 
fir 
sic 
or 


Th 
sh 
Til 
wl 

M( 
dif 
en 
be 
rig 
rec 
mi 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filrn^  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

^ 

12X 


16X 


mi 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Tha  copy  fllmad  her*  hat  bean  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  consldaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifications. 


Original  copias  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  tha  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  Alii 
other  original  copies  ara  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  —^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  ar»  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaira  filmA  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAnArositi  da: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

Las  imagas  suivantes  ont  M  raproduites  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettetA  de  I'exemplaira  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmage. 

Les  exemplairas  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmis  en  commenpant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  an  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  las  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmis  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  an  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  la  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
film^s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  film6  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gaucho  a  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  la  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

w 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


Br 


CHARLES  C.  ABBOTT. 


A  Special  Publication 


0»  TllE 


Peabody  Academy  of  Science. 


mk 


SALEM: 
MASSACHUSETTS. 


II"  III  I  U    Jl;     IfliPSliiiii^ 


I 


^ 


.fmiti!|(<>w'«»w  *»mMill'i^W  W 


PRIMITIVE    INDUSTRY, 


/ ' 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY: 


OR 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE  HANDIWORK, 


IN  STONE,  BONE  AND  CLAY, 


OF  THE 


NATIVE  RACES 


OF 


The  Northern  Atlantic  Seaboard  of  America. 


Bv  CHARLES  C.  ABBOTT,  M.  D., 

Cor.  Member  Boston  Society  0/  Natural  History;  Fellmv  Royal  Society 
0/  Antiquaries  0/  the  North  Copenhagen,  etc.,  etc. 


SALEM,  MASS.: 
GEORGE    A.    BATES. 

1881. 


riftiwui-A- 


COPYRIOHT 

IIY 

GEORGE    A.    BATES, 


Printed  at  The  Salem  Press, 
Comer  of  Liberty  and  Derby  Streets, 

Sai.em,  Mass. 


PREFACE. 

Lm-i.E  need   I)C   added   '  v  way  of  a   preface   to   the   present 

volume. 

The  work  may  l)e  said  to  be  tlie  natural  outcome  of  the  fact 
that  the  author  lives  in  a  neighborhood  once  densely  populated  by 
the  Indians,  as  attested  by  the  thousands  of  stone  implements  that 
are  scattered  over  the  fields. 

As  in  the  course  of  my  rambles  in  search  of  relics,  I  have  always 
met  with  kindness  and  aid  from  all  who  could  assist  me,  it  is  scarcely 
practicable  to  mention  every  one  who  Vuidly  offered  assistance,  gave 
me  specimens,  an<l  in  other  ways  furthered  the  untlertaking.  Many, 
however,  have  been  named  in  the  text,  in  connection  with  the  speci- 
mens they  have  furnished,  or  the  information  derived  from  them. 

Still  I  feel  it  is  incumbent  upon  me  to  acknowledge  my  indebted- 
ness to  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator  of  the  Museum  of  Archaeology, 
at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  to  Lucien  Carr,  Esq.,  assistant  curator 
of  the  same  institution.  Without  the  aid  so  kindly  rendered  by  them, 
it  is  doubtful  if  the  volume  could  have  been  completed. 

I  am  also  indebted  to  the  late  Prof.  S.  S.  Haldeman  for  the 
kindly  interest  he  took  in  all  that  pertained  to  the  preparation  of 
the  work.  The  treasures  of  his  cabinet  were  always  at  my  disposal, 
and  I  have  drawn  from  it  and  from  his  correspondence,  almost  all  tht 
matter  relating  to  the  archeology  of  the  valley  of  the  Susquehanna 
river. 

To  Henry  Carvill  Lewis,  of  Philadelphia,  my  grateful  acknowl- 
edgment is   also  due  for  assistance  in  many  ways  ;  and  particulady 


31918 


VI 


I'KKKAC  K. 


for  tin-  cliMiJftr  cnntainini,'  the  rt'siills  of  liis  latest  investigations  into 
tiie  i;e()i(),uy  of  tlie  Delaware  river  valley,  which  he  has  contrihiited  to 
the  work.  ISy  so  <loinj;,  he  has  added  greatly  to  the  scientific  value 
of  that  portion  relating  to  the  evidences  of  i'akvolithic  Man  on  the 
Atlantic  seaboard  of  North  America. 

It  is  a  pleasant  duty,  furthermore,  to  acknowledge,  at  this  time, 
my  great  indebtedness  to  my  father,  'I'imothy  .\bl)ott,  Ks(i.,  of  Trenton, 
N,  J.,  whose  unfiiiling  interest  in  my  labors,  and  substantial  encour- 
agement in  meeting  many  of  the  expenses  of  the  undertaking,  enabled 
me  to  overcome  many  ilifficulties  that  seemed  insurmountable. 

To  the  Hon.  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  of  New  York,  I  am  greatly  in- 
debteil  for  valuablf;  aid,  here,  most  gratefully  acknowledged. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  add  that  the  series  of  illustrations  of 
objects  from  Californit,  which  have  been  used  for  purposes  of  com- 
l)arison,  are  co[)ied  from  the  Seventh  Volume  of  the  U.  S.  Geographical 
Surveys  West  of  looth  Meridian ;  Capt.  (1.  M.  Wheeler  in  Charge ; 
and  their  use  in  advance  of  the  appearance  of  that  volume  arises  from 
the  fact  that  the  author  was  associated  with  Prof.  Putnam,  its  principal 
author,  in  its  preparation. 

Realizing  how  much  is  yet  to  be  done  in  the  field  of  investigation 
treated  in  this  volume,  the  work  has  been  written,  not  so  much,  indeed, 
with  the  hope  that  it  may  add  materially  to  our  common  stock  of 
knowledge,  as  that  it  may  inihice  others  to  explore  such  localities 
as  they  have  the  opportunity  of  doing,  and  to  preserve  such  traces  of 
early  man  as  they  may  find  by  placing,  them  in  public  museums.  If, 
in  so  doing,  my  readers  shall  find  this  volume  a  worthy  guide,  my 
pleasant  labors  during  the  many  years  in  which  I  have  been  a  collector 
will  ever  remain  a  happy  recollection. 


C.  C.  A. 


Prospect  Hill :  Trenton,  N.J. 
July  I,  1881. 


.     ■  i    j*    * 


'IWMI.K     ()|.-     CON'I'KN'IS. 


Chiiptcr 

Chapter 

Clia|)tcr 

Cliaptcr 

Chapter 

Chajjtcr 

Cliaptcr 

Chapter 

Cha])ter 

ChajJter 

Chapter 

Chapter 

C]haj)ter 

Chaj)ter 

Chajiter 

Cha])ter 

Chapter 

Chapter 

Cha])ter 

Chapter 

Chapter 

Chaj)ter 

Chapter 

Chapter 

Chapter 

Chapter 


I. 

11. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XI. 

XII. 

xiti. 

XIV. 
XV. 
XVI. 
XVII. 
XVIII. 
XIX. 
XX. 
XXI.- 
XXII.- 
XXIII.- 
XXIV.  - 
XXV.  - 
XXVI.  - 


Chapter  XXVII. 
Chapter  XXVIII. — 
Chapter  XXIX 
Chapter  XXX.  — 
Chapter  XXXI.  — 
Chapter  XXXII.— 
Chapter  XXXIII.  — 


—  I.NTI«)|)L'(T()kV. 

S\i>SE    AXKS. 

fKI.IS,    CHISi;i„S   ANIJ    GOUliKS. 

—  (iROOVF.I)    HAMMKKS. 

SKMM.IJNAK    KNIVKS. 

ClIll'I'KD    KI.INT    KNIVKS. 

DRILLS,    A\VI,S   OK    l'Kl?'iiKAl()R.S. 

SC  KAl'KKS. 

Sr.lCKSIONKS   AND    SINKW    DRlssrkS. 

—  MORIAKS   AND   J'KSTI.KS. 

—  I'OITKRV. 

STKAl  TIK    FOOn-VKSSi;t,S. 

TTITKI)    sroNKS. 

—  lllll'l'i:!)    FLINT    IMI'I.KMKN'I'S. 
lilINF,    IMPLF.MKNTS. 

—  .ACRICUI.rURAL   I.Ml'LKMENTS. 

—  I'Ll'MMKis. 
NKT   SINKKRS. 

—  SI'KARI'OINIS    AND   ARROWHF.ADS. 

—  FLINT  dag(;i;rs. 

—  GROOVED    .STONE    CLUB-HEADS. 

—  PIPES. 

—  DISCOIDAL   .STONES. 

—  INSCRIHED    .STONES. 

—  CEREMONIAL    OHJEiriS. 

—  lUKD-SIIAPED    STONES. 
GORCETS,    Tf)TEMS,    PENDANTS    AND   TRINKETS. 
C(5PPER    IMPLEMENTS. 

HAND-HAM.MERS    AND    RUBBING    STONES. 
SHELL   HF:APS. 
FLINT   CHIPS. 

PAL/EOLITHIC    IMPLEMENIS, 

THE     ANTI,-;iTY     AND     ORIGIN     OF     THE     TRENTON 
GRAVEI^. 


m..a&.. 


CHAPTER     I , 


INTRODLXTdRY. 


While  the  early  inliahitants  of  the  continent  of  North  America  are 
collectively  known  as  '•  Indians,"  it  has  been  long  ascertained  that  they 
present  distinctions  which  widely  sejjarate  them,  and  possibly  point 
to  several  and  diverse  origins.     A  study,  therefore,  of  the  liundiwork 
in  stone,  bone  and  clay,  of  the  former  occupants  of  any  one  portion 
of  the  coimtry  is  not,  of  itself,  sufficient  to  give  an  accurate  knowledge 
of  the  wonderful  \ariet\-  of  forms,  and  skill  exhibited,  in  fashioning 
the  articles  which  their  needs  demanded.     Such,  however,  is  the  simi- 
larity existing  among  the  olijects  generally  known  as  "  Indian  relics," 
wheresoever  found,  that  we  are  led  to  conclude  that,  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent, through  a  s\stem  of  barter  or  the  vicissitudes  of  warfare,  the 
distinctive  weapons  and  implements  of  one  ])eople  became  mingled 
with  the  hourj  productions  of  their  neighbors.     It  is  evident,  therefore, 
that,  m  treating  of  the  implements,  weajions  and  ornaments  found  in 
any    one    locality,    we    cannot    be,    at    all    times,    ])ositive    that    any 
given  specimen   is  the  production  of  the  tribe  of  Indians  known  to 
have  inhabited  the  country  where  it  was  found.     'Ihe  influence  of  the 
introduction  of  objects  of  European  manufacture  must  also  be  taken 
into  consideration,  as  in  the  century  or  more  that  elapsed  between  the 
visits  of  the  Hrst  explorers  and  the  arrival  of  the  colonists  at  Plymouth 
and  at  Jamestown,  and  later,  at  Philadelphia,  the  introduction  of  a  few 
foreign  trinkets  and  metal  cooking  vessels  greatly  influenced  the  home 
productions  of  the  \arious  Indian  nations.     Many  of  the  later  artic:les 
made  by  them  were  doubtlessly  modelled  from  similar  objects  of  luiro- 
pean  origin.     From  this  relintpiishment  of  the  customs  established  by 
them,  during  their  happy  ignorance  of  European  civilization,  may  be 


(1) 


2  PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 

dated  the  termination  of  tlie  career  of  tliese  people  in  manufactures 
of  a  purely  American  character.  As  one  of  their  own  people  has 
well  said  :'  "we  lived  before  the  English  came  among  us,  as  well  or 
better,  if  we  may  believe  wiiat  our  forefathers  have  told  us.  \Vc  had 
then  room  enough,  and  plenty  of  deer  which  was  easily  caught,  and 
though  we  had  not  knives,  hatchets  nor  guns,  such  as  we  have  now,  yet 
we  had  knives  of  stone,  and  hatchets  of  stone,  and  bows  and  arrows, 
and  these  served  our  uses  as  well  then  as  the  luigiish  ones  do  now." 

As  the  one  general  locality,  extensive  as  it  is,  treated  of  in  the 
present  volume,  does  not  include  any  territory  known  to  have  been 
permanently  occupied  by  the  so-callctl  Moundbuilders,  the  relationship 
of  that  jjeople  to  the  supposed  ruder  hunting  tribes  of  the  Atlantic 
seaboard  will  not  be  discussed,  although  the  belief  may  be  here  ex- 
pressed that  they  are  not  necessarily  older  than  the  earliest  occupants 
of  the  Eastern  coast. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  somewhat  vague  historical  references  to  the 
presence  of  the  Eskimo  as  permanent  occupants  of  the  coasts  of  the 
New  England  States,  and  even  farther  south,  will  receive  brief  atten- 
tion in  connection  with  a  class  of  objects  which  were  probably  the 
handiwork  of  that  people. 

It  has  been  necessary  to  adopt  some  method  of  classification  in 
studying  the  great  number  of  distinct  patterns  of  stone  and  bone  im- 
plements described  in  the  succeeding  pages.  So  far  as  possible  this 
has  been  done  by  following  t  le  references  of  the  early  writers,  to  the 
utensils  and  weapons  of  the  xudians.  When  there  were  to  be  found 
no  such  guiding  references,  the  suggested  purposes  are  necessarily 
conjectural ;  and  if  the  suggestions  are,  in  a  few  instances,  made  in  a 
somewhat  r.v  axtJuuira  manner,  it  is  because  the  author  is  fully  con- 
vinced of  the  probalnlity  of  the  suggestion,  anrl  not  because  it  could 
be  demonstrated  as  true.  In  tlie  more  general  classification,  how- 
ever, implying  a  greater  anticpiity  of  a  given  class  of  objects  over 
those  of  another,  and  in  separating  the  traces  of  the  pre-European 


*  Acrelius.     Memoirs  Penna.  Historical  Society,  Vol.  XI,  p.  52.     (Speech  of  Canassatego.) 


INTRODUCTORY.  3 

occupants  of  the  eastern  coast  of  North  America  into  three  divisions, 
each  antedating  the  other,  it  is  fully  believed  that  the  facts  justify  the 
implied  relative  antiijuity  and  chronological  sequence.  Exception 
therefore  is  firmly  taken  to  the  view  expressed  by  Prof.  Whitney,^  that 
"  it  is  evident  that  there  has  l)een  no  unfolding  of  the  intellectual  fac- 
ulties of  the  human  race  on  this  continent  which  can  l)e  parallelized 
with  that  which  has  taken  place  in  Central  Europe.  We  can  recog- 
nize no  j)al?eolithic,  neolithic,  bronze  or  iron  ages.  Over  most  of  the 
continent,  as  it  seems  to  the  writer,  man  cannot  be  considered  as  hav- 
ing made  any  essential  progress  towards  civilization."  The  careful 
and  systematic  examination  of  the  surface  geology  of  New  Jersey,  of 
itself,  it  is  believed  siiows  as  abundant  and  unmistakable  evidence  of 
the  transition  from  a  true  palaeolithic  to  a  neolithic  condition,  as  is  ex- 
hibited in  the  traces  of  human  handiwork  found  in  the  valley  of  any 
Eurojjean  river.  The  jiroofs  of  this  earlier  than  an  Indian  occupancy 
of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America,  and  of  the  intermediate 
period  that  connects  this  earlier  with  the  true  Indian  age,  will  consti- 
tute the  second  part  of  the  volume. 

As  the  greater  number,  by  far,  of  the  various  implements  and 
other  objects  of  stone,  bone  and  clay  that  are  here  described,  are  un- 
questionably the  handiwork  of  those  tribes  which  were  in  peaceful 
possession  of  the  Atlantic  coast  when  first  visited  l)y  European  ad- 
venturers, a  brief  reference  to  them  collectively  seems  necessary ; 
although  the  scope  of  the  present  volume  does  not  include  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  ethnic  relationship  of  the  various  native  races  of  the 
Atlantic  coast,  but  merely  an  illustration  of  how  far  their  ingenuity 
had  expressed  itself  in  utilizing  stone  to  supply  their  several  wants. 
These  so-calleil  Indians,  which  have  figured  so  largely,  in  the  earlier 
historic  times,  as  well  as  filled  a  large  jjlace  in  the  preiiistoric  annals 
of  America,  are  known  to  ethnologists  as  the  Algonkins  and  Iroquois. 


'  Memoirs  of  the  Muiiciun  of  Comp.  Zoology,  Vol.  VI  (ist  I'art) :  The  Auriferous  Gravels  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California.  liy  J.  II.  Whitney,  Cambridge,  M.ass.,  1879.  (Chapter  III,  Sec. 
V,  Human  Remains  and  Works  of  Art  in  the  Gravel  Scries,  p.  287,) 


4  PRIMITIVE   INDUSTfRY. 

These  are^  "peoples  of  wholly  diverse  (les':ent  and  language,  who,  at 
the  time  of  tlie  discovery,  were  the  sole  possessors  of  the  region  now 
embraced  by  Canada  and  the  eastern  United  States  north  of  the 
thirty-fifth  parallel,  'i'he  latter  *  *  *  *  occupied  much  of  the  soil 
from  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Lake  Ontario  to  tiie  Roanoke.  *  *  «  * 
They  were  a  race  of  warriors,  courageous,  cruel,  tmimaginative,  but 
of  rare  political  sagacity.  They  are  more  liki;  ancient  Romans  than 
Indians,  and  are  leading  figures  in  the  colonial  wars. 

The  Algonkins  surrounded  them  on  every  side,  occupying  the  rest 
of  the  region  mentioned,  and  running  westward  to  the  base  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  where  one  of  their  famous  bands,  the  Blackfeet,  still 
hunts  over  the  valley  of  tiie  Saskatchewan.  They  were  more  genial 
than  tiie  Irocpiois,  of  milder  manners  and  more  vivid  fancy,  and  were 
regarded  by  these  with  a  curious  mixture  of  respect  and  contempt. 
Some  writer  has  connected  this  dilTerence  with  tiieir  preference  for 
the  open  prairie  country  in  contrast  to  the  endless  and  sombre 
f  rests  where  were  the  homes  of  the  Irocpiois.  Their  Iiistory  abounds 
in  great  men,  whose  ambitious  j)lans  were  foiled  by  tiie  levity  of  their 
allies  and  their  want  of  iiersistence.  They  it  was  who  under  King 
Philip  fought  the  I'uritan  fathers  ;  wlio  at  tlie  instigation  of  T'^ntiac 
doomed  to  death  every  white  trespasser  on  their  soil ;  wh.  led  by 
Tecumseh  and  lilack  Hawk,  gathered  the  clans  of  the  foi  '.  and 
mountain  for  the  last  jiitched  liattle  of  the  races  in  the  Mississippi 
valley.  To  them  belong  the  mild  mannered  Lenni-Lenape,  who  little 
forelioded  the  hand  of  iron  tiiat  grasped  their  own  so  softly  under  the 
elm-tree  of  Shackamaxon ;  to  them  the  restless  Shawnee,  the  gypsy 
of  the  wilderness ;  the  Chippeways  of  Lake  Superior,  and  also  to 
them  the  Indian  girl  I'ocaiiontas,  who  in  tlie  legend  averted  from  the 
head  of  tiie  white  man  the  lilow,  wliicii,  reliounding,  swejit  away  h  . 
father  and  all  his  tribe." 


3  UrilUon.     Myllia  uf  ihc  New  W'uikl,  aiij  cJ.  p.  a6.     New  York,  1876. 


CHAPTER    II. 


OnOOVED  STONE  AXES. 


JunciNG  from  a  series  of  over  two  hundred  examples  of  grooved 
axes  gathered  from  nearly  every  county  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey, 
and  tlie  full  series  of  axes  from  New  England,  in  the  Peabody  Mu- 
seum of  Archajolog)-  and  l^thnology  at  Cambridge,  it  is  evident  that 
no  one  pattern  of  this  form  of  stone  implement  is  i)eculiar  to  any 
neighborhood,  and  no  form  occurs  in  the  south  or  west,  in  any  way 
differing  from  those  occurring  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 

The  material  of  which  they  are  made  varies  almost  as  much  as 
does  that  of  the  arrowheads,  altiiough  it  is  rarely  that  we  meet  with 
axes  cither  of  (juartz  or  jasper,  yet  such  are  not  wholly  wanting.  In 
most  cases,  a  close-grained,  heavy  mineral,  susceptible  of  jjolish  was 
chosen,  althougii  the  grinding  of  any  ])art  of  the  surface,  except  at  the 
edge,  was  mostly  omitted. 

In  glancing  over  any  considerable  series  of  axes,  we  find  the  same 
variation  in  the  degree  of  fmish,  that  we  see  in  every  form  of  weapon 
or  domestic  implement  :  out  perhaps  the  most  nodceable  difference 
is  in  the  size.  Many  of  these  axes  appear  to  be  too  large  to  be 
readily  wielded  for  any  ])urpose;  while  the  smallest  doubtlessly  were 
toys. 

As  so  large  a  number  of  these  implements  have  had  their  shape 
determined  by  tlie  contour  of  the  pebbles  from  which  they  were 
fashioned,  it  is  difficult  to  determine  what  is  to  be  considered  a  typi- 
cal axe,  if  indeed,  there  is  one.  The  use  of  a  water-worn  pebble 
as  a  hammer,  simply  held  in  tiie  hand,  was  among  the  first  acts 
of  primitive   man,    and   it    was    not    long    before    the   advantage   of 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


1 


a  handle  to  such  a  stone  was  recognized.  Once  hafted  and  in  use, 
either  as  a  hammer  or  a  weapon,  if  the  ends  at  al.  differed  in  sharp- 
ness of  point  or  thinness  of  edge,  the  desirability  of  increasing  the 
effectiveness  of  these  features  would  quickly  suggest  itself.  In  this 
way  we  can  see  how  readily  a  water-worn  pebble  would  be  converted 
into  what  we  have  here  designated  as  an  axe,  and  see  also,  how  in- 
definite must  have  been  the  siiapes  of  those  first  in  use. 

If  we  endeavor  to  trace  any  development  of  the  more  specialized 
forms  of  stone  implements,  it  will  prove  a  puzzling  problem  to  con- 
nect the  pecked  and  polished  grooved  stone  axes  of  neolithic  times, 
with  the  chipped  implements  of  the  river  drift.  No  two  forms  could 
be  more  dissimilar,  yet  the  hatchet  of  the  one  ])eriod  and  axe  of  the 
other  are  supposed  to  have  had  similar  uses.  For  use  as  a  cutting 
implement,  one  might  well  hesitate  between  the  two  forms,  for  rude  as 
the  better  made  chipped  imjilements  of  the  drift  appear  to  be,  they 
are  quite  as  available  for  most  of  the  purposes  for  which  the  grooved 
stone  axe  was  designed.  The  people  that  used  the  one  certainly  never 
developed  them  into  tlie  other ;  nor,  would  the  chipped  hatchets  of 
the  better  class  always  be  discarded  for  the  axe.  It  is,  in  truth, 
inconceivable  that  these  latter  should  be  the  production  of  the  same 
people,  who  used  the  chipped  implements ;  and  if  they  originated 
among  the  descendants  of  the  palaeolithic  folks  of  the  same  river 
valleys,  they  are  of  quite  recent  times  compr.ratively,  and  came 
gradually  into  use,  as  a  specialized  implement,  intended  for  but  few 
purposes,  just  as,  at  an  apparently  later  date,  we  find  the  gouge, 
hoe  and  celt.  There  is  no  relationship  to  be  traced  between  the  two 
forms,  or  evidence  that  the  makers  of  the  one  were  at  all  related  to 
the  inventors  of  the  other. 

In  examining  any  large  series  of  grooved  stone  axes,  the  fact  that 
the  shape  was  of  less  importance  than  some  other  of  its  features  be- 
comes very  evident.  Occasionally,  we  meet  with  an  axe  that  has  no 
trace  of  work  upon  it,  other  than  the  groove  ;  the  edge  being  a  nat- 
ural feature  of  the  pebble ;   others  again  have  only  some  slight  in- 


STONE   AXES. 


7 


equality  pecked  away ;  and  from  such  an  one,  we  have  a  regular 
gradation  in  degree  of  alteration  of  the  original  surface,  to  such  as  are 
wholly  artificial  in  shape,  of  jjcrfect  symmetry,  and  exquisite  jjolish. 

Of  those  that  are  shaped  witliout  reference  to  the  previous  size  or 
shape  of  the  selected  stone,  there  is  not  a  very  extended  range  of 
patterns.  A])parently,  every  Indian  being  his  own  axe-maker,  if  not 
content  with  the  simpler  form  of  a  slightly  modified  pebble,  fashioned 
de  novo  such  an  implement  as  pleased  him,  antl  whether  the  edge  was 
very  broad  and  the  axe  short,  or  just  the  reverse,  was  a  mere  whim  of 
the  maker.  One  feature,  in  this  respect,  may  be  held  as  true,  that  the 
depth  of  the  groove,  symmetry  of  the  blade,  and  degree  of  polish, 
are  all  more  marked  in  those  specimens  that  are  wholly  of  artificial 
design,  and  have  been  shaped  from  a  mass  of  sione  that  originally 
bore  no  resemblance  to  the  finished  implement. 

The  maximum  size  of  stone  axes  may  be  stated  to  be  twelve  inches 
in  length,  and  six  to  eight  inches  in  width.  Those  of  this  maximum 
length  are  very  rare,  while  those  measuring  one-half,  and  two-thirds  of 
that  size,  are  extremely  common.  The  weight,  of  course,  varies  with 
the  size  and  the  density  of  the  mineral  used.  Some  axes,  of  diorite, 
or  of  porphyry  of  small  size,  are  as  heavy  as  others  that  are  much 
larger,  of  sandstone.  The  smallest  axe  I  have  ever  found  or  seen, 
from  New  Jersey,  measures  but  two  and  three-fourths  inches  in  length. 
It  is  well  shaped,  has  the  groove  extending  entirely  around  it,  and  has 
had  an  excellent  edge.  As  the  surface  is  now  so  weathered,  and  as 
the  mineral  is  not  very  compact,  it  is  impossible  to  detennine  whether 
it  has  been  polished  or  not. 

The  most  noticeable  feature  of  grooved  stone  axes  is  the  groove 
that  either  partially  or  wholh-  encircles  the  imjjlement.  While  in  many 
cases,  it  is  merely  a  shallow  tlepression  roughly  pecked  away,  in  others 
it  is  very  deep  and  occasionally  highly  polished  ;  but  why  it  shoukl  be 
so,  considering  the  one  object  of  the  groove,  it  Is  difficult  to  conject- 
ure. Certainly  the  material  of  which  the  handle  was  made,  whether 
hide  or  wood,  would  not  polish  it,  even  if  it  were  wrapped  tightly 
about  the  axe,  as  was  necessary,  in  order  to  secure  it  effectively.     As 


1 


8 


I'KIMIIIVK    IN'DUSTRV, 


I  have  already  mentioned,  this  groove  is  occasionally  jirotected  by 
prominent  ridges  on  each  side,  which  also  dee|)en  it  considerably. 
The  position  of  tiie  groove  varies  from  \ery  near  tiie  centre  of  the 
axe  to  a  jioint  so  near  the  head,  that  but  a  narrow  rim  i)rotects  it. 
On  measuring  nearly  one  thousand  examples,  I  fmd  that  the  groove  in 
most  cases  is  .about  one-third  of  tiie  total  length  distant  from  the 
head,  and  is  at  riglit  angles  to  the  u])per  margin  of  the  implement. 
In  many  specimens,  where  the  groove  is  quite  in  the  miildle  of  the 
axe,  it  is  evident  tiiat  the  blade  has  been  repeatedly  shortened  by 
grinding  the  edge  anew,  and  so,  in  some  instances,  fully  one-third  of 
the  imi)lement  has  been  worn  away.  In  the  valley  of  the  Susiiue- 
hanna  river,  in  I'ennsylvania,  tlie  majority  of  the  grooved  axes  have 
had  an  obliijue  direction  given  to  the  groove,  which  of  course  would 
alter  the  position  of  the  handle,  from  that  of  right  ang'es  to  the  axe. 
What  object  there  was  in  this  peculiarity,  it  is  difificult  to  determine. 
This  jiattern  is  not  miknown,  but  is  \ery  rarely  met  with  in  the  valley 
of  the  Delaware  river,  or  elsewhere  in  New  Jersey.  'I'hey  are  of 
more  frecjuent  occurrence  in  New  ^'ork,  l)ut  probably  do  not  occur  in 
New  England.  There  is  no  example  of  this  pattern  in  the  large  series 
of  New  iMigland  axes  in  the  Museum  at  Cambridge. 

.'\  large  i)roportion,  possibly  two-thirds  of  the  stone  axes  found  in 
New  Jersey,  have  the  groove  extending  along  the  sides  and  across  one 
margin  ;  the  opposite  margin,  in  these  cases,  being  Hat  or  slightly  con- 
cave. 'J'his  same  pattern  is  common  also  to  New  l'".ngland,  but  not  to 
such  an  extent ;  one-half,  jiroljalily,  of  the  axes  founil  in  Connecticut 
and  northward  ha\ing  the  groove  entirely  encircling  the  stone. 

As  the  imi)Iements  mider  consideration  are  called  "axes,"  it  is  nat- 
ural to  infer  that  the  edge,  which  in  many  specimens  is  ipiite  sharp, 
should  be  adapteil  to  cutting.  If  not,  the  term  axe  is  a  misnomer. 
It  is  generally  ccjnceded  that,  with  these  implements,  standing  timber 
could  not  be  cut.  'I'his  is  not  true  of  all  axes,  howe\er,  and  one  of 
unusually  sharp  edge  was  found,  by  experiment,  sufficiently  sharp 
to  enable  me  to  cut  —  not  bruise  —  a  small  tree,  by  bringing  the  edge 
in  contact  with  the  tree,  at  an  angle,  say  of  forty-five  degrees.     But  the 


STONE   AXI^S. 


i 


lal)or  was  such  as  would  have  disheartened  an  Indian,  and  the  task 
c-oiild  scarcely  be  successfully  rei)eate(l  on  trees  of  larger  girth.  No 
stone  axe,  that  I  have  ever  seen,  would  be  availalilc  for  felling  trees  of 
even  a  foot  in  diameter  in  a  reasonable  length  of  time. 

There  is  such  a  difference  in  the  finish  of  the  edge  of  any  ordinary 
series  of  these  axes,  that  it  is  probable  this  feature,  in  (-(jnnection 
with  tile  size,  determined  the  particular  use  of  each  ;  and  there  was 
that  range  in  use,  as  is  apparent  in  the  case  of  celts  which,  varying  in 
length  from  fifteen  inches  to  one  inch,  could  not  have  been  intended 
for  one  antl  the  same  ])urpose. 

The  thickness  (jf  the  lilade  varies  to  a  considerable  degree,  and 
many  of  the  broadest  examjjles  are  {|uite  short.  The  slope  to  the 
edge  in  such  cases  is  very  i)ronounced,  and  however  sharj)  the  edge 
may  be,  its  cutting  ])ower  is  necessarily  much  reducetl.  Such  short 
and  thick  axes  were  even  better  weapons  than  those  that  are  thinner. 

From  the  great  number  of  stone  axes  already  gatiiered,  and  that 
remain  to  be  gathered  iVom  the  area  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  it  is 
clear  that  this  form  of  weapon  or  implement,  as  the  case  mav  be,  was 
in  constant  and  universal  use  among  the  Delaware  Indians.  In  some 
localities,  of  several  square  miles  in  extent,  there  have  been  found  from 
three  to  five  axes  in  every  one  hundred  acres,  and  still  others  are 
occasionally  brought  to  light  by  the  plough.  .Mlowing  but  one-half  the 
smaller  number  to  have  been  left  lying  in  every  one  hundred  acres  of 
the  state's  area,  when  abandoned  by  the  Indians,  there  would  renain, 
for  the  benefit  of  archreologists.  the  enormous  number  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five  thousand  stone  axes.  If  these  axes  are  as  abundant 
elsewhere,  as  they  are  in  Mercer  ami  Burlington  counties.  New  Jersey. 
it  is  ([uite  within  reason  to  believe  that  one-half  that  mmiber  were  left 
by  the  resident  Indians,  when  they  relin<iuished  their  territory  to  the 
founder  of  Philadelphia. 

However  incorrect  the  above  estimate  of  the  abundance  of  axes  in 
New  Jersey  inay  be,  it  is  certain  that  there  have  been  many  hundreds 
gathered  in  the  past,  without  any  apparent  diminution  of  their  num- 
bers.    Yearly  the  i)lough  upturns  as  man}-  as  in  previous  years,  and  the 


10 


I'RIMITIVK   INDUSTRY. 


thoughtful  observer,  who  chances  to  seek  for  these  scattered  relics,  is 
amazed  at  tlieir  frecpient  ocfurreuce. 

Supi^osing  that  tliese  grooved  axes,  except  sucii  small  examples  as 
were  probably  toys,  were  only  used  and  owned  by  men,  does  this 
great  abundance  of  them  indicate  a  larger  population,  than  is  gen- 
erally supposed  existed  at  any  one  time,  or  may  we  take  it  as  indic- 
ative of  a  smaller  community,  wliose  oc(U])ancy  extended  over  an 
immense  lapse  of  time?  So  far  as  axes  not  in  use,  or  those  deposited 
in  graves  affect  their  numl)ers,  it  may  be  remarked,  that  we  find  that 
several  early  authors  mention  the  fact  of  the  handing  down  from 
father  to  son,  of  the  cherished  stone  axe,  to  fashion  which,  "the  life 
of  a  savage  is  often  insufficient."'  This  shows  tiiat  the  custom  of 
depositing  them  in  graves  was  only  occasional ;  and  therefore,  it  may 
be  considered,  tliat  such  setting  aside  of  a  certain  number  would  not 
materially  affect  any  calculations  based  iiiron  their  numbers,  as  now 
found  scattered  broadcast  over  the  entire  area  of  the  state. 

In  New  England,  grooved  stone  axes  are  by  no  means  alnmdant. 
They  are  a  well  known  form  and  a  dozen  or  more  may  be  collected  in 
the  course  of  a  summer's  work,  but  in  no  jjortion  of  this  extended 
area,  do  they  appear  to  have  been  in  such  common  use,  as  in  the  more 
soiUhern  states.  I'rof.  George  H.  Perkins'',  in  treating  of  the  archae- 
ology of  the  Champlain  valley,  remarks  that  "  grooved  axes  are  not 
common,  though  some  very  fine  specimens  have  been  found,  but  I 
have  seen  none  that  would  compare  favorably  with  the  finest  western 
specimens  either  in  size  or  elegance  of  form.  The  largest  I  have 
seen  is  nine  inches  long  and  four  and  one-half  inches  wide,  but  most 
of  the  grooved  axes  are  much  smaller.  Such  specimens  of  axes  as 
have  been  collected  have  been  obtained,  one  here  and  one  there, 
singly ;  nowhere  in  such  groups  as  some  collectors  describe.  I  ])re- 
sume  that  all  the  grooved  axes  ever  foimd  in  the  Chami)lain  valley, 
unless  many  were  destroyed  before    collectors    began  to  save  them. 


*  Mociirs  des  Su.ivages  Ameriq..  Vol.  I,  p,  no,  P.nris.  1724.     Quoted  by  C.  C.  Jones,  jr. 
'  American  Naturalist,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  12,  p.  733,  1879, 


STONK   AXES. 


II 


would  not  amount  to  so  large  a  numl)er  as  Dr.  Abbott  mentions  from 
a  single  sniali  excavation  UKide  in  digging  a  cellar  in  Trenton.  N.  J." 

In  Massachusetts,  there  is  a  greater  abundance  of  these  implements, 
than  would  ai)i)ear  to  be  the  case  in  wi-stern  Vermont,  as  is  shown  by 
the  large  series  in  the  Museum  at  Cambridge,  and  in  the  collection  of 
the  Peabody  Academy  of  Science,  in  Salem.  Mass. ;  but  while  rela- 
tively more  abundant  in  eastern  Massachusetts,  than  in  the  Champlain 
valley,  they  are  scarce  as  compared  with  the  himibers  found  in  New 
York  and  New  Jersey.  Nor  is  this  abundam  e  at  all  confined  to  the 
middle  states.  Southward  of  Pennsylvania,  they  are  abimdant ;  and 
along  the  greater  part,  if  not  tiie  entire  extent,  of  the  .\tlantic  sea- 
board, the  statement  that  in  (leorgia  they  "are  frequently  met  with  in 
tiie  sei)ulchred  tumuli,  upon  the  sites  of  old  villages,  in  relic-beds, 
and  in  cultivated  fields,""  is  eciually  ajiplicable. 

As  found  in  New  England,  axes  are  essentially  a  "surfixce"  find,  no 
reference  to  them  l)eing  made  by  any  of  tiie  an  ha;ologists  who  have 
so  carefully  examined  the  graves  of  the  Indians  of  Massachusetts. 
Celts  and  ornaments,  as  will  be  mentioned  in  a  subsecjuent  chapter,  are 
frequently  found,  but  never  the  grooved  axe.  In  New  Jersey,  a  small 
proportion  of  the  graves  of  Indians  contain,  among  other  patterns  of 
stone  implements,  a  small  grooved  axe,  such  as,  from  the  sire  and 
finish,  may  be  considered  the  prototype  of  the  more  modern  iron 
tomahawk.  It  is  doubtfid  if  the  largest  of  these  implements  were  used 
as  weapons,  as  they  do  not  appear  ever  to  have  been  i)laced  among 
the  "  treasures  "  of  any  warrior,  who  was  fortunate  enough  to  secure  a 
careful  burial  at  the  hands  of  his  friends. 

Fig.  I  is  a  very  good  example  of  the  most  common  type  of 
grooved  stone  axes.  This  sjieciuien  measures  eleven  and  one-half 
inches  in  total  length,  and  is  but  four  inches  wide  at  the  broadest 
portion,  the  ridge  immediately  in  front  of  the  groove.  The  groove 
itself  is  but  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  width,  and  the  head,  or  that 
IJortion  posterior  to  the  groove,  varies  from  one  and  one-half  inches 


'  Antiquities  of  Southern  Indians,  p.  274.     New  York,  iH^^. 


la 


j'KiMmvi:  iN'ui;siRV. 


to  (Mio  inch  in  Icnpth.     'I'lio  cnttinji-cil^i'   is  Imt  two  and  onc-tbiirlli 

iiK  Iks  in  ixti'iit.  and  is  still 
niodiTatcly  sliai|i  and  well 
pri'sorvcd.  Altlioiiuli  the 
s])L'(ini(.'n  still  shows  the 
marks  of  the  luinnner.  yet 
it  might  also  he  placed  un- 
der the  head  of  polished 
axes,  as  the  \veap(jn  has 
been  so  carefully  smoothed 
down  that  the  slight  ine- 
(|ualities  and  shallow  inden- 
tations (an  scanelv  be  felt 
by  the  hand.  Its  weight  is 
se\en  and  one-half  jxiunds. 
A\'ith  the  handle  ])laced 
where  the  groove  is,  it  must 
ha\(.'  produced  a  great  strain 
upon  the  wrist.  Axes,  with 
the  groo\e  so  lar  removed 
from  the  middle  >,.  the  im- 
jjlenu  nt,  as  in  this  instance, 
are  not  often  met  with, 
except  such  as  are  more 
nearly  of  e(iual  length  and 
breadth. 

It  is  remarked  by  I-os- 
kiel,"  of  the  stone  axes 
of  the  Delaware  or  J,enni 
Lenape  Indians,  that  "they 
were  not  used  to  fell  trees, 
but  only  to  peel  them,  or 
to  kill  their  enemies."    Cer- 


FiG.  I.  —  Xc\.  Jersey.    J. 


'Hist,  of  Mi'i'ilon  of  I'nitcd  Brethren,  p.  54,  London,  1794. 


SIONK    AXtS. 


13 


;)in.'-fourlli 
iitiil  is  still 
i  ami  well 
loiij^h    the 
,lui\vs    the 
luiiHT.  yet 
phii  1(1  un- 
r    )i()lishe(l 
.a  I  ion    has 
•  smoothed 
sli.ylU    ine- 
llow  iiiden- 
rely  l>e  felt 
ts  weight  is 
alf  ])oun(ls. 
[lie    i>ki(e(l 
.'  is,  it  inust 
great  strain 
Axes,  with 
ir  removed 
v,i  the  im- 
lis  instaiK'e, 
met    with, 
are    more 
jrngth  and 

I'd  by  I -OS- 
stone  axes 
e  or  ],enni 
that  "they 
to  fell  trees, 
el  them,  or 
iiies."    Cer- 


tainly the  axe  before  us  might  have  been  used  f<  '  either  purpose; 
but  ill  an  attempt  at  ilassil'u  alion,  1  should  refer  tiie  smaller  si)e(i- 
mens  to  the  ( ategory  of  weapons  or  "tomahawks;"  to  whi<  h  class 
fig.  I,  judging  fron\  its  weight  and  si/e,  <-ould  ne\er  have  belonged. 
I'ew  Indians  of  to<lay,  certainly,  would  care  to  place  this  axe 
among  their  side  arms,  or  be  ((impelled  to  use  it  in  a  huid-to-hand 
conflict. 

'I'his  specimen  was  found  on  a  small  gravelly  island  in  the  Delaware 


Vu't.  1.  —  New  Jersey,     \. 


Fui.  3.  —  Neyr  Jersey,     -j . 


1 


river,  and  was  presented  to  the  author  by  his  friend  Mr.  William  Dean, 
of  I-ambertville,  N.  J. 

l'"ig.  ■  represents  an  average  example  of  this  pattern  of  grooved 
axe,  which  is  found  in  greater  or  less  al>undance  throughout  the  I'nited 
States,  east  of  the  Mississi])pi  river.  Such  axes  generally  arc  about 
seven  inches  in  length,  the  extremes  being  from  two  and  onedialf 
inches  to  eleven  anil  one-half,  as  in  the  preceding  illustration.     It  is 


14 


J'RIMITIVK    INUUSTR^•. 


very  seldom  that  one  is  found  that  measures  less  than  four  inches,  and 
but  few  arc  seen  in  any  colli  ( tions  so  small  as  the  minimum  here 
mentioned. 

When  of  such  diminutive  size,  these  objects  become  toys  rather 
than  weapons,  although  if  mounted  on  a  sleniler,  flexible  handle,  their 
value  as  a  weapon  would  not  be  inconsiderable.  I'igs.  3  and  4 
rejiresent  excellent  average  examples  of  the  smallest  size  of  grooved 
axes.     Whether  toys  or  weapons,  as  much  care  has  been  expended 

upon  them,  as  upon  the  largest, 
and  the  battering  to  which  the 
edge  of  No.  3  has  been  exposed 
shows  that,  if  a  toy,  the  jJJay 
must  have  been  rough  anrl  \ery 
realistic,  that  so  comi)letely  de- 
molisiied  the  cutting  edge.  In  the 
smaller  of  the  two  specimens, 
fig.  4,  it  will  be  noticed  that  the 
edge,  which  is  still  preserved,  is 
very  smoothh'  polished.  It  is  the 
more  probable  that  these  small 
axes  were  niatle  for  children's 
uses  as  we  find  nt)t  only  ail 
weapons  reproducctl  in  minia- 
FiG.  4. -New  Jersey.   \.  j,,^^,    1,,^  ^.^.^.,^  ^^^^.^^  prosaic  arti- 

cles as  mortars,  and  cooking  vessels.  The  same  is  true  of  the 
pottery ;  especially  of  the  kind  found  in  such  great  abundance  in 
the  western  and  southwestern  states  ;  where  besides  clay  images, — 
the  counterparts  of  modern  children's  dolls, —  miniature  vessels  of 
most  of  the  patterns  in  vogue  at  that  time  are  common. 

Fig.  5  is  an  admirable  examjjie  of  an  axe  made  of  a  ])orphyry 
pebble  of  this  pattern,  worn  down  by  continual  resharpening.  'I'he 
specimen  now  measures  four  inches  in  length  by  three  and  three- 
eighths  in  width,  and  is  two  and  one-half  inches  across  the  head  or 
back.     It  has  a  well-defined  groove  running  along  one  margin,  a 


STONE   AXES. 


T5 


feature  common  to  this  pattern  of  stone  axes.  Into  this  marginal 
groove  a  wedge  is  supposed  to  have  been  driven  in  order  to  tighten 
the  handle.     This  is  jjossibly  the  true  explanation. 

Several  specimens  c>f  axes  have  been  collected  quite  recently,  how- 
ever, which  have  this  marginal  groove  duplicated,  each  being  quite 
deep,  anil  the  sr.parating  ridge  as  high  as  the  exterior  edges  of  the 
grooves.  AVen,  the  object  of  the  single  depression  the  insertion  of  a 
wedge,  as  suggested,  these  doubly  grooved  axes  would  need  two  such 
tightening  wedges,  which  is  not  jirobaL.le.  If,  however,  the  end  of 
the  handle  was  jjlaced  against  this  margin  of  the  axe,  and  so  notched 
a.;   to   fit   closely  the   single   or 

double  groove,  as  the  case  might  .<e*WtV!W^^|^w!<j?Aw,vw;Bsn 

be,  then  the  binding  withe  or 
sinew  wrafiped  about  the  imple- 
ment would  closely  adhere  to 
the  transverse  groove  at  every 
part,  and  need  no  wedges  to 
secure  the  attachment  of  the  axe 
firmly  to  its  handle. 

In  many  axes  of  this  pattern 
the  groove  is  but  very  slightly 
tlefined,  and  in  none  from  the 
Atlantic  seaboard  is  it  so  deeply 
cut,  as  in  a  number  of  those  found 
west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Fig.  5  is  of  especial  interest  as  showing  how  carefully  preserved 
were  these  stone  axes,  whether  used  as  weapons  or  merely  cutting  tools. 
So  long  as  any  blade  was  left  to  be  sharpenctl,  it  was  utilized.  This  is 
more  marked  in  the  above  than  in  any  other  axe  in  the  collection  of 
the  Museum  at  Cambridge. 

This  variety  of  axe  is  usually  of  sandstone,  and  the  ordinary  cobble- 
stones, or  water-worn  i)ebbles  of  the  adjacent  river-beds.  At  and 
above  Trenton,  N.  J.,  the  bed  of  the  Delaware  river  is  wholly  com- 
posed of  loose  stones  of  various  sizes,  with  here  and  there  an  out- 


FiG.  5.  —  New  Jersey,     j. 


i6 


PRIMITIVI';  INDUSTRY. 


cropping  of  rock.  These  loose  pebbles  are  frequently  found  on  ex- 
amination to  bear  considerable  general  resemblance  to  finished  axes, 
and  to  need  little  work  upon  them  other  than  making  the  groove  antl 
rubbing  one  end  down  until  a  cutting-edge  is  produced.  So  abundant 
are  the  well-adapted  stones,  in  shape  and  si/e,  that  we  wonder  wliy 
so  frequentl)'  one  meets  with  stone  axes  that  have  been  carefully  [lecked 
over  the  whole  surface  to  bring  them  down  to  the  proper  shape.  Phis 
may  be  exjilained,  i>erhaps,  by  the  suggestion  that  many  axes  were  made 
where  suitable  stones  were  diffictdt  to  obtain,  and  that  the  fre([uent  wars 
or  wanderings  of  a  community  and  bartering  may  have  resulted  in  the 
conuningling  of  the  axes  of  a  uuillitude  of  localities,  many  of  them 
miles  distant  from  each  other.  It  is  known,  too,  that  tribes  came  from 
long  distances  to  make  autunuial  \isits  to  our  seacoast,  and,  of  course, 
on  such  journeys  they  would  ahva\s  be  jiroNided  with,  and  fri'([uently 
lose,  as  they  passed  through  the  state,  many  specimens  pf  both  weapons 
and  ck)mestic  implements. 

The  routes  taken  by  the  Indians  who  annually  crossed  New  Jersey, 
from  their  liomes  in  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  on  their  autumnal 
visit  to  the  seacoast,  were  well  known  to  the  early  surveyors  of  the 
state ;  and  se\eral  of  the  principal  thoroughfares,  extending  from 
the  Delaware  river  eastward,  are  the  sites  of  those  trails  o\er  which  the 
Indians  had  betMi  accustomed  to  pass,  for  unknown  centuries. 

It  is  iti  the  immediate  vicinity  of  these  trails  that  we  still  find  a 
great  number  of  the  various  patterns  of  stone  implements  and  frag- 
ments i)f  pottery,  which  are  largely  the  traces  of  those  inland  com- 
munities whi(  h  i)assed  yearly,  by  the  same  iiath,  to  their  chosen 
locality  on  the  coast,  ^'ear  after  year,  they  camped  at  the  same  spot, 
while  en  route,  and  left  imperishable  traces  of  their  sojourn  by  the 
sea,  in  the  well-known  Indian  shell-heaps. 

It  has  been  thought  by  many,  and  confidently  asserted  by  a  few, 
that  this  particular  form  of  stone  axe  was  peculiarly  a  moundbuilder's 
weapon  or  implement,  ('ertainly  many  of  the  finest  examples  of  this 
form  have  been  picked  uj)  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  moimds ; 
though  it  is  well  known  that  axes  of  any  description  have  been  but 


STONK   AXES. 


17 


1(1  on  ex- 
iled axes, 
roove  and 
i  abundant 
jnder  wliy 
Uy  pecked 
ipe.     'I'his 
were  made 
([uent  wars 
ilted  in  the 
ly  of  them 
came  from 
,  of  course, 
i  frequently 
ith  weapons 

v'ew  Jersey, 
ir  autumnal 
yors  of  the 
nding  from 
r  which  the 
les. 

still  find  a 
is  and  frag- 
iiland  com- 
K'ir  chosen 
aine  spot, 
)urn  by  the 

I  by  a  few, 

uudbuilder's 

iiples  of  this 

f  mounds ; 

|\("  been  but 


rarely  found  in  the  mounds ;  moreover  those  of  the  maximum  size 
and  liighest  fmish  arc  not  confined  to  tlie  \icinities  of  mounds. 

A  very  fine  specimen  of  a  large  axe  is  in  tlie  cabinet  of  Rutgers 
College  Museum,  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  It  was  found  within  the 
limits  of  that  town,  on  the  banks  of  the  Raritan  river,  which  was 
probably  a  favorite  locality  with  the  aborigines,  on  account  of  the  na- 
tive copper  that  was  formerly  found  there,  andwhic:h  they  highly  i)rized 
for  a  variety  of  purposes,  especially  ornamental.  The  axe  above  re- 
ferred to  is  of  identical  iiatlern  with  that  figured  by  Squier  and  Davis 
in  Smithsonian  Contributions,  vol.  i,  ji.  216,  fig.  loS  (Anc.  Mon. 
Miss.  Valley),  but  is  somewhat  larger  and  hea\ier.  The  former  meas- 
ures nine  inches  in  length  by  six  inches  in  width,  and  weighs  an  ounce 
or  two  over  nine  jjounds.  The  western  specimen  "  is  made  of  very 
compact  greenstone,  and  measures  eight  inches  in  length  by  five 
inches  and  a  half  in  its  greatest  breadth,  and  weighs  eight  pounds." 
Squier  and  i;)avis  fiirther  state  that  this  "  is  regarded  as  a  genuine  relic 
of  the  moundbuilders.  Its  form  is  (rlmost  iticntical 'loith  that  of  the 
forcst-axc  of  the  present  day.''^  The  result  of  investigations  up  to  the 
present  time,  in  and  about  these  same  mounds,  rentiers  it  almost  cer- 
ftiin,  that  the  above  mentioned  axe  was  itself  a  "  forest-axe." 

Fig.  6  represents  one  of  the  finest  si)eciniens  of  a  large  stone  axe 
that  we  have  ever  met  with.  Very  many  that  we  have  seen  ha\e  been 
as  large  ;  a  number  have  been  of  more  finished  workmanshij),  but  no 
one  has  as  many  features  of  interest  as  this.  This  sj)ecimcn  measures 
eleven  inches  in  length.  The  conical  head  is  three  inches  long,  the 
groove  and  ridges  together  two  and  one-fjuarter  inches,  and  the  blade 
within  a  small  fraction  of  five  and  three-ipiarter  inches.  The  conical 
head  does  not  appear  to  have  met  with  any  very  hard  usage,  and  was 
probably  intended  for  ornament.  It  would  seem  as  though  the  ridges, 
at  each  margin  of  the  groove,  would  be  of  great  advantage  in  fasten 
ing  the  hantlle  to  the  axe,  inasmuch  as  it  secures  greater  tlepth  to  the 
groove  without  cutting  too  deeply  into  the  body  of  the  implement  it- 
self; but  such  plausible  reasoning  somewhat  vanishes  when  we  come 
to  compare  weights  and  find  that  this  specimen  (fig.  6)  weiglis  but 


i8 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


six   pounds,  whereas   fig.    i,   with   one   jwund   and   a   half  greater 

weight,  lias  a  groove 
only  one-half  the  depth 
and  widtli,  jjlaccd  as 
near  as  i)ra(tiral)le  to 
one  end,  while  in  fig. 
6  it  aj)proaches  more 
nearly  to  the  middle. 

Axes  of  this  i)attern, 
having  both  the  jiro- 
jecting  and  protecting 
ridges  at  the  groove 
and  a  conical  head,  are 
common  within  limited 
locali  ?s  in  New  Jer- 
sey. Thus,  in  (Glouces- 
ter county,  in  a  series 
of  one  htmdred  speci- 
mens, about  twenty 
were  of  this  patterrt. 
All  were  similar  to  the 
specimen  here  figured 
tliough  not  so  large, 
and  in  no  instance  was 
the  conical  head  so 
symmetrical. 

The  material  of  which 
this  axe  is  made  is 
very  compact  and  un- 
yielding ;  and  <:onsider- 
ing  the  amount  of  work 

Fig.  6. -New  Jersey.     J.  ^^^^^     j^^    ^^g     ^an    Well 

realize  that  much  time  was  consumed  ere  it  was  completed. 

Axes  of  this  form  do  not  appear  to  be  widely  distributed,  as  judged 


'w^w-vwn, 


STONE   AXES. 


19 


ilf  greater 

a    groove 

the  depth 

placed    as 

:tii\ible  to 

ilc    in    fig. 

:hcs    more 

middle. 

lis  pattern, 

the    i)ro- 

protecting 

lie    groove 

1  head,  are 

hin  limited 

New   Jer- 

in  Glouces- 

in  a  series 

ired  speci- 

it    twenty 

is    patterA. 

Hilar  to  the 

ere   figured 

;    so    large, 

nstance  was 

1     head     so 

rial  of  which 
is  made  is 
ict  and  un- 
nd  consider- 
)unt  of  work 
ne  can  well 
d. 
d,  as  judged 


by  the  examination  of  large  series  from  various  states.  In  some  col- 
lections, there  was  but  a  single  example,  whilst  in  others,  nothing  at 
all  similar  to  it  was  seen. 

Fig.  6  was  found  on  the  shore  of  the  Delaware  river,  near  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.,  and  was  presented  to  the  writer  by  Dr.  J.  \V.  Ward  of  that 
city. 

Fig.  7  represents  an  axe  of  somewhat  similar  outline  to  the  pre- 
ceding, iiaving  the  ridges  tiiat 
are  on  tiie  margin  of  tiie  groove 
very  well  definetl,  but  the  taper- 
ing,   conical    head    is    by   no 
means   as    artistically  finished 
as  in  the  former  instance.     As 
the     illustration     shows,     this 
specimen    has    been    pecked 
over  its  whole  surface,  and  is 
a  good    example  of  the   per- 
severance and  patience  of  the 
primitive  folk  who  accounted 
such  weapons  among  the  chief- 
est    of   their    worldly    goods. 
Axes  of  this  shape  and  ])attern 
occur  in  many  parts  of  New 
Jersey,  but  are  less  common 
in  New  England.     No  better 
opportunity  for  contrasting  the 
rude  with  the  elaborate  specimens  of  a  similar  implement  is  furnished, 
than  by  a  study  of  this  axe  and  the  preceding.     In  the  specimen 
before  us,  we  have  the  same  high  protecting  ridges  to  the  groove,  as 
in  fig.  6,  but  without  a  trace  of  the    care    and  workmanship  there 
shown.     The  conical  head  is  symmetrical,  and  has  been  brought  by 
pecking  to  its  present  shape,  but  it  is  not  much  altered,  in  compari- 
son with  the  pointed  back  or  head  of  the  preceding  .specimen. 

Much  has  been  said,  by  early  writers,  of  the  use  of  these  axes  as 


Fig.  7.  —  New  Jersey.     J. 


30 


PRIMITIVK    INDUSTRY. 


wedges  for  splitting  wood ;  and  as  this  implies  the  use  of  a  maul  of 
some  sort,  there  is  an  apparent  explanation  of  the  frecpient  fractures 
of  the  head  of  the  axes,  as  now  found.  Still,  it  is  doubtful  if  grooved 
ax'is  were  customarily  used  in  this  way,  as  the  labor  of  making  them 
was  far  too  great  to  warrant  their  being  subjected  to  blows  which  would 
very  cpiickly  destroy  them.  Certainly  axes  like  the  present  and  pre- 
ceding examples,  which  show  no  marks  of  violence,  could  not  have 
been  so  used. 

Fi<^  8  represents  a  remarkably  fine  example  of  a  polished  grooved 

axe.     The  illustration  gives 
a  better  idea  of  the  spec- 
imen than  can  any  descrip- 
tion.    Suffice  it  to  say,  that 
the  whole  surface  has  been 
beautifully  jjolished,  and  the 
edge,    still    perfect,    is    as 
sharp   as   it   can   be   made, 
and  describes  nearly  an  ac- 
curate   arc  of  a  circle.     It 
will  be  noticed  that  this  axe 
has    two   grooves,    one    of 
them  shallower  and    much 
less  well  defined  than  the 
posterior  and  deejier  one. 
The  object  of  the  double  grcove,  which  is  but  seldom  met  with  on 
the  Atlantic  seaboard,  is  by  no  means  clear.     No  similar  example  is 
found  in  either  of  the  large  New  ICngland  collections  at  Cambridge, 
or  at  Salem,  Mass.,  nor  do  such  axes  occur  in  any  numbers,  appar- 
ently, except  in  the   immediate  vicinity  of  where  fig.  <S  was  found. 
Polished  axes  of  somewhat  similar  form,  but  without  such  a  well  defined 
cutting  edge,  arc  met  with  in  New  Mexico.'*     Specimens  have  been 
found  in  the  ancient  pueblos,  with  the  two  grooves,  very  well  defined. 


Fig. 


Jersey. 


•U.  S.  Geog.  Survey  of  Territories,  west  of  looth  merid.     Vol.  VII,  PI.  xvii,  xviii,  six,  p.  377. 


STONE   AXES. 


31 


'I'hese  doubly  grooved  axes,  or  axc-shapcd  implements  possess  sev- 
eral marked  j)etuliarities.  Some  of  tiiose  described  in  the  volume 
referred  to,  "seem  to  have  had  cutting  edges,  but  they  now  so  blunted 
that  they  apjiear  to  liave  been  used  more  for  giving  blows  than  for  cut- 
ting jnirposes.  'I'hey  are  of  small  size  and  may  have  been  mounted 
for  use  as  imi)lements  (if  war,  similar  to  the  iron  tomaliawk  of  a  later 
date.  *  *  *  Others  ought  rather  to  be  called  axe-shapetl  hammers 
than  axes,  for  tliey  evidentl)' 
never  were  furnished  with  an\- 
thing  approaching  a  cutting 
edge,  and  their  rounded  and 
fractured  ends  show  that  they 
have  long  been  use<l  as  ham- 
mers. •  •  *  These  pueblo 
axes  are  highly  polished." 

While    no     doubly-grooved 
axes  have  been  found  on  the 
Atlantic   coast   that    have    so 
comjjletely  lost    their    <  utting 
edges  as  ha\e  those  described 
by  Professor  Putnam,  it  is  no 
uncommon  occurrence  to  meet 
witii  ordinary  axes  that  have 
been  i onverted  into  hammers 
by   tiie    gradual    loss   of  their 
cutting  edges,    ai.d    the    frac- 
tured surface  worn  to  a  com-  ^"-  ''-^''''  ^""'''-    ''■ 
paratively  smooth  one  either  by  design  or  as  the  result  of  use  as  a 
hammer.     It  is   probalile  that   most  of  the  grooved  hammers,  other 
than  those  cylindrical  in  sha])e,  were  originally  axes  of  the  ordinary 
patterns. 

Fig.  9  represents  a  fair  average  specimen  of  a  cobble-stone  axe, 
in  which  the  groove  extends  entirely  around  the  weajran.  One  fea- 
ture is  particularly  noticeable  in  these  axes,  viz.,  that  the  groove  is 


22 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


more  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  specimen.  I  have  examined  a 
large  series  of  axes,  and  find  that  the  following  characteristic  is  com- 
mon to  all  the  examples  that  have  come  under  my  notice,  viz. :  that 
when  the  groove  extends  entirely  around  the  axe,  it  is  in  advance  of 
the  usual  jjosition  of  the  grooves  that  do  not  meet  above,  or  on  the 
upper  margin,  as  in  fig.  i.  There  was  something  in  the  method  of 
using  these  implements  that  is  yet  to  be  learned,  l)efore  an  expla- 
nation can  be  given  of  this  curious  feature  of  the  varying  position  of 
the  groove.  Certainly,  the  original  shape  of  the  selected  i)ebl)le  had 
nothing,  or  very  little,  to  do  with  determining  tlie  location.  Tliis 
specimen  (fig.  9)  is  about  the  average  size  of  any  ortlinary  collection 
of  these  stone  axes  as  gathered  from  any  one  neigliborhood.  'I'iiey 
range  from  four  to  eight  inches  in  lengtli,  seldom  exceeding  tiiis  limit ; 
and  the  number  of  instances  of  axes  less  than  foi'.r  inches  in  length 
is  comparatively  few.  As  a  class,  the  c<jmpletely  grooved  axes  do  not 
appear  to  be  as  well  fuiished  as  the  i)receding  style  ;  an<l  being  usually 
of  "crooked"  or  irregularly-shaped  stones,  when  a  number  are  to- 
gether, there  appears  to  be  but  little  in  common  except  such  features 
as  pronounce  them  all  "axes." 

Such  an  axe  as  fig.  9  is  the  simplest,  if  it  may  not  be  considered 
the  primitive  form  of  this  implement.  This  is  true,  if  the  minimum 
amount  of  labor  expended  upon  them  is  indicative  of  the  first  steps 
towards  the  production  .of  such  an  axe,  as  the  one  immediately  pre- 
ceding. There  is  little,  however,  to  warrant  such  an  opinion  and  it 
would  rather  seem  that  if  axes  were  the  outgi'owth  of  some  simpler 
form,  they  originated  beyond  our  boundaries.  It  has  occurred  to  tlie 
writer,  that  as  axes  were  made  not  by  professionals,  as  was  largely 
true  in  the  case  of  arrowheads,  but  by  each  man  for  iiimself,  tiiey  are 
really  something  of  an  indication  of  the  great  individual  lifferences 
that  existed  among  the  Indians  ;  a  rude  axe  being  the  workmanship 
of  a  lazy  man,  and  a  symmetrical  one,  the  result  of  long,  patient 
labor  on  the  part  of  a  person  who  had  the  taste  to  design  and  the 
pluck  to  accomplish  what,  to  them,  was  a  serious  undertaking,  and 
involved,  as  we  have  seen,  a  great  expenditure  of  time. 


STONE   AXES. 


«3 


Fig.  lo  represents  an  exceedingly  crude  axe,  tliat,  when  figured, 
was  tlie  very  "plainest"  specimen  I  had  ever  met  with.  Since 
then,  however,  others,  even  more  primitive,  and  yet  uncpiestionahly 
"grooved  stone  axes,"  have  been  collected.  'I'he  specimen  here 
figured  has  the  groove  on  eacii  side  and  al)o\e  .md  below  of  a  uni- 


FlG.  lo.  —  New  Jersey.     J, 

form  depth,  and  is  well  defined  throughout,  as  the  illustration  indi- 
cates ;  but,  in  the  still  plainer  specimen,  the  groove  consists  of  a  faint 
roughening,  that  seems  of  little  use,  being  scarcely  uneven  enough  to 
prevent  the  fastening  from  slipping;  but,  like  fig.  lo  the  groove  at 
the  top  and  bottom  is  practically  deepened  by  a  projecting  knob  of 


24 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


the  stone,  at  wliirh  points  all  the  strain  of  the  fastening  of  the  handle 
must  have  come.  In  the  specimen  figured  (fig.  lo),  tiie  sides  of 
the  blade  of  the  axe  have  lieen  dressed  ilown  with  a  hammer-stone 
to  a  pretty  well  tlefined  edge  ;  but  in  the  still  plainer  specimen  before 
us  there  is  found  that  upon  one  side  a  few  rlii|)s  only  iiave  l)een  struck 
off,  and  on  tlie  otlier  two  great  portions  have  been  artistically  knocked 
awa)',  and  tiie  tiien  roughly-] jrejjared  blade  has  been  rul)bed  witii  a 
|)olishing-stone  until  a  small  but  highly-polisiied  edge  has  lieen  jjro- 
duced.  I  cannot  imagine  any  more  diflicult  task  than  tra//y  cutting 
or  splitting  wood  with  such  a  weapon  as  this,  and  would,  therefore, 
restrict  its  use  to  brviising  the  bark  oi  trees.  Judging  from  tlieir  pres- 
ent api)earauces,  the  etlges  only  of  these  axes  have  been  used  ;  the 
back,  which  is  \ery  uneven  in  each  case,  does  not  show  any  trace  of 
having  ever  been  struck  with  a  hammer ;  and  1  find  in  many  of  the 
axes,  esi)ecially  in  the  jjattern  of  figure  i ,  tiiat  they  were  so  struck, 
thus  con\erting  the  axe  for  a  time  into  a  wedge.  Loskie!"  says; 
"Their  hatchets  were  wedges,  made  of  hard  stones,  six  or  eigiit  inches 
long,  shari)ened  at  the  end  and  fastened  to  a  wooden  handle." 

Occasionally  we  meet  with  crooked  or  bent  axes,  which  have,  how- 
ever, more  method  in  their  irregularities  than  has  fig.  lo.  Several  such 
specimens  have  been  collected  in  New  Jersey,  which  were  originally 
nothing  but  ordinary  cobble-stones  slightly  bent  or  bow-shaped. 
Stones  of  this  shape  were  frequently  chosen,  as  I  iiave  seen  a  number 
of  specimens  from  widely  distant  localities.  The  best  illustration  of 
such  bent  axes  is  one  measuring  nine  inches  in  length  by  three  and 
one-half  inches  in  width.  The  head  alone  is  the  natural  surface  of 
the  stone,  except  a  narrow  strip  immediately  in  front  of  the  groove  ; 
all  the  rest  has  been  carefully  worked  but  never  jjolished.  These 
so-called  bent  axes  are  attractive  in  appearance,  but  do  not  seem  to 
possess  any  especial  advantage  over  other  forms. 

Fig.  1 1  represents  an  irregularly  shaped  cobble-stone  with  three 
uncommon  features :  the  near  approach  of  the  groove  to  the  middle 


•  Mission  among  N.  A.  Indians  (Delawares),  page  54. 


STONK   AXKS. 


a$ 


of  the  specimen  ;  the  almost  flat  surface  oi  one  side  of  the  imple- 
ment;  and  the  ink-m/af  <\o\\h\c  edge.  Jt  may  be  that  tiie  sjiorter 
end  lias  had  a  cutting-edge,  although  there  is  now  no  trace  of  it  left, 
or  the  broken  condition  of  this  end  may  be  the  ])reparatory  <  hi|)i)ing, 
to  have  it  ready  for  grinding  to  a  ( utting-edge  at  any  time  it  might  be 
desirable  to  do  so.  This  specimen  measures  six  inches  in  kn-th  bv 
twt)  and  (me-half  inches  in  breadth,  e\(  ept  at  the  jirojection  imme- 
diately in  front  of  the  groove  on 
the  upper  margin,  wiiich  projection 
is  aiK)ut  one-half  an  inch  in  length. 
A\'hat  nn'ght  be  the  object  in  hav- 
ing one  side  flat,  or  nearly  so,  tloes 
not  api)ear;  but  it  will  be  seen 
that  this  i)eculiarity  is  not  confined 
to  this  axe,  or  to  a  few  axes  as  a 
class  by  themselves,  but  occurs  in 
weapons  and  imj)lements  of  very 
different  character. 

If  the  specimen  here  considered 
is,  or  was,  a  (hnible-edged  axe,  it 
is  the  only  example,  so  far  met 
with.  In  describing  axes  found  in 
tlie  southern  states.  Col.  C.  C. 
Jone;:!"  remarks,  that  while  "in 
most  cases  the  groove  is  near  the 
head  of  the  axe  ;   occasionally  this  Fk^  ,,.-n,,w  jcr.cy.    \. 

transverse  furrow  runs  across  the  central  portion,  thus  affording  an  o{,- 
l)ortur:ity  for  a  double  edge.  Specimens  of  this  latter  variety,  so  far  as 
our  obserN-ation  extends,  are  carelessly  made,  and  of  soft  material. 
'I'hey  could  have  been  used  for  little  else  than  offensive  purposes." 

The  above  does  not  apply  to  Hk-  axes  found  either  in  New  England 
or  the  middle  states.     Properly  speaking  there  are  no  double-edged  axes 


A.ui.iuitics  of  .Southern  Indians,  p.  276,  New  York,  i87> 


i6 


PRIMITIVK    INUUSTRY. 


in  tne  Museum  at  Caml)ri(lj,'e,  or  elsewhere  in  the  United  States,  so  far 
as  I  iiave  seen,  and  tlie  impression  among  many  people,  tiiat  sticii  are 
occasionally  found,  arises  from  the  habit  of  ajiplying  the  term  "axe" 
to  the  small  ceremonial  objects  which,  whatever  their  significance, 
were  certainly  never  used  as  weapons,  or  implements  of  any  kind. 
Mention  has  already  been  made  of  grooved  axes  with  the  furrow 

extending  ol)li(|uely  a- 
cross  the  implement. 
Such  axes  are  character- 
istic of,  but  not  i)eculiar 
to,  the  \alley  of  the 
Sus(iuelianna  river,  I'a. 
In  a  great  majority  of 
these  the  groove  does 
n(;t  encircle  the  axe. 
A  few  specimens  have 
been  noticed  that  were 
simply  water-worn  peb- 
bles, such  as  fig.  9.  An 
ilj  estimate  based  upon  the 
examination  of  several 
hundred  specimens  from 
J  that  valley,  and  which 
tallied  with  the  infor- 
mation received  from 
correspontlents,  who  had 
Fig.  12.  — Pcnnsyivaiu.i.    J.  collected   at   different 

and  widely  separateil  jioints,  le.i'i'.;  ine  to  infer  that  in  about  sixty  per 
cent,  of  the  axes  found  there  the  groove  was  oblicjue.  In  New  Jersey, 
not  more  than  three  per  cent,  are  of  this  pattern. 

Of  the  stone  imi)lements  generally,  as  gathered  m  the  valleys  of 
the  Delaware  and  the  Suscjuehanna,  there  is  little  to  be  said  of  the 
cne  series  that  does  apply  to  the  other.  The  same  people  were  at 
the  same  time  the  sole  occupants  of  the  two  localities,  and  it  is  a 


STONK   AXKS. 


aj 


fact  of  jjccdliar  interest  tliat  so  marked  a  difference  slioiild  occnir,  in 
so  prominent  an  implement  of  daily  use,  as  tiie  grooved  axe.  [t  is 
in  vain  to  attempt  to  offer  any  reason  for  tiie  dil'ferem  e.  Tlie  bare 
fac  t  is  all  that  \vu  ean  ever  know,  and  we  are  only  left  to  wonder  why 
the  obli(iiie  groove, 
apparently  nnu  h  less 
ilesirable  for  every 
purpose,  shonld  iiave 
l)een  preferred  l)y  a 
peo|)Ie  to  whom  the 
straight  and  more 
desiral)le  method 
must  have  been  fa- 
miliar. 

Fig.  12  represents 
an  average  examjjle 
of  this  pattern,  and 
well  exhibits  the  })e- 
culiarity  of  the  ob- 
lique groove,  referred 
to  in  the  preceding 
paragraphs.  It  is 
common  to  the  axes 
found  in  the  Suscjue- 
hanna  valley,  whether 
of  the  largest  or  small- 
est size,  and  thus,  of 
itself,  is  not  indicative 


Fig.  13.  —  New  Jersey.     \, 


of  any  particular  purpose,  as  might  reasonably  be  supposed,  if  it  were ' 
limited  to  axes  of  a  certain  size. 

In  any  considerable  series  of  axes  from  the  New  England  states, 
there  will  be  found  a  certain  proportion  with  the  groove  running  in  a 
more  or  less  obliiiue  direction,  but  very  seldom  is  it  so  pronounced, 
as  in  fig.  12. 


28 


PRIMITIVE    INDUSTRY. 


A  modification  of  the  grooved  axe  is  to  be  seen  in  that  pattern  where 
the  groove  is  reduced  to  a  deep  marginal  notch,  as  in  fig.   13.     This 

illustration  is  an 
excellent  example 
of  this  form  of 
stone  axe.  It  is 
four  inches  in 
length,  by  two  and 
one-half  in  width. 
It  is  of  uniform 
thickness,  the  edge 
being  (luite  abrupt, 
and  hence  of  very 
little  (  utting  pow- 
er. The  surface  of 
the  ininlement  has 
been  polished  ex- 
cept at  tile  head, 
which  has  been 
pecked  to  the  de- 
sired shape. 

I'ig.  14  repre- 
sents a  second  ex- 
ample of  tliis  form, 
and  differs  i)rinci- 
])aliy  from  the  pre- 
ceding, in  being 
an  ordinary  water- 
worn  pel)ble,  that 
has  been  notched 
'*,  .*'  and  bv  a  little  mod- 

■  ■• ••'■  ification brought  to 

Fig.  14.  — New  Jersey.  \.  jts  present  shape. 

Except  this,  all  the  examples  of  notched  axes  have  beer,  well  polished, 


STONE   AXES. 


29 


and  have  received  that  finish  over  the  entire  surface  which  charac- 
terizes a  polished  celt. 

Two  other  examples  of  this  pattjrn  have  been  coUevjved  in  Glouces- 
ter Co.,  N.  J.,  one  of  which  shows  a  trace  of  wear  upon  one  side,  ex- 
tending from  notch  to  notch,  though  it  does  not  amount  to  a  groove- 
This  scratched  and  worn  surface  was  caused,  probably,  by  the  b-md. 
that  i)assed  around  the  implement  to  secure  the  handle  ;  although 
how  the  handle  was  attached,  if  differently  from  the  method  fol- 
lowed in  hafting  the  ordinary  grooved  axes,  is  not  made  clear,  i)y 
the  mere  presence  of  the  notches,  unless  they  can  be  considered  as 
replacing  the  groove  which  is  hariUy  p^ossible. 

Notched  axes,  such  as  the  above,  while  not  common  in  any 
pari  of  North  America,  are  of  comparative  frequency  in  South 
Americ;,.  In  the  cabinet  of  the  late  Prof  Haldeman  there  is  a 
beautiful  example  from  Demerara ;  in  the  Museum  at  Cambridge, 
there  are  otliers  from  lirazil  and  the  West  India  Islands,  and  in  the 
Archives  of  the  National  Museum  of  Brazil,"  a  specimen  very  similar 
to  fig.  14  is  represented. 

I'"ig.  15  represents  a  highly  finished  example  of  a  grooved  im- 
plement, which  may  originally  have  been  an  axe.  At  present,  the 
point  that  replaces  the  edge  makes  it  difficult  of  rlassification,  as  it 
is  (]uite  unlike  any  other  specimen  from  the  localities,  whence  are 
derived  the  material  upon  which  this  volume  is  based.  It  is  not, 
however,  by  any  means  a  uni(iue  specimen.  Axes  witJi  an  edge  so 
narrow,  as  to  be  almost  pointed,  are  occasionally  found  in  I'ennsvl- 
vania ;  and  in  ()hi(j,  sp  cimens  that  are  distinctly  jiointed.  and  not 
simi)ly  with  a  narrowed  edge,  are  even  more  common.  The)-  do  not 
(jccur  in  New  Kngland,  at  least  nothing  of  this  character  is  found 
in  the  collections  of  axv.-,  in  the  museums  there. 

'l^Jie  upper  margin  raid  a  portion  of  eac  h  side  of  the  specimen  here 
figured,  from  near  tlie  middle  to  the  extreme  point,  are  quite  highly 
polished.     The  under  surface  and  head  of  tiie  ini[)lement  are  jiecked 


*'  Arctiivos  do  Mtis.  N.ic.  do  Rio  de  J;meiro,  Vol.  i,  Trim  i**.  Est.  i,  Fig.  3,  1876. 


3° 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


and  smooth,  but  not  polished.  This  polishing  of  one  surface  only  is 
indicative,  probably,  of  the  fact  that  the  specimen  was  originally  an 
ordinary  axe,  with  an  edge  e(jual  in  length  to  the  width  of  the  blade ; 
and  the  polished  surfaces  result  from  grinding  the  face  down  to  its 

l)resent  outline,  in  consetjuence 
of  some  accident  by  which 
the  edge  was  destroyed.  This, 
however,  is  wholly  conjectural. 
As  an  instance  of  tiie  oc- 
currence of  a  well  known  form 
of  stone  imjjleinen'.  far  be- 
yond its  supposed  boundaries, 
fig.  1 6  is  worthy  of  attention. 
Not  only  does  this  specimen 
])ro\c  the  occurrence  of 
groo\  L'd  axes  o;i  the  coast  of 
California,  but  it  is  also  an 
instance  of  the  pointed  instead 
of  edged  axe.  This  axe,  if 
su<  h  it  may  be  called,  was 
foun<i  by  Mr.  Schumacher,  at 
the  steatite  quarry,  on  St. 
Catalina  Island,  and  it  shows 
in  the  thin  coating  of  steatite 
dust  which  is  ground  into  it, 
that  it  has  been  used  for  the 
purpose  of  pecking  or  ham- 
mering out  masses  of  soap- 
Fir,.  IS.— New  Jersey.  ».  stouc,  for  subsecjucnt  Conver- 
sion into  the  cooking  vessels,  that  are  found  in  that  neighborhood  in 
such  great  abundance. 

While  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  locality,  where  the  preceding 
example  of  a  pointed  axe  from  New  Jersey  was  found,  there  is  an  ex- 
tensive soapstone  quarry,  that  was  well  known  to  the  Indians,  it  is 


2 
£ 


I 


STONE   AXES. 


31 


not  probable  that  tliis  specimen  was  used  in  working  it,  as  it  is  free 
from  sue  h  scratclies  and  slight  fractures  as  would  result  from  the  con- 
stant hammering  upon  even  so  yielding  a  material  as  steatite.     In  all 
probability,   the   pointed   axe, 
fig.    15,   was  a  weapon,    and 
the    somewhat   similar    speci- 
men   from    California  was    a 
tool. 

Dr.  Daniel  Wilson,  in  "Pre- 
historic Man,"  page  412,  gives 
an  illustration  and  comments 
on  an  "inscribed  axe"  tiiat 
was  found  in  New  Jersey,  and 
so  claims  a  notice  here.  We 
quote  in  full;  'In  1859,  Dr. 
John  C.  Evans,  of  Pemberton, 
N.  J.,  communicated  to  the 
American  Ethnological  Society 
an  account  of  a  stone  axe  in- 
scribed in  similar  [that  is,  to 
the  'Yarmouth  15ay  Stone,'] 
unknown  characters,  which 
had  been  recently  plougiied 
.i;i  on  a  neighboring  farm. 
')  Ik'  axe,  wiiich  measures 
•  .out  six  inches  long  by  three 
and  a  half  broad,  is  engraved 
i'i':n  a  drawing  furnished  to 
me  by  Dr.  Evans.  Dr.  E.  M. 
Davis,  after  carefully  examin- 
ing the  original,  informs  me 
that,  though  the  graven  char- 
acters have  been  partially  retouched  in  the  process  of  cleaning  it, 
their  edges   i)resent  an  appearance  of  age  consistent  with  the  idea 


Fig.  t6.  —  California.    J, 


3a 


PRIMITIVE    INDUSTRY. 


of  their  genuineness,  and  the  circumstances  attending  its  production 
furnish  no  grounds  for  doubting  its  authenticity.  Two  of  the  char- 
acters are  placed  on  one  side  in  the  groove  for  the  handle ;  the  others 
apparently  form  a  continuous  line,  running  rounil  both  sides  of  the 
axe-blade." 

An  example  of  an  inscribed  axe  is  now  in  the  collection  of  the 
Museum  at  Cambridge,  from  New  Jersey,  whic:h  certainly  cannot  be 
considered  as  of  modern  origin,  nor  is  the  "inscription"  of  an  "ali^ha- 
betical"  .  .irpcter.  Yet  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  is  a  carefully 
carved  insci  whatever  its  meaning   may  be.     The    figures   or 

marks  are  as  kv  >vs  :  "mo."  They  are  dee])ly  cut,  and  are  about 
as  closely  placed,  as  they  would  be.  were  it  intended  to  write  that 
date. 

Such  an  instance  as  this  cannot  be  attributed  to  plough  marks  or  any 
accidental  occurrence  of  that  character ;  and  if  it  has  any  meaning 
such  as  ownership,  it  is  of  great  interest,  and  may  be  allied  to  the 
peculiar  notchings  oi^  many  ornamental  objects,  wh'.h  are  of  such  a 
character  as  to  lead  to  the  supposition,  they  are  not  simply  attempts 
at  ornamentation. 

The  Pemberton  axe,  referred  to  above  by  Dr.  Wilson,  has  at  times,  ex- 
cited considerable  tliscussion  and  is  a  fraud,  so  far  as  the  "inscription" 
goes.  It  should  in  all  such  cases  be  remembered  that  the  discovery 
of  such  specimens,  even  when  made  by  peoi)le  of  known  integrity, 
does  not  by  any  means,  settle  the  (juestion  of  the  genuineness  of  the 
inscription.  Those  who  unfortunately  have  so  little  to  do,  that  they 
can  find  time,  and  are  malicious  enough  to  perpetrate  sfuh  hoaxes, 
desire,  al)ove  all  things,  tiiat  their  handiwork  should  fall  into  just  such 
hands  as  did  the  Pemberton  axe.  When  such  remarkable  objects  are 
found  by  men  of  respectability,  they  are  received  with  that  attention 
and  interest,  which  the  fiibricators  could  not  hope  to  gain,  were  they 
to  present  the  discovery  as  their  own.  Fortunately  the  poor  fool, 
who  carved  a  few  meaningless  lines  on  an  axe,  overshot  the  mark, 
and  in  making  them  too  mucli  like  known  characters,  he  faileil  to 
niyspdfy  the  honest  workers  in  archeology. 


STONE   AXES. 


33 


And  here,  also,  it  may  be  well  to  caution  archaeologists  against  frauds 
of  a  different  character,  which  are  even  more  likely  to  deceive  the 
unwary.  These  are  imitations  in  soapstone  of  well  known  i)atterns  of 
implements,  rare  or  even  wholly  wanting  in  some  cases  in  the  localities 
from  which  they  are  said  to  come.  Fraudulent  axes  of  polished  ste- 
atite, beautiful  in  form  and  finish,  do  no!^  unfrefjuently  find  their  way 
into  the  cabinets  of  private  collectors,  where,  however,  they  accom- 
plish but  little  harm. 

It  would  be  easy  to  go  o;  for  an  indefinite  time,  and  point  out  pe- 
culiar features  in  the  multitudes  of  stone  axes  that  are  to  be  found  in 
every  museum,  and  scattered  throughout  the  country,  but  it  is  unnec- 
essary to  give  additional  examples. 

Whatever  may  be  thought  of  the  scientific  value  of  single  specimens 
of  these  axes,  or  of  other  relics  found  lying  upon  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  that  value  is  enhanced  perhajjs,  or  at  least  interest  is  attached 
to  the  specimens,  when  we  occasionally  have  the  good  fortune  to  un- 
earth a  so-called  "  deposit  "  of  these  sjiecimens,  sometimes  numbering 
several  hun<lred. 

In  one  case,  in  digging  a  cellar  in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  one  hundred  and 
twenty  wer^e  found,  "all  closely  hudtlled  up  together,"  as  described  by 
the  man  who  found  them.  They  were  about  three  feet  below  the 
surface,  and  a  "  foot  deej)  "  in  the  gravel  'uiderlying  the  soil.  They 
were  surrounded  by,  and  entirely  cosered  with,  a  bright  brick-red  pow- 
der, -igain,  in  digging  the  receiving-vault  of  the  Riverview  cemetery, 
near  Trenton,  N.  J.,  "a  bushel-basketful  of  these  axes  was  found, 
Jiacked  closely  together,  six  feet  deep  in  the  ground."  In  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  bluff  fronting  the  Delaware  river,  about  three  miles  be- 
low Trenton,  N.  J.,  several  such  instances  have  come  to  the  notice  of 
the  writer.  In  the  first  two  instances,  the  specimens  were  all  grooved 
cobble-stone  axes.  In  another  case,  fifty  pori)hyry  celts  were  found. 
These  appeared  to  have  been  carefully  <le;>osited,  and  not  thrown 
pell-mell  into  the  hole  dug  to  contain  them. 

In  all  such  cases  of  "  deposits  "  of  either  axes  or  celts,  there  has 
been  no  commingling  of  a  number  of  (ornv:  of  implements,  nor  any 


34 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


trace  of  fire.  The  inference,  judging  from  the  conditions  under  wiiich 
those  in  New  Jersey  were  found,  is  that  they  have  been  buried  for  the 
purpose  of  temporarily  concealing  them. 

But  one  single  fact  has  come  under  notice  that  in  any  way  bears 
upon  tiie  subject  of  the  age  of  these  relics. 

Tlie  instance  referred  to  was  as  follows  :  on  the  3d  of  July,  1869, 
a    large   white   oak,   measuring   twenty-seven    feet   in   circumference 
at  three  feet  from  the  ground,  during  a  liigh  gale  of  wind,  was  up- 
rooted.    A  short  time  afterward  the  immense  stump  was  removed  pre- 
paratory to  levelling  the  ground.     'Die  hole  that  the  extracted  roots 
left  measured  seven  feet  in  depth  and  thirty-three  in  circumference. 
Four  feet  below  the  bottom  of  this  hole,  or  eleven  feet  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  was  found  a  very  rude  stone  axe,  entangled  in  a 
mass  of  fibrous  roots  that  had  been  cut  off  from  the  mam  roots  of 
the  tree.     In  this  case  the  axe  must  have  been  buried  in  the  earth  be- 
fore  this   old  tree  was  an  acorn.     Now,  as  to  the  age  of  the  tree. 
There  were  not  less  than  five  luuidred  rings  clearly  to  be  traced  on  a 
section  of  the  tree  afterward  made ;  and  a  large  portion  of  the  centre 
and  another  portion  about  the  circumference  could  not  be  determined 
accurately,  but  which,  on    comparison  with  so  mucli  of  the  tree  as 
retained  the  rings  sufficiently  distinct  to  be  counted,  might  safely  be 
estimated  at  as  many  more  circles.     Without  allowing  for  any  time  to 
have  elapsed  from  the  time  the  axe  fell  to  the  ground,  or  was  inten- 
tionally buried,  we  have  here  with  considerable  certainty,  indications 
of  the  long  stretch  of  one  thousand  years  that  this  axe  has  been  quietly 
resting  in  the  ground. 


CHAPTER    III. 


CELTS,  CHISELS  AND  GOUGES. 


Thk  term  "celt,"  from  the  Latin  Ccltis,  a  chisel,  has  been  univer- 
sally applied  to  certain  iiolishcd  cutting  implements  of  stone,  which 
may  be  considered  as  the  tyi)ical  form  of  implement  of  the  polished 
stone,  or  neolithic  ])criod.'-  Tiie  term,  as  ordinarily  used,  however, 
includes  sucii  a  considerable  range  of  forms,  that  some  limited  sub- 
division seems  desirable  to  avoid  confusion. 

The  series  of  polished  and  worketl  stone  implements  that  are 
collectively  described  in  the  present  chajjter,  are,  in  accordance  with 
this  plan,  subdivided  into  three  classes  :  the  celts  jjroper,  with  broad, 
convex  cutting  edges  ;  the  chisels  or  narrow  celts  with  straight  edges, 
and  the  gouges  or  celts  with  concave  blades  and  curved  cutting 
edges. 

As  in  all  cases,  where  an  attempt  is  made  to  classify  a  large  series 
of  stone  implements,  so  it  will  be  found  here,  that  many  objects  are 
so  closely  related  to  each  other,  that  ])laccs  are  assigned  to  them 
according  to  the  foncy  of  the  collector. 

In  considering  the  various  forms  that  have  been  gathered,  the 
grouping  has  been  made  about  the  most  pronounced  examples,  and 
the  boundary  line  in  most  cases  has  been  obliterated  by  the  many 
intermediate  forms. 

Of  the  celts  proper,  much  has  been  written,  yet  little  positively  as- 
certained as  to  their  uses.     If  there  were  no  grooved  axes  found  along 


'^Not  alt  implements  of  this,  the  later  division  of  the  Stone  Age,  .ire  polished^  but  many  are 
simply  pecked  and  hammered  Into  the  desired  shapes.  Such  Implements  are  strictly  "neolithic" 
in  age. 

(35) 


36 


PRI.MiriVE    INDUSTRV. 


our  Atlantic  seaboard,  the  larger  celts  might  be  considered  as  axes ; 

but  under  the  circumstances  it  cannot  be  shown  that  they  were  merely 

a  simjjler  fonn  of  that  im- 
plement. 'I'he  smaller  celts 
have  been  supi)osed  to  be 
used  as  knives  for  skinning 
animals,  jet  no  savage  was 
ever  seen  to  skin  an  ani- 
mal with  one  of  them.  On 
tiie  contrary,  stone  knives 
of  a  very  different  })attern 
are  used  for  this  purpose. 

The  typical  chisels  were 
doubtless  used  in  mu<  h  the 
same  manner  as  the  steel 
chisels  of  to-day  :  the  wood 
having  been  previously 
charred,  so  as  to  make 
these  primitive  tools  avail- 
able. Such  of  these  as  are 
of  very  small  size  are  a 
puzzle  to  the  archiuologist ; 
and  they  are  called  celts  or 
chisels  from  their  general 
resemblance  to  other  and 
larger  olijects,  of  a  similar 
form,  the  use  of  whii  h  is 
inilicated  by  their  size  and 
shape. 

There  exists  less  doubt 
in  the  mind  of  the  col- 
lector, as  to  the  gouges, 
than  as  to  any  other  form 

of  stone  implement.      I'hat  they  could  be  used  in  any  otlier  manner, 


Fig.  17.  —  New  Jersey.    J. 


CELTS,  CIIISKLS  AND  GOUflES. 


than  as  their  name  indicates,  is  inconceivable ;  nevertheless,  we  are 
here  confrontcl  by  the  difficulty  that  besets  the  satisfactory  classifi- 
cation of  other  forms,  that  there  are  numbers  of  these  gouges  too 
small  to  be  of  any  jiractical  use.  In  this  case,  they  cannot  be 
disposed  of  as  "toys  for  children,"  and  hence,  as  far  as  they  are 
concerned,  we  are  left  in  tlie  dark. 

Fig.  17  represents  what  may  be  called  the  typical  celt  or  axe  without 
a  groove.  This  sjjecimen  measures  eleven  inches  in  length  by  four  in 
greatest  width,  and  lias  a  beautiful,  even,  sharp  cutting  edge,  of  a  semi- 
circular outline,  wjiich  is  perfectly  true  in  every  detail.  The  entire 
surface  is  evenly  polished,  but  the  material — a  very  compact  fine 
grained  sandstone  —  lias  not  that  glossiness  of  surface  found  on  celts, 
made  of  i)orphyry  or  diorite. 

Admiral )ly  fashioned  and  well  ada])ted  as  it  is  even  to  cutting  wood, 
it  is  difficult  to  conjecture  any  use  for  such  an  iniijlement,  except  it  be 
securely  hafted  ;  and  that  it  was  nsed  in  connection  with  a  handle, 
there  can  be  but  little  doubt.  If  such  ( elts  as  these,  which  are  very 
abundant  along  our  northern  .Atlantic  coast,  had  been  usually  hafted  in 
stag-horn,  as  are  many  of  those  found  in  Swiss  lakes,  it  is  scarcely 
l)0.ssible  that  all  trace  of  such //(vv/  handles  should  have  disappeared, 
especially  as  other  implements  of  antler  are  exceedingly  common  ;  and 
in  one  case  a  finely  polished  celt  of  that  very  material  has  been  taken 
from  a  burial  mound  in  .Arkansas. 

In  the  collections  of  the  .American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  at 
Central  Park,  New  \'()rk,  there  is  i)reserved  a  beautiful  example  of  a 
polished  celt  of  this  pattern,  still  retained  in  its  wooden  handle.  This 
handle  is  made  of  some  hard  wood,  ajiparently  black  walnut,  worked 
to  a  neariy  cylindrical  shape,  and  about  fifteen  inches  in  length.  The 
handle  has  been  perforated  for  the  insertion  of  the  implement,  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  wooden  and  horn  handles  found  in  the  Swiss 
lakes.  In  the  New  York  specimen,  the  celt  was  hafted  so  that  the 
implement  projected  equally  from  both  sides  of  the  handle,  and  thus 
rendered  available  for  use,  the  pointed  end,  as  well  as  the  cutting  edge 
of  the  tool.     This  hafted  celt  was  found  near  Lake  Lu^eine,  N.  Y. 


38 


PRIMrnVF.    INDUSTRY. 


If  such  implements  as  fig.  1 7  coiilcl  be  referred  to  the  simple  class  of 
chisels,  which  is  scarcely  warranted,  and  considered  only  in  connection 
with  a  hammer,  as  implements  for  working  in  wood,  as  canoe-making, 
then,  indeed,  there  woukl  be  no  reason  for  s'.ijjposing  that  tliey  were 
ever  hafted,  but  the  specimen  foimd  with  its  handle,  to  which  refer- 
ence has  been  made,  siiows  that,  at  least  to  some  extent,  these  larger 
celts  were  attached  to  har.dles. 

Mr.  Morgan'-"  lias  remarked  of  tin  Iro(iuois,  "  for  cutting  trees,  and 
excavating  canoes  and  corn-moiiars,  in  a  word,  for  those  necessary 
purposes,  for  which  the  axe  would  seem  to  be  indisi)ensable,  the  Iro- 
quois used  the  stone  chisel  Uh'-ga-o-gwiit-hii.  In  cutting  trees,  fire 
was  ai)plied  at  the  foot  and  the  chisel  used  to  clear  away  tJie  coal. 
By  a  rei)etition  of  tiie  process,  trees  were  felled  and  «ut  to  pieces. 
Wooden  vessels  were  hollowed  out  by  the  same  means.  I''ire  and  the 
chisel  were  th.e  substitutes  for  the  axe.  The  chisel  was  usually  about 
six  inches  long,  three  wide  and  two  thick ;  the  lower  end  being  fash- 
ioned like  the  edge  of  an  axe.  Stone  gouges  in  the  form  of  a  convex 
chisel  were  also  used  when  a  more  regular  concavity  of  the  vessel  wxs 
desired." 

If  it  be  ])roper  to  call  all  such  polished  stone  implements,  chisels, 
and  consider  them  only  as  a  carpenter's  tool ;  it  is  evident  from  the 
fact  of  their  very  freciuent  occurrence  in  graves,  that  they  possessed 
a  high  value  in  the  estimation  of  tiie  natives,  which  is  someW'hat  im- 
probable, if  they  were  never  put  to  other  uses  than  boat-building  and 
the  felling  of  trees.  Fig.  17,  associated  wilh  another  celt  of  equal 
size  and  scarcely  inferi(jr  finish,  was  ploughed  up  in  a  field  known  to 
have  been  an  Indian  burial  place.  When  discovered,  the  two  were 
lying  side  by  side,  in  actual  contact. 

As  there  is  a  well-marked  class  of  im[)lements  found  in  the  same 
localities  where  celts  occur,  which  are  true  chisels,  it  is  not  without 
reason  that  such  large  celts  as  fig.  i  7  shoukl   be  considered  weapons. 

In  figs.  18  and  19  we  have  examples  of  common  celts.     These  are 


'*  I.cagiie  of  the  Irotiuols,  p.  358.     New  York,  1849. 


CELTS,  CHISKI.S  AM)  noUOKS. 


39 


the  ordinary  forms  as  gatlicrcd  in  tlie  ])loiigiic(l  fields,  found  in  graves, 
or  unearthed  in  digging  about  village  sites.  Although  not  so  abun- 
dant, they  are  almost  as  well  known  as  arrowheads,  or  grooved  axes. 
In  the  two  specimens  here  figured,  there  will  be  noticed  one  marked 
difference.  Fig.  iS  is  acutely  pointed  at  the  upper  end  ;  while  fig.  19 
is  as  markedly  blunt,  and  further  shows  that  it  has  been  subjected  to 
hard  usage,  as  from  blows  from  a  stone  hammer.  Does  this  difference 
between  the  acutely  pointed  ami    the  blunt   head   indicate  that  the 


Fir..  18. — New  Jersey,  i- 


Fin. 


-New  Jersey.     4. 


latter  was  used  as  a  chisel?  It -would  indeed  be  difiicult  to  strike  an 
effective  blow,  with  certainty,  on  the  pointed  head  of  such  a  chisel 
as  fig.  18. 

This  pattern  is  found  in  every  part  of  the  globe  where  polished 
stone  implements  occur,  showing  that  it  best  met  the  common  wants 
of  mankind,  everywhere  ;  and  possibly,  if  we  could  determine  one 
use  to  which  such  axes  were  adapted,  of  a  strictly  universal  nature,  it 


40 


J'KIMniVK    INDUSTRY. 


v/onkl  be  safe  to  apply  a  name  siiggesteil  l)y  siicli  use  to  this  form,  now 
known  by  the  somewhat  objectionable  term  of  "celt." 

Sir  John  l,ubl)ock''  figures  a  celt,  similar  to  fig.  iS,  from   Ireland  ; 
Nilsson'^  figures  them  from  Scamlinavia ;  and  the  ])attern  is  nearly 

ajjproached  in  axes  from 
Accra,  West  Afri(  a,  figured 
by   Sir   J.    I.iibbock.'" 

I'ig.  20  rei)resents  a  speci- 
men of  the  larger  nngrooved 
celts,  that  show  but  little  trace 
of  human  workmanshi]),  other 
tJKHi  the  finely-wrought  edge, 
and  a  limited  polished  surface 
on  tile  up])er  and  lower  mar- 
gins. It  measures  eight  and 
one-cjuarter  inciies  in  length, 
by  four  inches  in  width,  at  a 
])oint  a  little  in  a(l\ance  of  the 
middle.  It  is  of  ordinary  sand- 
stone, and  originally  was  \ery 
nearly  of  its  present  shape. 
One  side  is  flatter  than  the 
other,  and  appears  to  have 
been  1  ecked  and  then  some- 
what polished.  The  margins 
have  been  ]>olislied  for  a  s  lort 
distance  from  the  edge,  and, 
on  the  lower  margin,  there  s  a 
very  smooth  surface,  a  liide  o\er  an  inch  in  extent  either  wa\ .  that 
ajjpears  to  be  such  "])eculiar  jjolished  space,  which  has  been  produ  :ed 
by  the  friction  of  the  woc^d,"  described  by  l,ubbo(  k  as  exhibited  in 


Fig.  20.  —  New  Jersey.     J. 


'*  Prehistoric  Times,  21!  cfl.,  fy^s.  97-98.  p-ige  88. 

'^  Stone  Age  in  Scandin.ivia,  plate  vii,  figs.  151  and  162. 

'•^Journ.  Anthrop.  Tnst  ,  London,  vol.  1,  page  xcv  ( Proc.  Elh.  Soc.). 


CELTS,  CHISKI.S  A\l>  (JOUfU'S, 


4» 


some  specimens  found  in  luirojic.     'I'licre  docs  not  appear  to  have 
been  any  hard  iianiniering  upon  llie  liead  of  tliis  celt. 

Rude  celts  of  this  very  ])riinitive  pattern  are  l)y  no  means  conniion 
in  New  JcTscy,  nor  are  tlie|  any  more  so  in  the  New  lOnglancl  states. 
rossil)ly,  to  some  extent,  they  may  iiave  been  overlooked,  for  such  a 
celt  as  fig.  20  would  scarcely  be  recognized  if  found  lying  in  a 
stony  fielil.  Pelibles  thus  sharpened  at  one  end  may  have  been  used 
for  a  short  time  only  and  then  thrown  asiile,  and  under  most  circum- 
stances, such  discarded  im- 
jilements  would  iiave  tiie 
edge  broken  by  \iolent 
contact  with  other  stones. 

'I'he  puzzling  feature  of 
such  rude  implements  as 
the  above  is,  that  one  fails 
to  comjjrehend  wiiy  such 
siiould  e\er  have  i,  'cn  used, 
when  tiiere  was  a|)p:irently 
such  an  abundance  of  bet- 
ter ones,  and  when  tlie  etlge 
is  too  limited  in  extent  ap- 
parently to  be  of  any  use 
for  cutting  iMirjJOses. 

Fig.  21  represents  a  com- 
paratively conmion  style  of 


Fig.  21.^  New  Jersey.     \. 


celt  made  from  a  i)iece  of  serpentine,  ])ecked  to  a  blunt  jioint 
at  tiie  back.  I'Voni  about  the  middle  of  tlie  implement  to  tiie 
edge  it  is  very  smoothly  ])olished.  This  specimen  measures  a  little 
less  than  three  inches  in  length,  and  two  inches  m  widtii  along 
the  cutting-edge,  and  is  a  very  good  average  example  of  this  class 
of  implements. 

Objects  of  this  character,  made,  not  only  of  serpentine,  but  of  much 
denser  mineral  are  very  jommon,  wherever  stone  implements  of  any 


Ifn 


42 


PRIMITIVF.  INDUSTRY, 


pattern  arc  f.  uind.  This  partirnlar  shape  is  even  iiiorc  abundant  than 
the  nio(lilk;ition  of  it,  wliitli  li:i-.  the  head  m'ariy  or  ([tiite  as  l)r<>ad  as 
the  edge. 

In  New  England,  tliongii  iidt  rare,  these  sii.all  f  cits  arc  ie>s  fre- 
(liientiy  luind  tlian  throiigliont  N'ew  ^'c)rk  and  New  Jersey.  Tiiis 
<:omj)arati\e  scarcity  tliroiiidiout  New  England  is  the  more  ncitii  eahle 
froai  the  lact,  tliat  tiiere  d(>e>  not  a[)i)car  to  lie  any  ( ommim  form  of 
stone  implement  found  there  wiiicU  might  readily  replace  it.  .\s  a 
rule,  these  small  reits  are  still  found  with  entire  or  but  slightly  frac  tured 

edges.  wlii(  h  is  |)r()of  of  the 
fact  that  'hey  were  not  ex- 
l)osed  to  violent  coiUac  t  with 
substances  hardiT  tiian  wood. 
Indeed,  tiieir  si/e  and  shape 
siiow  that  they  wi're  not 
mounted  in  handles.  a>  were 
grooved  axes,  howewr  it  may 
iiave  been  with  sin  h  long  and 
si(.'nder  tonus  as  lig.  17,  but 
may  ha\e  been  hatted  in  deei^' 
horn,  as  were  all  the  similar 
( elts  foimil  in  the  Swiss  lakes. 
Ill  the  magnificent  series  of 
small  I  Its,  (ontained  in  the 
(lemiiu  (ollection  <if  the  .\r- 
chneoiogic a!  Museum  at  Cam- 
bridge, there  are  hundreds 
whit  h  are  mounted  in  horn  or  bone.  h\  being  inserted  into  the  handle 
in  sui  h  a  mam)er  that  onh'  .1  >mall  [loriion  of  the  iilade  projects.  The 
use  to  whi<  h  these  dinunutixc  implements  were  put.  is,  of  'ourse,  ,\  mat- 
ter of  conjee  ture.  Tlu'y  may  iia\-e  been  weapons,  and  possibly  were  also 
used  for  splitting  the  long  bones  of  those  animals  which  were  used  for 
food.    The  identical  c  haracter  of  the  imitkment  as  found  in  America, 


Frc.  i-'.-S 


cw    lfrs«'v. 


1' 


CF.LTS,  CHISEI-S  AND  GOnES. 


43 


does  not,  however,  indicate  necessarily  that  they  were  used  in  this 
country  in  the  same  manner  as  were  those  found  in  the  Swiss  lakes. 

Fig.  2  2  represents  a  slightly  different  ]iattern,  being  nearly  stjuare 
in  outline.  This  blunt  heail,  however,  is  carefully  smoothed,  and 
shows  no  trace  of  hammerin^j,  as  might  lie  Un)ke(l  for,  had  the  imi)le- 
ment  been  used  as  a  (  hisel.  This  difference  in  outline  does  not  indi- 
cate any  difference  of  purpose,  i)robably,  and  no  use  could  be  made 
of  this  (  elt  whit  h  ( ould  not  be  made  of  the  one  immediately  precc<iing. 

.As  yet.  the  collections  of  stone  implements  made  do  not  supjily  us 
with  any  exam{)les  of  pebbies  of  this  form,  with  simply  an  edge 
worked  upon  one  end,  as  we  have  seen  is  true  of  such  larger  celts 
as  fig.  JO.  Small  i  elts,  like  figs.  21  and  22,  anil,  as  will  be  seen 
later  on.  hg.  23,  have 
had  their  entire  surfaces 
carefully  worked,  and  it 
is  not  unlikely  tiut,  in 
many  cases,  these  >nialler 
specimens  were  origin- 
ally niu(  h  longer,  and 
constant  resharpening 
has  retluced  their  origi- 
nal length,  possibly  Ciie- 
half.  (Iroovcd  aaces,  we 
have  neen,  \\i\\  '  lieen 
reground  until  their 
length  was  (juiie  (lispro)iortionc<l  to  the  breadth  and  thickness  of  the 
blade,  and  such.  too.  was  the  case  widi  main  of  the  grooved  hoes  that 
have  been  collei  ted. 

Fig,  23  represents  an  excellent  exam|)le  of  these  smaii  cells  greatly 
reduced  in  length  by  successive  sharpenings.  Thi,  -  ecimen  is  a  por- 
phyry jjcbble,  originally  globul.ir  in  form,  although  11  may  have  been 
oval,  and  lien.e  the  original  grinding  away  (jf  so  mu<  h  as  was  neces- 
sary to  produce  an  edge  was  not  as  great  as  n-m  ai)pears.  It,  indeed, 
seems  incredible  that  a  jjcbble  of  one  inch  and  three  eightlis  in  thick- 


"ir^T 


44 


I'RiMrnvK  i\in;si'R\'. 


ness,  and  les,  than  two  inches  in  length.  sh(  iild  be  clinsen  for  making 
one  of  thesj  small  imi)lements. 

Quite  small  celts,  with  convex  sides,  curved  edges,  and  of  a  tliick- 
ness  usually  e(iual  to  one-half  the  width,  are  almost  as  ;il)undant 
as  those  I  have  called  the  typical,  medium  sized  celt,  such  as  fig.  i8. 
It  is  difficult  to  deteniiine  tlie  relative  aliunduK  e  of  various  i)atterns, 
as  we  are  still.  (»f  course,  ignoram  >.f  how  great  a  ninnlier  of  these 
same  forms  are  left  in  the  soil,  for  future  explorers  to  collect ;  but 
basing  calculations  on  ;ui(  h  large  series  as  have  been  gathered,  it  may 
be  stated,  that  celts  are  abundant  in  ]>roportion  to  their  ap|)roach  to 

such  sizes  as  those  re])resented 
in  figs.  iS  ;in<l  ly  ;  and  that 
larger  and  smaller  spec  imens 
are  rare  in  jiroportion  as  they 
ex(  eed  in  size,  or  are  smaller 
than.  tigs.  I  7  and  2  1 . 

l"ig.    24    rei>resents    an   ex- 
amjile  of  a  tlun   pebble,   <|uite 
similar  to   fig.   22.     This  little 
telt  is  made  of  very  <'ompact 
stone,   and    has    not    only   a 
carefully  worked  edge,  but  is 
evenly  polished  over  the  en- 
lire  sur(;ice.    Sui  h  thin,  s(|uare 
celts    as    this    .ire    fre<|uently 
found  in  New  Jersey,  and  oc- 
casionally  in    New     i'.ngland. 
ill  ()hio  .ind  westward,  they  are   in  greatest   abundan<  e,  and   taken 
cf)llectiveh-,  those  found  in  that  region  cxiiibit  the  maxiniiun  degree 
of  skill  in  shaping  and  finishing. 

I'ig.  25  varies  considerably  from  the  preceding,  in  that  the  surfaces 
are  not  made  to  blen<l  into  each  otlier,  but  are  ground  so  as  ti>  make 
the  celt  angular.  This  is  noticeable  not  only  at  the  edge,  but  at 
the  margins  also^  which  are  smooth  and  almost  at  right  angles  to  the 


Kid.  24. —  New  Jersey. 


Cr.I.TS,  CHISKUS  AND  GOUG.  -S. 


45 


broad  sides.  Tliis  specimen  differs  in  these  resjjects  from  the  average 
implement  of  this  i)atlern,  found  in  New  Jersey,  and  is  similar  to  the 
majority  of  tlmse  found  in  Oiiio  and  Indiana. 

Fig.  26  may  properly  he  placed  in  tlie  same  "  class  "  with  the  jire- 
ceding.  .Mthough  a  niiu  h  le^^s  finished  specimen,  it  was  uniiuestion- 
ahly  put  to  the  same  uses.  It  is  made  of  a  fme-grained  porphyritic 
stone,  and  has  been  polished  over  its  entire  s  irfa<  e.  'I'his  little  "(  elt" 
measures  two  and  oiie-cighlh  inches  in  length  by  one  and  three- 
quarters  in  wiilth.     'Ihe  cutting  edge  was  originally  good.     The  back 


Fio.  ^3.  — New  Jersey.     \, 


Fii..  : 


■  New  Jersey". 


has  a  ridge  running  obliipii'ly  across  it,  from  which  the  surfaces  sio])e 
at  an  angle  <if  fort} -Tin e  degrees. 

Sir  John  l.ubbock,"  in  some  "Notes  on  Stone  Implements  from 
.M'rica  and  Syria,"  gi\cs  figures  of  actual  size  of  stone  axes,  wiii<h 
certainly  are  identii  al  in  shape,  and  have  been  used,  no  doubt,  in  an 
identical  mamur.  'I'Ih-  author  s'\s,  with  refereme  to  them  :  ".Some 
of  the  Wc-t  .\fri<  an  axv,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  figures  (plate  ii,  figs, 
t  and  s),  closely  resemble  some  of  the  smaller  axes  >.o  ( ouunon   in 


"  Jmnii.  Amlimp.  Inst.,  l.onttnn,  vnl.  i,  page  xcil,  pl.itc  ii,  figH.  1  and  a  (Eth.  Soc.  I*roc.). 


46 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRV. 


Western  Europe;"  and  adds,  as  has  already  l)een  observed  of  the 
preceding  pattern,  "  Indeed,  this  type  may  lie  said  to  l)e  cosmo- 
politan, and  needs  no  description." 

I-'ig.  27  represents  one  of  those  very  diminutive  celts  that  arc  not 
uncommon  in  almost  any  considerahle  tollection  (/f  Indian  stone 
implements.  This  example  is  a  serpentine  jiehble  (arefully  ruhhed 
down,  imtil  brought  to  a  convenient  shape,  an<l  then  given  an  e.x(  client 
cutting  edge.  l",.\cept  the  still  smaller  hematite  <  elts,  of  which  but 
very  few  examples  hnve  been  found  in  New  Jersey,  and  none  in  New 
England,  this  is  about  tiie  smallest  of  this  (lass  of  jiolished  stone  im- 
plements. For  what  jiurpose  they  were  made,  it  is  in  vain  to  con- 
jecture ;  but  it  must  not  be  inferred  because  this 
specimen,  measuring  less  than  two  inches  in 
length  is  called  by  the  same  name  as  fig.  17, 
which  lacks  little  of  being  twelve  iin  iies  in 
length,  that  they  were  reganle<l  as  identical  im- 
lilements  by  the  jieople  who  fashioned  them. 

The  hematite  celts,  to  wiiii  h  reference  has 
been  made,  arc  seldom  smaller  than  fig.  27,  l)Ut 
are  thinner  and  Ikv.c  had  e\ery  surfac  e  carefully 
worked  down  to  a  polished  state.  The  edges  of 
these  celts  are  well  jiresened,  and  while  usually 
sharper  than  even  the  best  specimens  made  of 
hornstone  or  pori)hyry,  there  is  not  that  dilTerence  which  would 
seem  to  warrant  the  extra  labor  of  reducing  iieinatite  to  a  suitable 
shape. 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  with  refereiK  e  to  the  use  of  this  mineral,  by 
the  Indians,  for  making  either  implements  or  ornaments,  tiial  in  Hun- 
terdon and  \\arren  counties,  New  Jersey,  where  hematite  occurs  in 
the  greatest  abundance,  that  so  few  specimens  of  implements  made  of 
it  should  lie  found.  Ordinary  stone  implements,  of  every  pattern 
oc(  iir  i:i  l!ie  greatest  iinji'usion,  but  of  thousands  of  specimens  ex- 
amined, 1 'ss  than  a  dozen  were  made  of  hematite.  It  i;  not  impr<>ba- 
ble  that  the  few  that  have  been  found  were  broimht  from  .1  distance, 


Fig,  27.  —  New  Jersey. 


CELTS,  CHISKI„S  AM)  GOUGES. 


47 


and  that  the  resident  trilics  were  not  accustomed  to  make  use  of  this 
material. 

Fig.  28  is  a  remarkably  pretty  example  of  a  celt  of  totally  different 
shape  and  character,  being  a  long,  slender  stone,  edged  at  one  end, 
instead  of  on  the  margin  of  one  of  its  longer  sides.  The  illustration 
will  convey  a  better  iilea  of  the  si)ecimen  itself  than  can  any  descrip- 
tion. The  specimen  is  a  hornstone  pebble,  beautifully  polished  over 
the  greater  portion  of  its  surface.  One  end  is  blunt,  as  though  al)- 
niptly  broken  off,  but  is  now  as  well  polisiied  as  any  of  the  other 
parts.  From  this  blunt  end,  the  widdi  of  the  sjjecimen  gradually 
increases,  with   about  a  corresponding   decrease    in   the   breadth  or 


l-'u..  2R.  —  New  Jersey.     '. 

thickness  for  the  distance  of  an  inch,  when  the  width  decreases  by  a 
beautiful  ( urve  more  marked  ujioii  the  ujjjjcr  margin,  which  margin 
becomes  the  edge  at  the  descent  of  the  (  ur\e,  and  continues  so  until 
it  joins  the  straighter  jiortion  of  the  lower  outline  of  the  specimen. 
The  Made,  or  edged  end,  is  slightly  bent,  or,  at  least,  has  tliat  appear- 
ance, from  the  edge  not  being  in  a  line  with  the  middle  of  the  thickest 
portion  of  the  im|)lement.  If  the  specimen  is  held  with  the  straighter 
side  {/.>:i'i-r  s/</i-,  in  our  figure)  up,  then  the  blade  is  bent  to  the  right 
and  has  ju^t  tiie  ]iroi)er  "twist"  to  sei)arate  the  skin  from  the  muscles 
inost  readily,  if  the  imi)lement  is,  as  was  ])rol)able,  a  knife  for  skinning 
animals.  Certainly  ,0  suth  a  i)urpose,  it  is  in  every  way  well  adapted. 
Still  other  fori  js  presenting  slight  variations  might  be  readily  given. 


48 


PRIMmVK  INDUPTRV. 


and  an  unbroken  scries  from  one  extreme  to  tlie  other  might  be  pro- 
vided from  the  hundreds  of  these  celts  that  liave  already  been  gath- 
ered ;  but  a  sufficient  niunb(.'r  have  been  noticed  in  detail  ti;  enable 
any  one,  who  happily  may  chance  ui)on  one  of  these  implemenis,  in 
the  course  of  a  summer  ramble,  to  recognize  it  without  difficulty,  even 
if  our  studies  of  hundreds  of  specimens  do  not  throw  any  li^^'ht   ipon 

the  part  they  i)layed  in  the  daily  live^:  of 
the  savage  jjeople  who  made  them. 

In  the  preceding  illustrations  of  this 
chapter,  the  ciUting  edge  lias  been  pro- 
duced by  carefully  grinding  the  stone 
from  each  side,  so  that  the  sloi)ing  shoidil 
be  e(iual.  and  the  edge  in  the  nuddle  of 
the  natural  margin  of  llie  pebble  or  slab 
of  stone  usL(l.  Furthermore,  all  tiicse 
celts  ha\e  a  distinctly  ( omex  edge,  as 
has  been  already  mentioned.  I'"ig.  29, 
while  ill  many  respects  (piite  similar  to 
the  (  cits  ])roper  that  have  been  described, 
varies  in  having  a  straight  edge,  in  being 
but  little  altered  over  much  of  its  surface, 
and  in  having  a  large  portion  of  the  peb- 
ble split  off,  thus  giving  the  blade  of  the 
(  hisel  an  upper  surfat  e  that  is  Hat.  \\'ere 
there  no  other  exan)i)les  of  this  fonn  in 
the  collections  made  in  New  Jersey,  this 
might  be  considered  a  c  haiK  e  oc  lurreuie,  and  had  resulted  from 
finding  a  jiebble  with  a  c ouNenient  frai  ture,  whic  h  had  been  utilizeil 
by  being  ground  down  to  a  i:utling  edge  at  one  end.  A  sutlii  ient 
number  of  this  pattern  iiave  l)een  found,  howev.r,  to  show  that  it  is 
evident  that  the  ])artial  splitting  off  of  one  surface  of  the  pebble  was 
intentional.  It  is  not  of  the  least  interest  in  v'.iis  (onnec  tion  to  de- 
temiine  how  this  was  a(  ( ()m|)lished  ;  for  the  evidenc."  favors  the 
conclusion    that    the    specimens    were    shaped  by   this  process,  and 


Fui.  29.  —  New  Jersey.     \. 


CKI.rs,  (IIISKI.S  ANIJ  G()U(;F.S. 


49 


were  not  brought  to  the  general   pattern  of  fig.  29  by  pecking,  or 
grinding.     Chisels  of  tliis  pattern  are  not  abmulant  in  New  Jersey. 

Fig.  30  represents  a  polished  hornstone  pel)l)le,  i)erfe<  tiy  flat  upon 
one  side,  and  convex  upon  the  other.  There  is  a  symmetric  al  ronical 
head,  below  which  is  a  contrat  tion  in  the  width  of  the  blade,  ])ro- 
(hicing  shallow  notches  upon  the  margins,  but  which  do  not  meet  so 
as  to  form  a  groove.  'I'he  cutting  edge  is 
very  sharp,  and  has  been  (|uite  straight.  M 
present  the  corners  are  worn  away.  This 
impieiiient,  supposed  to  lie  a  <  hisel,  is  es- 
sentially the  same  as  the  preceding,  and 
measures  seven  and  one-half  in(  lies  in  length, 
by  two  and  three-eighths  in  greatest  width. 
In  speaking  of  a  chisel,  we  are  apt  to  as- 
sociate it  with  the  idea  of  a  hammer,  as  it  is 
of  but  little  use,  except  a  blow,  as  from  a  ham- 
mer, be  given  it.  This  is  true  (jf  the  modern 
steel  chisel,  and  is  the  more  so  with  an  inii)le- 
ment  made  of  stone,  such  as  fig.  29,  even  if 
charred  wood  be  the  princijial  substance  cut 
with  it.  In  this  inst  nee  the  narrow  conical 
liead  seems  to  offer  a  serious  obst.icle  U) 
tbe  use  of  a  hammer ;  and  moreover,  the 
polished  condition  of  the  head  clearly  indi- 
(!ates  that  it  has  never  been  exposed  Ic  an\ 
violent  usage. 

It  has  been  suggesteil  that  this  implement 
might  have  been  used  in  detac  hing  bark  from 
trees,  enher  for  ( anoe  purposes  or  for  coverings  for  huts  ;  that  by 
l)lac  ing  tJK  llal  side  down  or  upon  the  body  t^f  the  tree,  and  pushing 
the  implement  forward,  the  i)ark  woulil  be  detac  hed  from  the  trunk  of 
the  tree  without  danger  of  cutting  it,  as  the  edge  of  the  implement 
pressed  upon  the  wood,  and  the  curved  bac  k  of  the  blade  lifted  the 
bark  up  as  the  bl.icle  moved  forward. 


I'l  ..  30.  —  New  Jersey.     ), 


50 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


Other  chisels,  or  chisel-like  modifications  of  tlie  better  known  celt, 
consist  of  cylindrical  and  (luadrangular  implements,  usually  of  seqien- 
tinc,  measurin},'  from  three  to  five  inches  in  length  anrl  often  less  than 
an  inch  in  width  if  scjnare,  or  half  an  inch  in  diameter  if  cylindrical. 
These  very  small  chisels  have  an  edge  varying  from  one-fourth  to  three- 
fourths  of  rn  inch  in  extent.  Hut  very  few  have  been  found  in  New 
Jersey,  and  they  are  still  more  rarely  met  with  in  New  I'.ngland  ;  but 
as  we  ])ass  westward  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  they  nre  of  more 
fre(|uent  occurrence,  and  are  fairly  abundant  throughout  Oiiio  and 
Indiana. 

The  purpose  of  these  diniimuive  chisels  is  difficult  to  determine  ;  anil 
we  can  only  safely  jilace  them  among  that  indefinite  class  of  stone 
implements  which,  it  is  evident,  were  used  as  tools  for  making  other 
objects,  and  were  in  no  way  ever  brought  into  play  as  weapons.  'I'his 
is,  indeed,  a  somewhat  unsatisfactory  method  of  disposing  of  a  vast 
number  of  the  most  interesting  forms  of  stime  implements  ;  but  as  the 
early  writers  either  did  not  see  them  in  actual  use,  or  else  have 
neglected  to  mention  it,  we  are  left  in  ignorance  of  the  part  they  were 
intended  to  jilay  in  the  daily  life  of  the  native  races,  or  are  forced  to 
take  refiige  in  conjecture,  as  to  the  purposes  of  a  considerable  pro[)or- 
tion  of  these  objects,  whidi  is,  at  best,  a  hazardous  exi)eriment. 

Stone  gouges,  such  as  that  represented  in  fig.  31,  are  very  alnin- 
dant  in  New  I'.ngland,  and  comparatively  rare  in  New  N'ork  and  New 
Jersey.  In  eastern  Massachusetts,  and  j)articularly  in  I'lssex  Co.,  they 
are  even  more  abundant  than  stone  axes  in  central  New  Jersey,  and 
are  as  characteristic  of  e\ery  series  of  stone  implements  from  that 
vi(  inity,  as  are  the  axes  from  the  former  locality.  Still,  they  do  not  in 
any  way  take  the  i)lace  of  the  axes,  for  tiiese  are  fairly  abundant  in 
New  l",ngland,  although  nowhere  of  as  freiiuent  oc(  urrence  as  in  more 
southern  ])ortions  of  the  Atlantic-  seaboard. 

Fig.  31  is  made  of  a  compact,  granitic  rock,  and  has  been  carefiilly 
wTOUght  by  pecking,  imtil  brought  to  its  present  symmetrical  shape. 
It  is  nowhere  polished  or  smoothed,  but  the  surface  is,  nevertheless, 
(juite  even,  and  has  a  finished  appearance,  notwithstanding  the  slight 


CELTS,  CHISKI.S  AN'I)  GnrcjKS. 


51 


inequalities.  This  gouge,  which  is  not,  iiDwever,  of  the  ninximuni 
length, 'measures  eight  and  three-fourtiis  long,  by  about  three  inches 
in  greatest  width.  I'nlike  many,  the 
curved  edge  is  of  limited  extent, 
while  the  hollowed  portion  of  the 
implement  itself  is  nearly  equal  to 
the  greatest  width.  .\  second  pe- 
c\iliar  feature,  which,  with  various 
slight  modifications,  is  common  to 
many  of  the  New  I'.ngland  jiatterns 
of  stone  gouges,  is  the  transverse 
dorsal  ridge,  which  in  this  case,  is 
duplicated.  The  object  of  these 
ridges  is  i|uite  clear,  when  we  ccjn- 
sider  the  implement  as  a  gouge 
for  -.vorking  in  tharred  wood,  as  in 
hollowing  out  a  log  canoe  ;  for,  as 
such,  it  re(iuired  a  handle  to  which 
it  was  attached  in  mucii  the  same 
manner  as  a  New  Zealand  adze  was 
hafted.  Mxcej)!  in  the  one  feature  of 
a  more  or  less  degree  of  cur%ature 
of  the  cutting  edge,  the  New  Kng- 
land  gouges  are  the  American  rep- 
resentatives of  the  Pacific  Island 
adz.es  referred  to.  'I'his,  of  course, 
does  not  apply  to  all  of  them,  as 
many  are  too   small    to    have   been 

used  as  cutting  tools,  unless  in  cases  where  the  material  worked 
upon  was  very  yielding,  and  the  implement  was  held  in  the  hand, 
or  jiossibly  used  in  connection  with  a  hammer.  While  many  gouges 
have  been  collected  in  New  I'lngland  considerably  longer  than  this 
specimen,  it  is  seldom  that  they  are  wider  or  even  as  wide,  and 
therefore  this  example  may  be  fairly  considered  as  about  of  tiie  max- 


FlG.  31.  —  Massachusetts.     |. 


5» 


rRiMirivr.  inhl'siky. 


iniiini  sizL'.  As  lias  already  been  niciUioncd,  these  larj^er  gouges, 
particularly,  vary  greatly  in  minor  details,  and  the  same  slight  differ- 
ences arc  n(>ti(  eahle  that  have  alread)-  been  pointed  out  as  conimun 
to  the  grooved  stone  axes.  As  in  that  case,  so  it  may  he  with  gouges, 
every  Indian  was  his  own  inijilement  maker,  and  made  the  gouge 
of  tile  jiattern  he  thought  would  best  serve  his  purjiose. 

Of  the  gouges  of  the  (.'hami)lain  \alley,  it  has  been  remarked,  that,'* 
''though  not  among  our  most  abundant  specimens,  they  are  yet  rela- 
tively (juite  (ominon,  and  of  an  almost  endless  variety  of  form.  That 
all  of  these  grooved  inipleiiu'iits  were  used  as  gouges  is  \ery  doubtful. 
Of  some  of  the  specimens  1  have  found  it  impossii)le  to  do  more  than 
conjecture  the  use.  None  of  the  ol)jects  found  are  more  carefully 
formed  and  fniely  finished  tiian  some  of  these  'gouges,'  and  most  of 
them  are  far  more  carefully  made  than  the  'chisels'  or  celts.  Some  of 
the  larger  sjiecimens  are  a  foot  in  leiiglii,  of  basalt  or  other  hard  stone, 
but  yet  are  made  witii  a  degree  of  skill,  as  exhibited  in  the  symmetry 
of  form  and  smoothness  of  surface,  that  excite  great  admiration. 
In  some  the  groove  is  dee])  and  wide,  and  reaches  from  em!  to  end, 
each  end,  in  some  cases,  being  ground  to  an  edge,  in  others  it  is  short. 
Some  are  flat  on  both  sides,  others  on  one,  others  convex  on  both. 
Some  have  one  edge  fmi^hed  like  a  gouge  and  tiie  ojiposite  like  a 
chisel,  and  in  these  the  gouge  end  is  flatter  than  usual  and  the  exca- 
vated jiortion  but  little  concave.  Some  are  of  such  soft  material, 
steatite,  that  it  is  diflicult  to  see  how  they  ( ould  have  been  of  much 
ser\ice  as  implements,  but  most  are  of  hard  stone.  Several  long 
'gouges'  have  been  found  whi(  h  are  somewhat  peculiar  in  form.  AH 
of  these  are  very  finely  made  ;  in  cross  section  they  are  shaped  like 
a  narrow  Oothic  an  h,  the  point  coming  o])posite  the  groove,  or,  in 
such  as  have  only  a  short  groove,  tiie  portion  ai)ove  this  may  lie  nearly 
cylin(lri(  al."  In  this  communication  reference  also  is  made  to  two 
gouges,  measuring,  respectively,  eighteen  and  nineteen  inches. 

Fig.  32  represents  a  second  examjjle  of  New  laigland  stone  gouge, 


CEt.TS,  CHISEUS  AND  fJOUflES. 


53 


wliicli  has  two  very  marked 
differences  from  tlie  ])re(ed- 
inj{.  In  tliis  case,  instead  of 
the  two  transverse  ridges  near 
tlie  npiH-r  end  of  tlie  imple- 
ment,  there  is  a  flattened  oh- 
lii|ue  stem  or  jirojection  form- 
ing the  head  of  tiie  gouge, 
and  the  i)lade  is  wider  at  the 
liroad  ciiiting  edge  witii  whicii 
it  terminates,  tlian  at  any  t)tlier 
l)art.  Tiie  curvature  of  this 
cutting  edge  is  \ery  jiro- 
nouni  ed,  and  it  is  sufti(  iently 
sliarp,  e\en  now,  to  make  the 
imiilement  a  \ery  good  tool 
for  tlie  ]iuri)oses  for  which  it 
was  intended,  '['lie  iiroje(  tion 
at  the  head  does  not  afford  a 
surface  of  sufficient  widtii  to 
enable  one  to  use  a  hammer  ; 
and  it  is  safe  to  sujjpose  that, 
when  made  after  this  pattern, 
they  were  intended  for  remov- 
ing siu  h  yieiiling  material  as 
ciiarrcd  wood,  and  not  for 
cutting  wood  in  its  natural 
state.  Whilst  there  is  a 
great  variation  in  the  finisii 
of  the  heads  of  these  gouges, 
it  is  seldom  that  we  meet 
with  one  of  tiiis  peciihar 
pattern.  Indeed,  the  form 
is    not    ])artieularly    desira- 


Fii:.  3J.  —  . Massachusetts.    \. 


54 


I'klMITIVK   IMirSTRY. 


\)\v    in   viow  of  llie    umj  to  whi(  li   is   ji'.t  tlii'  carpenters'   K""K^'  "f 
to-day. 

rig.    ^3  represents  an  excellent  example  of  tlie  simpler  form  of 

yoiige,  such  as  is  more  or 
less  common  along  the  entire 
Atlantic  <-oast.  'i'hey  are  (juite 
loiiiiiinn  in  New  ^'(l^k  ;  and  in 
some  ]iorti(>ns  of  iVnnsylvania 
tliey  are  more  numerous  tlian 
the  straii'lU-edged  celts,  or 
<.liisels  projjer.  In  New  Jer- 
sey, this  form  of  implement  is 
not  conunon,  in  comparison 
witli  ordinary  cells,  but  't  is 
found  ill  sill  h  nuiuliers,  as  to 
he  generally  representi<l  in  all 
local  coilettions.  'I'iie  speci- 
men here  figured  is  made  of 
very  compai  t,  unyielding  s.md- 
stone,  and  has  heeii  hollowed 
out  as  deep  as  «as  compaiible 
with  the  strength  of  the  imjile- 
meiit.  'J'iie  back  has  been 
quite  e\enly  smootiieil,  or  it 
may  h.ne  l)een  worn  so  by 
long  continued  use.  At  the 
upl)er  end,  a  hole  has  been 
drilled  ]iart!y  through  the 
stone.  This  s])e(  imen  presents 
the  maximum  degree  of  curva- 
ture of  the  (uitting  edge,  as  seen  in  these  gouges.  (){  the  very  large 
series  from  Massachusetts,  in  tlie  Museum  at  Cambridge,  and  at  the 
Academy  of  Science  at  Salem,  not  one  exceeded  an<l  but  very  fi.-w 
api>roached  it  in  this  respect.    I'rum  the  worn  ci;ndition  of  the  c  ulling 


Fic.  33.  — Massachusetts.    \. 


CKi.rs,  cmsicus  and  (joikjks. 

»Mlj,'t',  it  is  i)r<)!)al)lc  tluit.  wlicn  m.u\v,  it  jirojci  ted  Amvard,  as 
shown  ill  the  following  example,  troni  New  Jl■r^L■y. 

Fig.  34  ri-prcsfnts  a  similar  plain  gouge  Tpjh  New  Jersey, 
sjiecimen  differs  only  in  having  a 
projecting  or  ( onxex  edge,  which 
makes  the  specinun  in  thi^  respe(  t 
more  like  the  onlinar)'  celts.  It  is 
l)robii)li'.  however,  as  before  ■■ng- 
gesteil,  that  this  was  a  (omnion 
form  of  gouge,  and  that  the  edge 
was  gradually  worn  away  li\  long 
(unlinued  use.  (If  the  series  of 
gouges,  fr.un  .New  Jersey,  whether 
plain  or  with  work^•d  knoh-like 
heads,  none  possessed  st)  marked 
a  degree  of  curvature  of  tlie  hl.ule, 
as  (lues  this  s])ecimen.  It  i^  not 
without  interest  to  know  tiiat  of 
the  gouges  of  tliis  pattern,  that 
h.ne  been  found  in  New  Jersey, 
all  have  the  upper  end  or  head 
badly  battered,  thus  showing  that 
they  had  been  used  with  a  maul 
or  hauHuer ;  whilst  those-  with  a 
coni(  .il  or  otherwise  designed 
workeddiead,  sue  h  as  the  <  hisel 
in  fig.  .50,  show  no  trai  e  of  any 
such  usage.  Whether  this  fact 
indicates  a  different  u->e  of  these 
ini|)lenunts.  and  lu ik  e  tiie  infer- 
ence that  they  are  not  gouges  in  Fig.  j4.-Nc»  Jersey.  | 
the  ordin.iry  acceptation  of  tli.U  tern),  is  left  for  tlie  re.uler 
Icrmine. 

In  the  northern  (ountiesof  New  Jersey,  and  about  the  re 


55 

is  well 
This 


to  de- 
,'ion  of 


56 


PRIMJTIVF.  miUSTRY. 


the  Delaware  Water  (lap  there  is  frequently  fotind  a  ])attern  of  gouge 
or  chisel,  as  the  case  nia>-  he.  whidi  is  strictK  an  intermediate 
fonn.  It  is  made  of  cornpact  stone,  is  well  polished,  and  has  a 
straight  cutting  edge  which  is  l»onn«led  hy  a  narrow  rim  uiKin  each 
side,  extending  at  right  angles  to  the  hlade.  It  is  not  apparent  what 
advantage  arises  from  these  narrow  bomidary  ridges,  if  the  implement 
is  a  chisel,  su(  h  as  is  now  used  :  and  tlie  slightly  elevated  edges  of 
the  sides  of  the  blade  scarcely  convert  the  ini!)lemcnt  into  a  gouge 
proper. 


'^'^-Xf^'i^m^v. 


^wm^ 


CHAPTER     IV. 


GROOVED  HAMMERS. 


In  an  nttcmpted  classification  of  rtone  implements,  tlicrc  is  often 
great  danger  of  making  a  distinction  where  no  dill'erence  exists.  Tlus 
is  particularly  true  of  the  grooveil  globular  pebbles  and  small  bowlders, 
that  a-e  so  common  liiniughout  the  wliole  extent  of  the  Atlantic 
coast.  Kxamples  of  tiiese,  of  a  small  si/e  and  carefully  worke<l,  have 
been  described  as  ])robal>ly  "club-head"  stones.  Others,  of  ruder 
make,  as  the  natural  pel)ble  with  a  gr{)ove  onl}-  worked  about  it, 
were  probably  used  in  the  same  manner  as  the  notched,  iiai  |)ebi)!es. 
Hesides  these,  there  are  larger  examples  of  practically  the  sam  form, 
ivhi(  h  are  of  such  dimensions,  and,  in  some  instances,  show  such  evi- 
dence of  work,  otlier  than  the  jiei  king  out  of  an  encircling  groove,  that 
tlieir  use  as  hannners  r)r  mauls  seems  to  lie  indicated.  NVliile  none 
have  been  fouml  .n  New  Jersey,  or  throughout  New  luigland,  ;".>'  large 
and  as  heavy  as  the  largest  stone  maul?,  from  the  Lake  Superinr  copper 
regions,  thev  do  occur  of  such  si/.e  and  weight  as  render  them  avail- 
able for  all  ordinary  pur|)oses  for  which  a  hammer  is  rec|uired.  A 
small  series  from  ( ;iou(  ester  Co..  New  jersey,  are  hanl,  silu  ious  peb- 
1  ies  or  small  !K)wlders,  varying  from  five  to  seven  inc  hes  in  length,  and 
three  und  one-half  inches  to  four  and  one-half  in  diameter.  None  ot 
these  are  worked  otherwise  than  by  being  grooved  or  by  having  jjecked 
out  a  shallow  channel  around  tiiem,  at  or  near  the  middle  of  the  stone. 
The  ends,  in  two  siK-ciinens,  are  slightly  battered,  as  thovigh  us.d  for 
h.immcring  substances  nnially  as  haul  as  the  mineral  of  which  they 
are  made.     The  others  show  no  trace  of  usage. 

Stone   hammers  of  this  <  haracter,  but  of  beautiful  workmanship, 
having  whoiIy  artificial  ^unaces,  and  the  groove  jjrotected  by  a  narrow, 

(67) 


58 


PKIMIIIVK  INDLSTRV. 


sligluly  elevated  ri(l;;e  liave  l)een  ()l)taiiK'(l  from  Iiuliaii  gia\es  in 
Kansas.  A  series  of  these  are  ( imlained  in  tiie  (ollei  lions  of  llie 
Musenin  of  Art  lueuloi^y.  at  C'aniliridge,  Mass. 

I'iunre  ^55  ri|iresents  the  more  usual  shape  and  si/e  uf  tiiese  stone 
liamniirs,  as  we  tlnd  them  in  New  Jersey,  'i'his  speeimen  is  exaeily 
fi\e  in<  lies  in  len;;tii.  It  was  orii;inally  of  tiie  oniinary  o\al  (nitline 
ho  ( onnnon  to  the  cohlije-stones  of  the  ri\eilied,  and  afterward  pei  ked 
at  tile  head  to  make  it  (latter.  It  li.N  a  very  shallow  };roo\e  pec  ked  ir- 
rc^'ularly  aliout  it ;  the  dressinj^  down  was  api'arently  nmre  with  a  view 
to  oMiterate  projectinj^  angles  than  to  sei  lire  a  depression  or  ^;rouve 
fur  the  handle-fastennigs.     .\l  the  end  or  i".>int  there  is  a  small  pecked 


Kn,.    15.  —  NVw  jcrM-y.     ). 

surface  whi(  h  may  have  been  intended  to  produ<  e  a  Munter  end,  or 
cause<l  l>y  hauunering  upon  other  stones,  as  in  tisiny  tiie  stone  <  hiscl 
or  {,'oug.-. 

I''ij.'.  ■^(i  represents  a  natural  i)el)lple  whi<  h.  luing  grooved  already, 
wa^  iilili/td  as  a  hammer.  The  <  in  ums'.m<  is  i"iiler  \\hi(  h  it  was 
found  are  the  only  reasons  for  plat  ing  it  with  the  grooved  hamniers. 
It  w.is  associated  widi  a  mnnher  of  arrowheads  anil  other  ohjeets, 
and  the  assmnption  is,  that,  like  them,  it  h.id  been  plated  where 
foimil.  I)y  the  Imlians.  So  atlniirahly  shapetl  is  this  stone,  that,  conlti 
thev  he  ri  adily  tiht.iinetl.  there  woultl  he  no  int  entive  to  m.ike  and 
groo>v  less  shaj)ely  pebMes,  for  in  no  rcs[)ecl  is  this  specimen  inferior 
to  the  others. 


UkUOVI.li    IIAMMKKS. 


59 


Fig.  .17  rciircsciits"  an  unaltered  i.chljlc,  that  has  liccn  grooved; 
and  thus,  it  is  supposed,  ronvcrted  inlu  :i  hammer.  In  t'ne  prccetUng 
examples,  the  length  ami  diameter  of  tlic  pel)ljles  have  ijeen  more 
nearly  eipial  than  in  this  instance.  Here  wc  have  a  (latter  pehlile, 
and  one  that  needs  Imt  a 
(  nttinj;  edge  at  one  end,  to 
make  it  a  good  example  ol' 
a  eonunon  foni)  of  axe. 
Tile  absence  of  this  edge, 
tmless  it  ( an  l)e  shown  tiiat 
it  is  an  unfmished  axe,  in- 
(hcales  its  use  as  .i  Iiai  uiur. 
or  pos-.ilily  the  iiead  of  a 
(  lull  like  weapon.  This 
spet  imen  is  se\en  in(  lies  in 
length,  three  inches  wide  in  the  middle,  and  tajiers  unite  mulurmly 
to  the  narrowed  ends.  The  ends  are  not  battered,  nor  is  there  any 
trace  ot  u-^e  of  any  kiml  to  be  seen.  As  .i  weapon,  such  an  im- 
plement   would     long    pre^e|■\e     its    n.ilural    siuiace    uninjured    and 


Tu\.  3^).  —  NVw  Jf.T-.cy.     i 


Km., 


-  Wtt   Jt  rv<-y.     \' 


iinmarketl.      If  useil  as   a   maul,    in  .  nniu-<  lion    wirh  a   stone   gouge, 
till*  surfaces  would  soi>n  bci  onie  itallered. 

Fig.  38  represents  a  pet  uli.ir  p.itteru  of  stone  hammer,  hi  which  wc 
have   ll\e    hammer  he, id    and    the    h.mdle.    in    one.     This   so-callcti 


6o 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRV. 


"handle"   is   a   rontinuation  of  tlic   lic-ad,   Imt   has   Ir'cii   jiccked, 
ground  and  chipped,  until  it  is  cylindrical.     While  the  outline  is  that 

of  a  hammer,  it  is  not  iin- 
prohahle  that  it  was  used  as  a 
pestie,  although  the  end  is 
nut  haltered  or  worn  in  any 
way. 

The  "  head  "  varies  con- 
siderahly  in  thickness,  and  on 
that  side  projec  ting  fr'im  tiie 
han<lle  is  i|uite  narrow,  and 
has  tl":  .ippearance  of  haxing 
been  chipped  ;  or,  possilily, 
this  is  tile  ri'^uli  <>l'  long  < on- 
tinued  usage,  in  h.unuiering 
against  stone. 

I'erforatetl  stone  hauuners. 
similar  to  those  foimd  in  sutli 
abundance  in  nortiicrn 
iMirojie,  are  ol  nue  u(  (  ur- 
rence  in  Nortli  Auuric  ,i.  1 
know  of  but  a  single  spet  i- 
nien  of  perfor.iteil  stone  im- 
plement, whii  it  may  be 
considered  as  pndi.ibly  a 
hammer.  It  i>  in  the  <  ollec- 
tion  of  the  l.ile  I'ntfessor 
Ilaldem.m.  This  hammer 
measures  eiglit  and  one  h.ilf 
inches  in  length.  Iiy  four  in 
width.  It  is  oval  in  shape, 
ar  1  througli  the  middle  i-.  a  c.irefully  cirilled  jierforaiioii,  Inurand  one- 
h.iif  iiii  hts  in  length.,  a-i.!  one  in<  h  in  di.uui'ter.  The  stoiiv  h,i>  been 
pec  ked  over  U:;  cntiie  surface,  and  is  a  heavy,  fmely  grained  sandstone 


Fui.   39  — New  Jt:r><y.     J. 


GROOVKIJ    IIA.MMKKS. 


6i 


pebble    from    the    bed  of  tlic   river.      It  was    found    near   ('lii<:kies, 
I^incaster  County,  l'i;nna. 

\\'oodeii  mauls,  it  would  ap])ear,  were  sometimes  used,  Mr.  I'..  W. 
I'.llsworth  ''•'  has  described  tiie  <ir(umstan(  es  of  the  discovery  of  a 
wooden  maul,  in  the  valley  (jf  the  Connecticut  river.  'I'his  imple- 
ment i.i  twenty-one  in- hes  in  length.  "  J.englh  of  head,  eleven  and 
one-fourth  inches;  length  of  handle,  nine  an<i  three-fourths  inches; 
diameter  of  the  head  measuring  in  a  plane  coijicident  with  the  cunc 
of  the  handle,  five  indies."  This  specimen  shows  two  indenleil  and 
battered  surfaces.  "  Professor  Rau  has  suggested  that  the  mallet  was 
used  for  driving  stone  celts.  This  is  proliabie,  both  from  the  form  and 
posititm  of  tiie  indentations  in  the  mallet." 

"  F.lliwurth.    Smithsonian  .Annual  Rciwrt  f.jr  iS;^.,  p.  446,  iij;,  i. 


-o^:;^ 


CHAI'TKR     V, 


SKMII.INAK    SLAIK    KNIVKS. 


It  is  jmiposcd  to  roiisidcr  hcic,  a  class  of  knife-like  iin])Iomont<;, 
which,  from  their  sha))0,  have  heen  desij^iialeil  as  Seiiiihmar  Slate 
knives.  'rhroii.t;liout  New  I'inj^land,  and  as  far  south  as  Maryland, 
these  knives  o(  <  ur  witii  nmre  or  less  freipiency.  as  tjie  localities  ha|)i)eii 
to  lie  rii  h,  or  are  wantin.L;,  in  tlie  ordinary  jiatterns  of  Indian  stone 
imiilenients. 

A  typical  knife  of  this  form  may  he  hrielly  desc  rilied  as  a  thin, 
broad  l)!a<Ie,  of  ahont  six  in<  hes  in  length,  and  two  in  j^reatc-vt  hreadtli, 
the  ciitlinj,'  ed^e  being  cuned,  anil  extendin;,'  from  end  to  end  of  the 
blaile.  thus  niakiu},'  it  semilunar  in  outline.  .\s  a  rule  there  extends, 
alon^'  the  baik,  a  narrow,  tliii  k  rid;;e  of  nnilbnn  width,  which  aft'ords 
a  (onvenient  and  see  nre  liold.  when  the  knife  is  taken  in  hand. 

In  New  Jersey,  these  knives,  now  usually  mu<  h  broken,  are  not 
uncommon  on  former  Imlian  viilaj,'e  sites;  but  in  other  localities,  or 
singly  s(  attered  about  our  fields,  they  are  seldom  or  ne\er  found. 
\\'hate\er  mav  ha\e  been  the  u>e  to  wlii(  h  they  were  put  their  shape 
ctTtainlv  indie  ates  that  tliey  were  a  dome^tu  im|ileun'iii.  a  himseholil 
knil'e,  for  cutting  flesh  or  <'i|ually  yielding  substances  ;  and  not  such  a 
knife  as  the  men  woulil  <  arry  witii  them. 

These  knives  jiossess  an  additional  interest  tVom  the  tact  tli.it  they  are 
a  well-known  form  of  cutting  imi>lemeut  of  the  INkiino  and  .M.isk.in 
Indians.  In  the  archa'ologi<al  c olU'ciions  of  the  nuiseum  at  Cam- 
bridge, are  two  ^|)e(  innns  (1'.  M.  NHs.  2053-54)  of  this  form  of 
knife,  ea<  h  with  a  lil.ide  of  slate  ii\>erted  in  a  wooden  handle,  llxcciit 
ih.it  the  handle  i-.  of  another  matrri  il,  llu-y  dirfcr  in  110  respei  !. 


64 


PRIMirlVK  IMHTSTRV. 


Knives  (>r  tliis  pattern,  inatlc  of  iron  and  ivory  liy  tlie  Mskimos  of 
Cinnl)crlaml  Sound,  have  hein  ilescril)e(l  hy  l.iidwin  Kunilein,  in  tlie 
liuUetin  (No.  15)  of  tlic  I'.  S.  National  Mnsemn.  This  author  says: 
'•  'I'lie  fa\'orite  and  prim  i]ial  tool  of  the  women  is  a  knil'e,  shaped  like 
an  onhnary  mini  in^  knife.  Nearly  all  the  Cumberland  i'.skimo  havt; 
now  procured  iron  enouj;li  from  some  source  or  other  so  that  they  can 
luue  .i\\  iron  knife  of  this  pattern.  liefore  they  (  oiild  prot  lire  enough 
iron  they  made  the  knife  of  ivory,  and  merely  sank  flakes  or  jiieces  of 
iron  into  the  edge,  in  the  same  manner  as  tlie  nati\es  of  North  (ireen- 
land  do  at  the  present  time.  'I'his  s;une  pradii  e  of  >inkitig  iron  flakes 
into  the  edge  was  als(j  used  on  their  large  skinning-knives,  wiiiih  were 
made  from  a  walrus  tusk,  ami  mm  h  after  the  pattern  of  an  ordinaiy 
steel  buteher-knife.  S>me  of  these  ivory  knives  have  no  iron  in  them  ; 
but  at  the  present  time  tiiey  are  u^ed  |)rin(  i|).illy.  if  not  entirely,  for 
cutting  snow  and  removing  ii  e  fron\  their  kyac  ks. 

" 'l"he  women  seKlom  use  any  other  kiml  of  knife  than  sik  h  as  just 
ik'si  rilied.  With  them  they  remove  the  bluiiber  from  the  skin,  split 
skins,  ( ut  u|>  meat,  and  when  sewing  this  instrument  is  used  instead 
of  s(  issors.  I'hey  iiegin  .1  garment  by  sewing  together  two  |)ie(  es  of 
skin  and  sha|)ing  them  as  they  gt)  along  by  means  of  the  knife,  cutting 
(or  an  in<  h  or  two  and  then  sewing.  They  always //k.sA  the  knife /mm 
them  wiien  working  it." 

.\s  the>e  semihm.ir  knives  are  more  .ibund.uu  in  Ni'W  l-'.ngland  than 
in  the  niiddle  st.ites,  .md  do  not  ajipear  to  have  been  in  u>e  among 
the  southern  < oast  tribes,  it  is  jirobable  that  the  pattern  was  derivetl 
from  the  Ivskinio  with  whom  tiie  northern  .Mgonkins  were  freciuently 
in  c'onta)  t. 

Fig.  ,v>  represents  a  fine  examjile  of  these  slate  knives,  such  as  are 
found  in  the  lot  alities  mentioned.  It  was  ploughed  up  in  a  fieltl 
bordering  on  Crosswii  k's  creek,  Murlington  Co.,  New  Jersey,  in  which 
lot  aliiy  not  tiiily  st ures  of  ordinary  axes,  knives  ami  arrowheads  have 
l)een  fountl,  but  fragments  of  at  liiUt  thirty  i/ifffimt  sf<<,ini<ns  0/  this 
pmiern  of  knife.      They  were  about  eipially  divided  between  such  as 


>I.MllXN.\k    SI..VIK    KMVKS. 


65 


were  perfectly  i)lain,  as  in  tliis  instanco,  ami  such  as  were  oriiamciUcd 

with  imiscd  liiu's  of  various 

lialtcriis  on  the  sides  of  tlie 

dorsal  ridge  or  back  of  liie 

knife. 

'I'liis  specimen,  fi^'.  .?(),  is 
made  from  a  slab  of  <  om- 
pa(  t.  fmegrained  yellowisii 
slate,  or,  more  properly, 
day-slate,  and  has  been  at 
une  time,  hii;hly  polisiieil. 
Portions  of  this  iioli-^hed 
surface  are  still  to  be  seen 
in  one  or  two  ])laces.  l^'i^;. 
.V)  measures  six  in(  hes  in 
lenutli  at  the  liac  k,  an<l  the 
blade,  \vhi<  h  is  one-fourth 
of  an  inch  tiii<  k,  is  an  im  li 
and  a  half  wide  at  the 
widest  portion,  'i'iience, 
towanls  e.K  h  ^•^■\>\.  it  de- 
scribes a  <iir\e  and  ile- 
creascs  in  width. 

'I'lu^e  kni\e>,  of  wiiiih 
so  manv  .ire  Ibiinil  in  N\'w 
Knjjiand.  h.we  been  so  well 
described  in  <Ietail  by  i'rof, 
F.  \V.  i'liinam,  in  the  "I!ul- 
letin  of  the  I\ssex  Institute" 
of  Siliin,  Mass.,  that  we 
ipiote  his  remarks  in  full. 

"  Man\-  beautiful  i  iitting 
implements  have  been  found 


New  Jersey.     \ 


in  various  <oiui(rics,  especi.illy  in  .North  .\merica.     Schooli  laft.  in  his 


66 


PRIMITIVK   INDUSTRY. 


extended  work  on  tlio  Indian  tril)ts,  figures  several  fine  sperimcns, 
notal)ly  tlic  one  represented  on  plate  45,  figuns  i  to  \  (vol.  ii),  found 
at  Hartford,  U'asliington  county,  N.  ^'.,  whi(  li  lie  states  to  he  carved 
from  a  piece  of  green  Her])entine.  This  knife  is  siJinewiiat  si(  kle- 
shaped,  five  and  three-(iuartcrs  inches  limi;,  with  a  cnr%ed  trian^jular 
blade  descending  from  a  well  formed  rountled  handle.  S(  liooh  raft 
also  fitjures  (vol.  ii,  jil.  .jg,  fig.  .})  a  cutting  im|)leinent  with  a  lii.ide 
fivi'  and  tliree-(iuarters  in<  lies  long  liy  an  in(  h  in  width.  Tiie  figure 
shows  a  thickened  jxirtidH  answering  fi.r  a  Ikk  k  or  handle.  This 
specimen  W.1S  found  in  Cienesee  Co.,  N.  V.  The  drawing  is,  however, 
very  poorly  executed  and  th"  rlescription  is  so  hrief  as  to  leave  us  in 
doubt  as  to  the  exact  char.actcr  of  the  implement.  'I'he  specimen 
figured  on  his  plate  50,  figures  5  and  6  (vol.  ii),  under  the  title  of 
'fragment  of  a  bi.ide  of  a  iiittle  a\e,'  and  described  as  made  of  si- 
iicious  slate,  is  far  too  thin  ami  fragile  an  implement  for  a  battle-axe. 
and  is  more  likely  another  form  of  slate  knife,  perhaps  having  two 
symmetrical  blades,  through  the  centre  of  whi<  h  (the  figtire  shows  a 
broken  groove,  wliich  may  represi-nt  a  hole  drilled  through  the 
centre  of  the  blades)  a  wooden  handle  was  inserted. 

".S(iuier  and  l).;vis  in  their  work  on  the  'Ancient  Nfonuments  of 
the  Mississijtpi  X'alley,'  p.  siT),  give  a  small  woodi  ut  of  a  semi- 
lunar-shape<l  knife,  which  they  stale  is  a  form  'occasionally  found  in 
the  F-'astern  states.  They  are  sometimes  composed  of  slate,  ami  are 
of  various  si/.es,  often  measuring  five  or  six  inches  in  length.  They 
are  well  adapted  for  fiiying  animals,  ami  lor  other  analogous  ])urposes.' 
Their  figure  represents  .1  knife  of  tiie  same  shai)e  as  the  one  here  en- 
graved (fig.  40). 

'■( )( these  semilunar  knives,  I  have  seen  ipiite  a  number  of  specimens 
in  various  collections,  b  U  thus  far  all.  as  st.Ued  by  Spiier  an<l  Davis, 
h.iM-  been  from  the  I'astern  states.  In  the  I'ealxxly  M\iseum  of  .\r- 
ch;eo|ogy,  .It  Cambridge,  there  are  sever.il  of  this  form,  one  of  which 
is  about  eight  inches  lung  and  i^  labelled  'Paring  Knife,  .\nioskeag 
Kails.  i7.,5.' 

"The  one  represented  here  as  fig.  i  (l"ig.  40)  is  beantifiill)' finished 


SEMILLNAK   SMTK    KXlVtS. 


«T 


and  i>crfcct.  Tt  was  found  in  Salem  and  i)laced  in  the  Miiacum  of  the 
Kasl  Imlia  M.i  nc  So«;icly.  It  is  not  (juito  five  iiK  hes  in  length  and 
is  a  little  less  tiian  two  im  hes  in  greatest  depth  of  Made  and  l)ack. 
The  l)a(  k  is  alxnit  h;ilf  nn  iiu  \\  in  dej)th  and  a  little  over  a  <niarter  of 
an  in<  h  in  width  at  the  centre, 
narrowing  at  the  ends,  ]ier- 
fectly  flat  above.  Tlic  Made 
is  one-fifth  of  an  iiuh  lliick 
along  the  nnder  side  of  the 
thi(  k  back ;  it  is  gradually 
thinned  out  to  the  cutting 
edge  all  round,  whieh  is  only 
one-tenth  of  an  inch  thick 
about  one- fifth  of  an  inch  Irom 
its  outer  margin,  which  is 
evenly  ami  nicely  brought  to 
a  sharp  cutting  edge.  The 
engraving  slio.vs  the  shajie  of 
the  knife  better  than  won  Is 
will  describe  it.  It  will  be 
notii  ed  that  the  blade  is 
slightly  more  jiointed  at  one 
extreme  tli.m  at  tiie  i  it  her. 
The  material  is  a  gray  slate 
having  several  fine  veins  of  a 
harder  substance  (ciuartz?)  ;is 
shown  in  the  engraving :  it  is 
([uite  ornamented  with  several 
tlark  wavy  lims,  lij;!it  streaks 
and  bands,  and  a  iiuinlier  of 
irregular  wavy  lines  of  a  red 
mineral  running  in  all  di- 
rections over   the   surface,   but   not   indicucd   in   the   engraving. 


Fic.  40.  —  .MuuchuscKi.    \. 


68 


IKIMrilVI     INhlslKV, 


"Another  sporimcn,  also  umlmmiI  Uy  ilu'  .\<  aik'iny  Iikmi  t'u-  ll.ist 
Inili.i  Mariiii'  Sm  u-ly  M'.i~.iuiii,  w.is  roiiiul  mi  the  I'.inii  in  I  ».iiiM.rs 
fornurly  o'.Mud  1>\  (inxcinor  I'.mlii  nti.  'I'liis  s|)ri  inu'ii  tunsisis  of 
nlioiit  onc-h.iir  (if  tin-  knilr,  ami  was  I'viik-iitly,  win  n  ihtIci  t.  ai)i)iit 
six  ini  lios  lon^  and  two  ami  a  'juartiT  (Ici'p.  It  was  mailf  of  a  slatf 
very  mm  i>  like  the  Saleiu  s|)eciineii,  hut  without  the  d.irk  ami  red 
veins  and  iiiotl!int,'s." 

Althoujiii  these  knives  are  inadi.-  of  a  uiiti-rial  readily  oltiained  and 
easily  worked,  tluy  wi-re  imt  ah\ays  discardid,  wiuii  tlu-y  <  hanced 
to  |;et  broken  in  lialves.  Many  of  thiui  had  the  lirokiii  end  jjroinid 
down  to  a  sinootlj  hlinU  i'd.:,'e,  and  tlie  <  uttini;  eil,;;i-  sh,L;hlly  ground 
away  at  the  same  end,  and  tiuis  a  new  knife  was  made  out  of  half  of 
an  old  one,  whi<  h  was  almost  as  jjood  as  the  orif,'inal,  for  the  puriiosfs 
for  wlm  h  such  kni\es  wire  made.  It  is  evident,  howiM-r,  that  these 
kni\eN  were  thrown  asiiii',  wlu-ii  others  of  imtil  were  ohtaiiu'd,  as 
tin- a]i|iearanies  of  tlu'  fr.uturril  rd.,'t-,  of  >u(  h  as  wi-  now  find  iiidi 
cate  that  they  ha\e  been  Imiken  or  (^u^hed.  as  !i\'  the  Ire. id  of  a  horse, 
in  <'oni|)arati\ely  reient  times. 

l'"ij,'.  41  represents  "a  knife  of  dark  taleose  sl.ite  whiih  is  unlike 
any  other  that  I  ha\e  sren.  It  wa>  found  m-.tr  llu'  1  hun  h  in  I'utuam- 
ville  (Danvcrs),  .Mass.  am!  i^  thus  of  markid  iiii crest  to  us  a>  a  relic  iVom 
I-'.ssex  county.  It  is  sli;;htly  over  l'i\c  iiu  hcs  iu  Icn-th,  ami  almut  one 
and  one-half  inches  in  depth  at  its  «  entre.  It  is  worked  to  a  rounctud 
point  at  ea<  h  end,  as  shown  hy  the  en:,'ra\  iui^,  and  the  smooth  «  uttinjj 
edj;e  is  from  |ioint  to  I'oini.  'ihe  gn-atcst  thii  kness  of  the  M.ide  is 
one-fifth  of  an  im  h.  'llu-  h.uk  of  the  knife  is  ground  off  to  '|uite  a 
thin  edge,  Imt  evidently  w.is  iicmt  sharpened  to  torm  a  <  utting  edge, 
though  the  hac  k  ii  so  thin  .is  to  nndiT  its  lieing  held  in  the  li  lud  an 
tmcomfort.ilile  matter  while  using  the  kmfe  in  this  way  ;  and  the  three 
holes  lli.it  h,i\e  heen  rudely  cut.  ap|i.irently  by  scraping  backwards  and 
forw'.irds  wiiii  a  |iointed  stone,  on  both  siiles,  until  a  hole  was  made, 
are  evidence  th.ii  tiu'  kiiil'e  w.is  mounteil  ou  a  handle  li\-  pas^ing  bands 
through  the  holes  and  arouml  the  h.mtile.  whii  h  w.i^  probaitly  grooved 


SF.Mll.UNAR   SI.MK   KSIVFS. 


69 


aloPK  it^  mvliT  ^i(lt•  to  til  nvir  llic  >\\.\r\<  l>a<  k  <>(  tlu-  kiiilV.     In  < 
111(111  with  the  other  hl.ilc  knives,  this  spc*  iint-n  '.v.'.s  finished  witii 
and  is  |ifrfc«  tly  sninotli  and  well  sliariniitd  alimK  its  rutting  i-df,'f 

"  I'.vans,  in  his  instnu  live  work  on 
the  •  Am  icnt  Stone  lin|ilenuiits  ul 
(ireat  liritain,'  mentions  (p.  ^i  1 )  tlial 
in  some  l''.si|iiimaii\  knivrs  tin-  Maiie 
is  liitl  to  ,1  woodin  lia(k   l>y   a   lord 

\vhi<  ll     llllMHf:i    llliollljll     K     /('(/«'     III     till' 

hiaili'. 

It  would  tlius  seem  ih.il  mir  New 
England  Indians,  for  to  iliem  I  tliink 
we  iniwt  look  :;  thi'  makers  and 
owners  of  die  knives  I  li.ise  ,siie<  iaily 
iles«ril)ed,  were  not  .satisfied  w ith  using 
simple  llakes  of  stone  and  liroken  arrow 
and  spearheads  for  knives,  Imt  that 
with  them  as  wiili  iis  to-<lay  tiiere 
were  many,  and  ofien  elal)unitc,  styles 
of  this  most  Msehil  implement,  and 
who  1  .m  say  that  to  possess  a  good 
knife  was  not  .is  nnu  li  the  amliition  of 
the  men  of  tlie  dejfarted  rai  e  as  it  is 
with  ttiose  who  have  sn<  reeded  them  ?" 

As  will  he  iioti«  111,  liy  referring  to 
the  introdurlory  remarks  on  these 
knives,  as  a  ilass,  I  do  not  aLiree  with 
the  (  oiu  liision  in  tiie  above  <|uotation. 
The  New  i'.ngiand  Indians,  as  well  as 
tliose  in  New  jersey  and  elsewiiere, 
h.ul  lieiter  knives  for  ordmars  ))ur 
poses,  than  these  o(  slate. 

Another    spec  inien.    fig.    4:!.    "is 
nearly  perfei  t,  one  end  only  being  broken  off,  .is  shown   in   the 


oin- 
( arc 


KW..    41     —  Ma^^.lt  hllnCtU.        \. 


igiire. 


70 


PRI  Mr rt\- 1    I  \  I  (I  -STR V . 


Allowing  f'<r  this  missini;  fraKnu;iU  tiic  kiiilc  was  about  sewn  inrlies 
long;  tliL-  l)a<k  i-^  tlirt(-|!iaitiTs  cf  .„.  ni<  li  i\cr\>  and  the  Maili-  alioiit 
OIK  ami  tinc-half  inches.  'liLic  thi(  km-^s  ot'  the  lilaile  in  the  centre  is 
alHiiit  tliree-ti'ntlis  of  an  im  ii.  'I'lie  pei  uliar  wurknianfhip  of  the 
bai  k,  as  shown  in  tiic  Nectinn,  in  the  lurni  of  a  series  of  iineven 
kiKilis.  was  ]irol)ai>ly  intenileii  to  give  fiminess  lo  the  holil  wlien 
gi.i  i'ld  li)-  ihe  liand.  This  s|n.-<:in>en  was  fnuml  in  a  sand  dei>osit 
near  Kingston   halls,   Kin^^ii'n.   W-w   liaiii|ishire." 

A  finish  very  similar  to  thai  mi  the  bai  k  of  ilu-.c  slate  knises  is 
seen  ni  some  of  the  fragmentary  spei  imens  frum  New  Jersey,  now  in 
the  ariluKoliigical  Mnseiim,  at  (  ambridge,  1\\as>.  I'pon  one  of  them  is 
a  series «>f  lines  similar  to  those  ii|m)ii  the  ilhistiaiion  of  the  New  Hainp- 
»hrfK  knife.    These  I'ti  lu-il  orijraMil  lines  are,  in  some  instances.  iijx)l) 


til.,  4».—  ?.« 


lluiitt'ohirc.      \. 


i  a  |.«irtioii  of  ihi'  bai  k.     la:  iiu'\  <  ,m  sc  areely  be  considered  as 
'.ji  .  jiud  it  seems  net  m  rt       iii.iMc  to  consiiler  them  as  marks 
luuii.iLiAC  iif  inwnership, 

Fip  4,';  rrrpresents  a  mi^t  reniark.ibii'  form  ol  these  slate  kni\es, 
whiith.  ;rMiua^  of  more  than  nrdinary  rude  finish,  has  (  ertain  |>ei  iili- 
a-  1  I  v\  !iii-h  -JUT  of  grr-at  interest.  Tlu'se  striking  features  (oiisist  of  a 
stTU's  ot  etman^s  ami  dee;  i-.  im  ised  lines  of  inih.ips  no  iiK.ming. 
'1  iken  in  onte:f,  it  will  l>e  iiotu  ed  that  at  the  b.u  k  ot  ihe  knife  are 
four  short  linr-  at  uniform  di.tam  is  apart,  and  a  fifth,  near  the  end  of 
the  implement,  llesides  these  are  fifteen  shorter  par.illel  lines,  near 
the  bro.ndir  end  of  liu-  knife  and  about  the  mid  lie  of  the  bladi'.  A 
series  ol  fi\e  /ig/ag  liiu's  ;ire  also  <  iit  on  liu' o|  posite  end  of  the  bi.ide. 
Is  It  possibii.   that  siK  h  simple  markings  can  have  been   intended  as 


SK.MIMNAR   S1_\TK    KNIVKS.  7I 

mere  ornamentation?      llowev-'i   "primitive"    tlie  miiul   of  tlu- red 


nun  (if  North  An'cri(  ;i  may  h.ive  been,  in  times  prior  to  the  ailventof 


amnaxa.'! 


lanHB 


78 


ivi-  ivinsTkV. 


Fnropcnns  on  this  rontinfiit,  it  isilittuuli  tn  im.miiio  that  lliiir  iili.is 
of  (irii.imiiil  .ind  ili<  nr.ilioii  shmilil  liax't-  !><'i-ii  ^>l  i  rtiilc  a^  to  In-  >.iiis- 
ficil  with  .slight  aiitl  im  oii^|)ii  ikhis  m Tat«  lu's.  Nnr  iloi-s  it  ai  i  unl  with 
ihi'ir  ivitleiit  apprci  ialions  nl  syiimntrv  ami  ;leiin"iits  ol  licaiily, 
wliii  li  «<■  sec  lit  various  sjicriimMis  of  ihtir  liamliwoik.  llamU  skilk-ii 
it)  thi-  jToiliiition  of  faultlessly  ilfsigncd  ii-lts,  ami  of  animal  s<  iilpitirc, 
su<  li  a-i  the  liinl-vltapfil  ohjci  ts  ri),'iirrtl  in  anolheri  haptrr,  <  ouM  m-Vfr 
ha\i;  inli'lldi-il  mi«  h  siiiijik-  (li'\urs  as  lliosi-  ii|ioii  t'.is  l.iiilc  iilaiji- 
as  an  atli'in|it  at  oinanuiiialion.  Scliiii);  a.siilc,  ihfi,  this  i  \|ilaiiaiion 
of  tlicir  nuaninji,  it  may  reasonalily  he  asktil,  hau'  tiny  any  otluT 
nKMninj,'?  'I'liat  lliiy  have  is  mon- than  |iioliaiilr.  'honj^h  what  that, 
niianiii^  is  iiinaiiis  to  la*  dftcrmiiuil.  More  |>romiiuiit  th.iii  the 
nmniTous  liiii's  to  whii  h  rcfurcncL"  has  licin  maiU-,  air  tin-  i  Icarly 
i!i  linitl,  \miiiistakalilu  Mills'  lu-a«ls,  jilaiud  midway  liriwn.n  the  two 
scries  of  liiiis.  \\  hat  lluy  iiidic  ate  is  of  <  oiirsi-  a  mystery  ;  Imt  it  is 
not  a  little  <  iirious  that  there  were,  anunij^  the  I.enni  Lenape  or 
I  )elaware  Indi.ms,  three  ;;raiid  <  lans  or  prim  ipal  di\  isions  ol  the  nation. 
'ITifse  were,  respei  tively,  the  Wolves,  the  'lurkeys  and  the  I'lirtles. 
In  the  momitainous  region  t>f  the  hiad  wateis  of  the  I  )elaware  river, 
and  Roiitlnvard  to  the  \\ai<r  <  lap,  tin-  Wolves  or  Miii^i  were  in  nil 
ilistnrlKd  jiossession  of  the  land.  Southw.inl,  and  westward  to  the 
Suv|neluitna,  were  the  Inrtles,  or  Ini'iniis  ;  and  alon^?  tin-  >  o.ist,  the 
Turkeys  tir  I'n.ihn  htji;o.  If  wt  (an,  hy  atiy  allowalile  tise  of  the  imagi- 
Mtitm,  see  in  the  ( nule  attempis  at  |>ieiotial  representation,  heads  <»f 
•rkeys,  t  liird  once  as  almmlant  in  a  wild  slate,  as  it  is  now  mi'l-r 
domt-Htit  ation,  the  infererw  e  is  le^;itimale  that  the  pieliires  in  ilu  knife 
may  h.i\e  some  fi  feretw  e  in  ilu  peojile,  whose  "  lolem  "  w.;s  the  lurd 
in  ipie-^lion. 

As  hearing  directly  upon  the  ijiiestion  of  the  sij;nifiranre  of  these 
represeiilatioiis  of  heads  of  I  inls.  atteiilion  is  lure  i  ailed  to  a  shell 
disk  from  i'ennessee,  fig.  4.4,  npon  wlmh  are  four  lij;nres  similar 
ti)  rtie  two  on  the  knife  from  New  Jersey.  Sm  h  earved  shells  are 
<|ttile  <  oinmon  in  Tennessee  ami  sonlhward.  .ind  have  been  nsiially 
taken    from    ;,'r.iees.       Cm    liny    he    re^'arded    as    lo'eins?       It    has 


SKMII.INAK    >!  VII-:    KMVIS. 


U 


, 


licn  slatci!  <>(  tlu'  Viif^ini.i  lii(!iaii>,-"  "dl"  tlii->  slu-ll  [rimk]  tluy  also 
make  roimii  t.iMi-is  of  alioiil  Imir  im  !hs  in  (li.niut»r,  wIik  li  llicy  polish 
as  smooth  as  tin-  oihtT  [>hfll  ln-ails,  vu  .],  ;!iiil  M)mi-tiiiir>  they  «.  i<  h  or 
),'ravc  ihirt'on  cinlfs,  stars,  a  lialf  iictoii,  ur  itiiv  .'///. /iK'iiri-  siiitalilo 
to  ihi-ir  l.ii.i  V.  'lluM'  ihty  wear  instvail  of  iiicilals  licforc  ur  laliind 
thi-ir  iK<  k.  cii  ."  Ili-rf  wc  mi-  a  ritir.Hc  a|i|Mrfiitls  ti.  jiist  mi- h 
shtll  (li'^ks  a-,  fii;.  4.1  •  ami  (In-  illIl•rl•^t  in  the  ri'imMiiK  tmn  uf  ihr  ^anu' 
figiires  'in  other  ohifi  is.  foinul  in  Ntw  JirM-y.  lus  in  lla'  proli.iMf  in- 
(licalioi.  th.il  Iht  ri-  i>.  ii\  llie  laiicr,  a  ir.n  f,  ai  Uast,  ot  ;rihal  rclaliun- 


Fui.  44  —  Ttiinci  «e«.     \, 

shiM  with  thi' sontiirrn  In«hin>.  Unl  »n«'  not  i.-..ri\  from  :lu' \Mitw)),'s 
of  Ili(  k«>  Mir.  tlial  the  Irn.iiir  ii.nl  ••|!u  tnrkcs  loiiin,"  v\v  nnf.'ht 
sMpi  OM'  tlial  tlii^  "Ir.iwni^;  o''  snrh  I'lnl  In  :.  ori^^in.itnl  \miIi  the  in 
Ini^isf  :<inlhtri\  Shawnri-.  \slio,  at  one  tunc,  o<  rnpiii!  ianil  \u  tlu; 
Itilavvan-  \alli\,  ;ni<l  who  ar<-  sMpposiil  l.\  >ouu'  \\rili.r>  to  h.ar  lurii 
<  lo>cly  rcl.itid  to  tlu-  larlust  iiihaliilani>.  ol  ihi'  ^ontlurn  ami  sonlh 
western  stales,       Inasmm  i»  as  we  shall  fiiul  that,  r.ot  only  on  this  slate 


'"Itevrrly:"  Hi-lnty   unt  l'n:-.oil  Sl;ilt.  i.f  Vir^imi  i."   M-.l    111,  (  'i.iplcr   «",  |i.   ^?.    Ij.mliin. 
,  ji.j.    (^lu,,ir.l  liy  l^ .  ' :.  JiiiK-*.  jr.,  Ill  "  .Viiiii'iiinn  .if  S.Millutii  lnili.in»." 


74 


nUMITIVE  INDUSTRV. 


knife,  but  upon  a  bone  inipleincnl  also,  similar  beads  of  birds  are  en- 
graved, il  is  probable  tlul  the  i.leiUity  n(  tbe  .lesign  is  not  a  mere 
coincidence,  bnl  Uul  it  must  be  e^'lained  eitlKT  in  actorilance  with 
ihe  statements  of  Heckwelder,  or  be  .onsi.lered  as  the  work  of 
somhern  Shawnees,  after  their  arrival  in  New  Jersey.  In  the  latter 
event,  tne  theory  that  these  ilisks  were  the  work  of  a  people  dinVrent 
from  and  anterior  to  the  Indians  foiin.l  in  the  Cmnberlan<l  valley,  at 
the  lime  of  the  disc  overy  uf  that  region  by  the  whiles  i»,  apparently, 
nut  sustained  by  the  facta. 


niAl'TF.R    VI. 


t  Iiri'PKIi  KI.IM'  KNUKS, 


()\  tlie  saiiK-  Ileitis,  ami  alon,.,'  tlic  s.ime  valleys  of  our  <ri.tk>.  and 
rivers,  wherever  we  <  banc  e  ii|ii)ii  siiearpoints  an<l  arrowheails  there 
are  fiHiini  certain  other  i  hiinieiliniilenienls,  equally  varia'ule  in  si^e 
and  perhaps,  also,  in  shaiie. 

\\  III  u  the  (lilting  edf^e  is  the  one  protniner;  feature,  these  oKjerts 
are  readily  reeognizeii  and  (  onlKlently  (hissed  as  "( liippci!  knives  ;" 
hut  many  others  are  found  so  like  ordinary  spearjioints,  that  it  is  tvn 
always  jiracticahle  lO  determine  to  whii  h  eif  the  two  forms  they  really 
belonj^. 

So  readily  can  an  effe(  live  kniU;  he  made,  l>y  striking  from  a  p'  hblc 
a  splinter  of  r^tone.  that  we  wonder  why  su(  h  great  pains  shoulil  iiave 
heeii  taken  with  many  of  the  jasj.er  knives  that  we  hnd,  espe(  ially 
sini  e  iniK  h  of  liie  extra  labor  upon  tiiem  waN  not  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  cutting  edge.  It  has  lieen  remarked  of  primitive  stone 
knives,  thai  "Hint,  t  hert,  obsidian,  any  stone  which  will  chip  easily  to 
a  sharp  edge,  will  constitute  man's  first  rutting  implenteni,  and  i-<  miu  h 
better  adapted  to  tiiis  use  ihaii  we  are  wont  to  sup|K)se.  Sime  if  the 
modern  I'.ilifornia  Indian^  make  use  of  the  most,  primitive  form  of 
these  imp'.emcnts.  Miners  of  iS^()  have  dest  ribcd  to  me  'radices 
occurring  umkr  their  ov.n  observation,  illinunuing  the  mode  "f  man- 
ufacture and  the  erticicncy  of  the  crudest  <  utting  t<Htls.  The  Indian, 
withuut  a  knife,  would  skiu  and  dress  a  deer  almost  as  (|iiit  kly  as  hiM 
while  brother  hunter  armed  with  hi>  Imwting  knitc.  I'icking  uji  the 
fHWt  dun  stuiie  he  could  6n«l,  that.  <imi<rr  nharji  bli>*s  *iih  another 
»•.  wiMiki  flate  to  an  edue,  with  a  few  '.Mims  he  would  Iring  it  to 


76 


iimmhivk  indi'strv. 


iIk-  clcsirci.    I'lirm,  .iiid,  <  nmmniriiu;  lii-.   work  with  i  ilrawiny  inoiioii, 
wiiiilil  niiri)  till'  ^kil)  willi  .:;ri'.il  nil  ily."-' 

lmplriiKi)i>  lli.it  \vi  re  iiii(|ui-sti<in;ilily  iiscil  as  (  iiltin^;  Imtls  an-  no- 
mIhti-  as  .iliiiiii!ai\t  as  arrinvliculs,  Imt  llii-y  si'ciii  In  'nar  siirli  a  n-laiion 
sliip,  in  ]M)ir,t  of  niiinl)i'rs,  to  arrowlii-ails,  as  would  lic  i-xpci  ivd  from  the 
iisi-  dl"  tin.  two  tonus.      Ilic  one  luil  I)cinj4  liaMc  to  he  lost,  ami  i.istini; 
licrlia|is  .1  lilViiiiu'.  is  imih  ii  more  sr-ar<  i'  than  the  other  whiih  was  <  erta-n 


to) 


le  <|un 


kl\  lo-,!,  and  ot"  w!iic  ii  .i  \,ist  nnmliei  wiri'  iu'<  es-.arv  even  if 


the\  wi  re  iinl    ii>ed    in  w.irlare,  a.s  we  \\. 


^now  w.is  the  <  .ise 


On 


the  otiii  r  li.iiid,  it  we  .  .-U  every  objeei,  thai  seems  liadly  diNij^ned  for 
a  spear  or  an  arrow,  a  tiiife,  we  have  tlt»ii  a  vast  im  rease  in  this  <  lass  of 
olijei  ts  mil  alniosl  .ts  many  s|>ei  jnieiis  ire  foiiml  of  one  form  .is  if  the 
Dtlier.      I'nless,  however,  it  is  siipposeil    that  knives  were    made,    use<l 


and  thri'un  .iside.  "ii  th 


it,  it  is  ui.iiiifeslly  ".Tonj;  to  i  onsiiU-r  every 


Miiali 


sill  .ir  or  l.irm-  arrow iicni  as  a 


knili 


In  ilo  so  presiijiposes  a  vei'y 


ilensi   pii|iiil.iiiiiii,  or  .i  loii^  o'  <  'ipaiu  y. 


If  we  t  .ill  .ill  tlu 


ijerts 


knixis,  we  lessen  niateri.illv  the   nnmher  of  .irrowhe.ids,  wlin  h  l.itter 
were,  nei  i-ssarilv,  v.istlv  more  aimnd.iitt,  th.in  anv  other  impleinent  the 


Indiins  po-^essed. 

Whili'  .1  lew  spearlike  lornis  h.i\e  !  ei-n  i  l.tssed  is  kiiues,  I'nr  reasons 
iiiciilioiied,  i;  is  li\  no  iiie.ins  <  eri.iiii  th.it  i1h-\  wer^-  not  "lUte  ,i-.  mm  h 
Ln  use  ,i-<  -|aMrs,  as  tlu'y  were  as  kiiui's.       If  we  eii(','a\or  to  pn  lure 


t)v 


.f  1 1 


orilinary  a\(H  ations  ol  |l;i; 'vilnes  ol  our  (n.isi,  especially  helorc 


the  arrival  of  r'airopi'.n.  si-itlers.  we  shall  find,  th.it  himlinj,'  necessarily 
(X  (  tipied  mm  h  of  their  t'lm-.  The  skins  of  .inimals  were  the  depenil- 
eiii  e  I'ur  i  Inihin:;.  .nul  their  \\-~h  with  ih.il  of  fishes  was  an  im|iort.'.nt 


eliiiKMl  111  tiieir  lood  siippl\ .  >!  \.iricd  in  si/e,  and  m  haliits,  were 
the  m.imiii.iis  thev  hunted,  tli.it  I  cm  sranely  lie  dmiliti  il.  ih.il  there 
ion  Use  .1  greater  \.in<ly  of  iiintiii;,'  implements,  than  of 


was  III  1   iiun 


we.ipons  of  w.ir,  if  indeed,  .iin  ilisiinnion  was  m.ide  lictweeii  them. 
I''nr  limiting  <ert 'in  animals,  a^  well  as  for  spearin;;  i  ertain  lish,  the 
Indians   duiiUtlcssly  made   use  of  partit  iilar  |i.itterns  of  stone  imple- 


■1  M.  I  .  Kc.i.l.    I  la.  t  iif  Wi  »1<  rn  Kimhc  llisl.iti.  .iI   S.i.  iily.      No  il.ilc.      |i.  it.  I  llii 


tiiii'i'i  n  I  i.ivi   k.NivK.s. 


7: 


iiKiit-  wliii  1»  liavc  'u'l-n  <.illiil  spcarpoiiUs,  arrowlii-ad^  ami  knivirs. 
Si  U\\\  ii)iii|>arativil\,  nt  tin  l.illiT.  ami  m)  many  I'l  tin-  larj^cr  arrow- 
ht-ads  and  Mnallf>l  s|ii-ars,  wcri;  rc'<|iiiri'd  ai  hiKMi->  fur  tin-  Mii.illcr 
ntaniinals,  thai  il  i^  sM\:  to  <t insider,  simply  a^  knivi-.,  as  ft-w  tilijoi  ts  ol" 
( hippL-il  flnu  as  possihlc,  and  to  regard  all  mu  h  as  roiild  In.-  so  used, 
as  heads  ul'  spvars  and  arrows. 

'I'lu.'  I  iri  Minslant  cs,  loo,  iimlir  ulncli  o(  <  .isional  specimens  have 
lnH  n  lo  :n  I.  have  a  direi  t  lie.irinn 
upon  llii>  mailer.  (hipiKd  im- 
plements that  seen\  ill  ad.ipled 
Inr  ii'-e  as  arrowheads,  h.iv  ■  heeii 
Ininiii,  III  one  iiisi.nm',  ilciply 
eniliiddecl  in  a  Inmliar  m  rtelira 
of  an  elk,  and  a  sni.iil  lilnnl 
s|iear  toned  into  the  shmiider- 
Itlade  of  a  lie, It.  These  in 
stances  sun^est  the  ii^e  of  a  how 
ami  arrow  rather  than  1  spea.. 
I'eitainh  liny  do  not  indii  He 
their  use  .is  knives.  A  lliin'  ni- 
si.mi  r  Is  known  of  ,111  iidiifer- 
ently  <  hipped  and  m  an  ely  .1 
pciinli'd  ,irrowhead,  heinf^  loiiiid 
in  ihe  \ir\  1  1  nire  of  .1  1  irf.;e  white 
o.ik.  Il  II  id  I'videnth'  pien  rd 
till'  Irei-.  whiii  a  s.iplinn  ;  ,md, 
remaining;  in  the  tree,  had  l>een 
in  time  en<  losi'd  hy  its  j;rowlh.  W  hen  lell-.d,  the  tri'e  measured  lu'.ir'y 
five  feel  in  di.iinelet.  How  unlikely  is  it  ilul  this  implement  used  .is 
a  knife  h.id  heen  left  :,ii(  kuij^  in  a  tree  I 

i'if;.  -15  repre>eill>  ,111  e\i  ellclit  ev.l'.ilple  of  what  ma\  he  1  oiisii  h  ii'd 
a  l\|ii<  al  I  liippi'd  llinl  knile.  I  h.il  il  is  ,1  1  ulliiiL;  tool  .done  h  evident. 
Whether  held  in  the  hand,  In  j;r.ispiii>;  the  impleinenl  ,is  it  is,  <ir 
whether  il  li.id  ,1  woodiii  i.ii  hone  h.ii  k.  into  which  the  more  irremi'i, 


Kii,.  4t.  — New  jcnoy,    |. 


78 


I'RIMrnVF.   INIilN-fRV. 


margin  \va<.  insfrtiil,  is  not  i\i<ltM)t,  from  iiny  |)iTiiliarity  of  tlic  speci- 
miti  ;  liiit  that  llu-  li.iml  w.i-i  proli'i  tnl  in  some  way  rroiii  the  jagged 
liai  k  of  tlif  kniff  is  mtv  prolMlile. 

Kiiivi's  of  this  patitTii  aro  of  •  4iiiimnii  (H(  iirrfnc  r  in  all  ])arts  of  the 
roiintry,  ami  l>ear  llio  sann.-  relationship  to  tho  < uniMioii  forms  of 
(  hippi'd  olijfi  ts  that  the  gnumil  r  clt  tloes  to  those  that  ari-  polisluii. 
Sn<  li  kni. es,  however,  are  not  always  as  coarsely  flaked  as  in  this  rase. 
Thone  that  are  of  a  less  wavy  siirfaei',  and  i  ronkeil  i'dj,'e,  h.ne  no  ad- 
vantage Is  mere  <  ntiing  tools.  That 
they  were  mm  h  iiM'd.  cm  rpt  for  skin- 
ning and  disMienihering  fiimals,  is 
very  im|irolia!ile. 

In  till-  liinil.itmn  m.ule  in  this  <  hap- 
lit,  l\^.  .(5  is  <  oiisidered  ;is  a  knife 
pinpi  r  .'iiiil  is  of  nlioiit  the  maxiininn 
si/e.  'I  hoie  of  the  si/e  of  I'lj;,  .p)  ,ire 
mm  h  more  <  i.inmon.  'I'his  sjiei  in\en, 
whii  h  strongly  ^nggests  the  lilo<  ke<l 
out  arrowhead,  is  a  most  rommon 
()l>je(  t  on  all  village  sites,  and  wInreNer 
ordinary  forms  of  stone  implements  .ire 
fuimd. 

Ill  some  loralities,  as  in  the  im- 
mediate vi(  inity  of  inl.md  ponds,  and  for  short  distamcs  along 
many  small  stre.ims,  otten  ,i  hnndrecl  or  njore  of  these  knives 
will  lie  foimil  scattered  omt  the  ground.  W  luii  a  mmilier  are 
thus  found  together,  lluy  are  \ cry  umforni  in  <  hi|iping,  and  i)resfnt 
a  gre.it  similarity  to  figures  .j6  and  .\~.  Winn,  fnrilicr,  it  is  noticed 
ihit  they  were  all  app.irenlly  m.ide  from  the  s.inie  lM>wldcr,  it  he- 
tomes  evident  that,  for  some  gi\en  purpose,  .iiid  prolialilj- 1)\  some 
one  person,  a  i|nantiiy  of  kni\es  Mere  made,  ami  used  \>\  the  little 
commiiiiily,  \vhi<  h  often  li.is  left  scirci  ly  any  other  tr.ice  of  its 
am  ieiit  sojourn  on  the  spot, 

l'"ig.  4S  rej)rescnts  a  common  form  of  knile,  ih.il  aKo  heai-s  a  strong 


LIllPrKl)   H.IST   KNIVE.S. 


V) 


rcsciiiManrL'  to  an  imfinislud   loaf  sliaped  arrowhead.      Wore   w\r\\ 

iiniiliimiits  j,'athoro(l  from  tho  rclusc,  loft  whoro  arrowheads  iiavc  boon 

iiKulo,    il   would    t»o    iookod    upon    as 

siniply  a  discardod  spo<  iiiun  ;  lull  whoti 

wo  find  thoiP  sinj^ly,  whato\or  ni.iy  iiavo 

boon  ihiir  origin,  it  is  prosunialiU-  that 

llu'\  wnv  Used  as  knives.     Many  slmw 

indiiatiiiiis  of  use    liy  a    siriation    .ind 

semi  polish  of  tho  siirf.u  o  ;  when  liiis  ii 

fonnti,  it  is  osidonco  that,  to  soino  o\- 

loTil,    tiity   wore  nsod    as    kiinos.     'I'lio 

wiiilli,    ill   <  niiiparison   wiili   tho   loiij;th, 

and  tho  olttiise  point,  prosuniini,'  this  to 

1)0  a  finished  iinpleniont,  •  learly  indicate 

that  ihoy  <i":ld  have  had  no  other  it.so 

ihaii  tli.it  of  knives. 

Fij,'.  49  represents  a  (lint  knil'o  from 

California,  to  whiih  attention  is  i  .illod, 

in    (  oniioclioii   with    tho  desi  riptions  of  tho  prorodinj;  examples  of 

ehijiped    implements,    figs,    ^s-.jf,   whii  h    h.ivo    lam   <  i)ii-.idi-rod  as 

outtinK  tools.  'I'his  ('.liifiirnia  spe(  nnon  is 
a  llakc  of  stripeil  j.ispor  or  honisione,  whii  li 
has  liei'ii  vlot.K  hod.  liy  a  sin;^lo  Mow.  The 
siirfaoe  shows  no  Irai  o  nf  so(  oiid.try  <  hip- 
piii^^,  exi  opt  at  liio  very  edno,  whioh  has 
Ixoii  sli^'htly  mudifioil  by  the  romnval  of  a 
series  (if  minute  i  hips.  The  ( iillin),'  odj;trs 
are  nm  sharii,  nor  tho  point  a(  ulo.  Al 
the  iiaso,  there  slill  remains  miK  li  of  thi 
asphalttim  tisod  in  securing  .1  handio  to  the 
spot  imon.  Thosi-  iiandlfs  woio  usually  of 
wood.       (See    \'ol,    \  II,    of  ( 'loo^raphioal 


Ku..  <7  —  New  JiT'.fy.     \, 


T\u.  4a,      New  ]cf.cy.     \. 


Survey  ot    l'.  S.,   West  of    looth  .Meridian,  liom  whit  li  \ohiiue  this 
illusir.itioii  is  i  .kon.) 


8o 


IKIMIIIVI     IMHSTKV, 


While  as]ilultnm  was  luil  known  In  llio  .\tl.\iuic  (oa-.i  Irilics,  they 
still  li.id  an  alinmlam  e  (if  j^lne  of  i-xt  illiiu  i|nalily,  ami  it  is  (jiiitc 
imilialilc  that  mu  h  kiiixis  as  I'l^nns  45  Id  .\S,  iiu  ln>ivi-,  'vire  halliil  in 
Muii  h  till-  sinic  manner,  as  the  sjiei  inien  reiireMiiinl  in  (i;;.  .\i). 

In  111;.  511  we  lia\e  the  highest  t}|ii'  of  theie  ti\al  knisc-.,  ami  an 
e\<  rll(  ni  e\anii)le  ijf  the  ileMerily  atijuueil  in  tliipping  tlnil  in  any 
ticsiretl  Ibriii. 


/^r''^ 


Fir,.  41;.  — ('.  lifuritM.     I . 

Asrompared  with  sm  h  as  Imm-  ju^t  hi-en  1  onsicleieil,  these  knives  are 
not  alinmLinl  in  New  Jersey  ;  ami  they  are  < oniiiaratively  ran.-  tluuiigh- 
uut  New  i  .n;;laml,  e\<  i|ii  in  the  ( 'onin'c  Ik  iit  valley  where  ihey  are  iinitu 
eoniincn.  lii  (  ihin,  ihc-e  knives  are  innre  aliuml.int  thin  alnni^'dnr 
seal  loan  I.  anil  ihire.  llu  v  are  usiiallv  ni.ule  i>(  the  Min^h  ImrnslDne  so 
I  hara(  leri^lii   ul  the  lic>l  evainples  nl'  llinl  c  liiiijiinj^  lounil  in  that  stale 


fllll'fni   HINT   KXIVJtS. 


Hi 


The  New  Jersey  t'xanii>lcs  <if  llii-.  |i.iitirn,  wlu<  li  v.iry  mtirli  in  si/c, 

althuu^li  iiiit  ({cnL-rally  lar^^ir  lli.in  li^.  .\<),  Ii.im'  liein  lunml  mosily  nn 

till-  ll.lllk^  iif  the  |'.l^^.li<   .mil  I  la(  keiiMii  k  rivers,  in  (In;  e.isUrii  |i.ut  ul" 

tlie  Male  ;  ami,  as  in  inany  other  Imalilies,  (hey  have  been  i  (uoulered 

as  "  \\>h  knives,"  for  no  oilur  reason,  .i|iiiar(i>liy,  than  tiiat  they  w;re 

foiinil    HI    tlie    iinine(hale  mi  iiiily  of 

the  rivers.     'Iliere  is  sonic  JaiiKer  of 

lH.'in(;  misled,  in  thus  naming  an  iin 

|)leinent    liniii    the    ( h.ir.H  ler  of   tlie 

joi.ilitN  where  it  was  fount!,  lieiausc 

villa^i  s  wrre  iin.iri.ilily  situated  near 

or  on  ihr  \ery  hanks  of  .ill  our  ri\ers, 

and    es|.itially    at    su<  h    iioniis    .n 

alfordid    fa\i>i.i!<lr    o|)|)or(uniiit's   lor 

fishiMg.      In  sui  h  Im  .iliiiis,  theretore, 

all  the  stone  ini|ilenieiits  used  hy  the 

Tndiaiis   are  likely  to   lie   foiuid,  and 

great  <  are  must  he  exeri  iseil  in  dr.iw- 

inH  infereiKes  from  the  mere  |M>-,iiiiiii 

of  an  iin|ileinent  when  found,  m  lioui 

the  n.Uure  of  the  loralitv,  in  wlm  ii  it 

w.is    disi  i)\ireil.      That    siu  h  knises 

as   li^'.    50   are  admir.ilily  ada|>trd  to 

ruttui;;  ;>nd   scaling;   lish    is    uni|ues- 

tion.ilile  ;   hut  imtil  they  are  found  so 

assiH  i.iiid  with  other  ohjci  ts,  jiid  in 

kil<  hill     middens    where     fish  Imiu-s 

<  liarai  I'li/e   ilu'  hiM|>,    it    (animl   lie 

shown    that    they   were  designed   for 

a  |i,iiti<  utar  |iuri>ose.  luit  r.ilher  were  aiijilied  to  all  llie  ordinarv  usi.'s 

ol  Mil  li  arti(  les. 

l'"ij.'s.  51  and  52  represent  other  fonns  oftluM'  hniad  l.l.uUd  knives, 
wlii' h  ,ire  ( omparatively  t  oniniiiii  throii};houi  llu'  hn^th  .iiid  lire.ulth 
of  the  land.      The  f.u  I  th.il  the  siiarp  and  (arel'iuiy  worked  iiiaryins 


Fio.  JO, —  New  Jcrtey.     \- 


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Photograpliic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


1.3  WEST  WAW  STREET 

,VE9STER,N.Y    14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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83 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


are  the  prominent  feature  of  such  implements  leads  \cry  naturally  to 
the  inference  that  they  were  used  as  cutting  tools. 

Fig.  51  appears  to  have  had  a  short  drill-like  projection  at  theu[)per 
end,  which  has  been  broken  off;  but  that  it  was  really  such  a  drill  is 
not  evident.  It  bears,  however,  a  close  resemblance  to  certain  perfor- 
ators or  combinetl  drills  and  knives. 

Fig.  53  lepresents  a  beautiful  specimen  of  the  maximum  size,  of  a 


Fig.  si.  —  New  Jersey.    \, 


Fic.  52,  —  New  Jersey.     \, 


class  of  chipped  implements  which  is  rarely  met  with  in  the  New 
England  states,  but  more  frequently  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey, 
particularly  on  a  much  smaller  scale,  and  then  it  is  known  as  the  trian- 
gular arrowhead. 

Like  the  long  oval  knives,  these  triangular  knives,  if  such  they  are,  are 
chipped  from  flint  or  jasper,  that  is  free  from  foreign  mineral,  and  hence 
susceptible  of  being  worked  to  a  very  shaq),  straight  edge.  The  blade 
itself  is  as  thin,  as  in  any  implement  of  its  size,  of  any  pattern. 


CHIPPED   FLINT   KNIVES. 


83 


Were  it  not  that  dagger-like  implements  are  alnost  as  abundant  as 
specimens  of  this  character,  it  would  seem  proper  to  refer  these  to  that 
class  of  weapons,  rather  than  to 
consider  them  as  knives,   or   as 
plain  sjieaqwints.     The  absence 
of  the  worked  base  seems  to  be 
a  sufficient  reason  for  not   con- 
sidering   them   as   spears.     This 
may  be   an   error,    but  as   un- 
questionable   spearpoints   are 
abundant,    and    implements    like 
fig-  53  comparatively  rare,  it  is 
quite  as  probable,  that  they  were 
used  as  knives,  possibly  for  some 
one  purpose  alone,  as  that  they 
had  any  other  significance. 

Knives  of  the  plainer  patterns, 
here  mentioned,  are  equally  abun- 
dant in  the  valley  of  the  Susque- 
hanna river.    In  the  very  complete 
collection   of   stone    implements 
from  this  region,  made  by  the  late 
Professor    Haldeman,   are   many 
chijiped  knives  of  the   size   and 
shajie  of  figs.  45   and  46.     The 
majority  are  made  of  jasper,  and 
are  ver\-  evenly  chipped;    but  a 
few  are  made  of  the  limestone  of 
the   vicinity,  and   are   admirably 
well  finished.     .\  few  specimens 
of  the  highly  finished  oval,  and 

long  triangular  knives  also,  were  collected  by  him,  and  in  every  case, 
they  are  made  of  the  peculiar  bluish  hornstone  found  in  Ohio.  l! 
is  probable,  therefore,  that  these  were  brought  from  that  state. 


Fig.  53.  —  New  Jersey.    |. 


84 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


Fig.  54.  — New 
Jersey.     ] . 


Tliis  implement,  except  in  being  somewhat  siiorter,  is  of  the  same 
chara  icr  as  the  large  chipped  chert  implements  from  the  California 
coast,  figured  in  the  seventh  volume  of  the  U.  S.  Geographical  Survey, 
West  -of  the  looth  Meridian.  While  many  of  these  latter  are  fully 
double  its  length,  they  do  not  differ  in  any  other 
particular.  When  of  such  great  length,  however, 
they  could  scarcely  have  been  used  as  knives. 
Knives  of  this  pattern  have  occasionally  been  found 
in  "deposits"  of  considerable  numbers.  In  the 
museum  at  Cambridge  is  a  series  constituting  a  por- 
tion of  "a  dei)osit  of  about  two  quarts,"  which  was 
ploughed  up  near  Denmark,  Lewis  Co.,  New  York. 
Those  of  the  series  sent  to  the  museum  are  all  of  a 
dull  bluish  color,  made  of  jasi)er  and  remarkable  for 
their  uniformity  of  si/.e  and  finish. 

In  the  American  Naturalist,  vol.  vii,  p.  277,  a 
description  is  given  of  a  series  of  forty-two  speci- 
mens of  knives,  which  were  found  associated  with  other  implements, 
about  a  buried  fireplace.  The  knives  of  this  series  averaged  three 
and  one-half  inches  in  length  by  one  inch  in  breadth. 

Figs.  54  and  55  represent  two  characteristic  examples  of  a  class 
of  chipped  implements,  which,  being  evidently  finished,  may  safely 
be  considered  as  small  knives,  though  their  si/.e  seems 
to  cast  a  doubt  upon  their  use  as  cutting  tools.  'I'here 
does  not  appear  to  be  any  evidence  that  a  knife,  or 
saw-like  implement,  where  many  of  these  were  placed 
in  a  row  in  a  wooden  or  bone  handle  like  the  Aztec 
"  Macehuatl,"  or  the  shark's  tooth-sword  of  tb.e  Pacific 
Islanders,  was  ever  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  Atlantic 
coast.  Such  implements  are  found  in  other  localities,  but 
they  are  usually  armed  simply  with  pointed  flakes  of  flint  or  obsidian. 
These  small  chipped  knives  are  all  carefully  finisheil,  and  are  not,  as 
now  found,  sufficiently  sharp  to  have  been  used,  collectively,  in  the 
manner  described.     Like  the  smallest  scrapers,  they  seem  to  have  had 


Kiiv.  55.  —  New 
Jersey.     \. 


CHIPPED   FLINT   KNIVES. 


85 


some  special  nse,  but  what  that  was  cannot  now  be  determined.  They 
arc  nowhere  very  abundant,  or  else  they  have  been  strangely  over- 
looked by  collectors.  'J'Jiey  have  been  foun.l  throughout  New  Jersey, 
and  in  the  Connecticut  \alley,  and  occasionally  specimens  have  been 
found  in  Massachusetts.  It  is  not  improbable  that  many  implements 
of  diminutive  size  are  supjrased  to  be  of  very  rare  occurrence,  simply 
because  they  have  thus  far  escaped  notice. 

Figs.  56  and  57  re]iresent  specimens  of  so-called  knives,  which  are 
of  quite  common    occurrence   in   some   localitie-.     Those    found   in 


Fin.  56.  — Xtw  Jersey,    -j-. 


Fig,  57.  —  New  Jersey.     \. 


the  valley  of  the  Delaware  river  have  almost  invariably  been  broken 
at  the  eiuls,  as  shown  in  the  illustrations.  This  fracture  is  believed  to 
have  been  intentional  and  made  when  the  knives  were  chijipcd. 
While,  as  a  class,  they  may  be  considered  as  double-edged  knives, 
some  are  much  blunter  along  one  margin,  than  on  the  cutting  edge 
proper.  AVhether  this  thicker  edge  constituted  the  back  of  the  imple- 
ment, or  was  useil  for  some  purpose  other  than  cutting,  is  uncertain. 


86 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


Professor  Perkins-'  has  found  many  knives  of  tliis  pattern  in  tlie 
Chaini)lain  valley.  He  remarks,  "  it  is  interesting  to  notice  that,  on 
both  shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  we  find  the  same  ([uadrangular  forms, 
broken  across  one  end,  as  those  figured  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the 

Smithsonian  Institution  for  1875,  page  301, 
fiiis.  Ill  and  1 12,"  and  adds,  "from  the 
ajjpearanee  of  our  specimens  I  am  in- 
clined to  agree  with  the  author  in  believ- 
ing that  the  break  was  not  accitlental,  or 
rather,  I  should  think  it  more  probable 
that  the  broken  end  is  simply  the  original 
surface  of  the  block  of  flint  or  fjuartz  from 
which  the  knife  was  flaked,  and  while  all 
the  other  sides  were  .'hipifcd  this  was  left, 
jierhaps  for  insertion  in  some  sort  of  han- 
dle of  wood  or  bone. 

We  now  come  to  consider  a  class  of 
chipped  flint  knives 
which  are  so  worked  in 
every  detail,  that  their 
import  cannot  be  mis- 
taken. 

Figs.  58  and  59  rep- 
resent stemmeil  knives 
of  jasper,  of  about  the  maximum  and  minimum 
sizes.  In  both  these  examples,  the  character  of  the 
chipping  is  such,  that  it  is  evident  that  the  imple- 
ment is  now  in  its  original  condition,  and  not  a 
re-chipped  spearpoint.  The  cutting  edge  proper  is  y,r,.  ;a.  — New  Jer- 
supposed  to  be  the  one  on  the  left,  as  shown  in  ^'■■>-    '• 

the  illustrations,  although   there   is   no  difference  in  the  character  of 
the  chipping  of  the  two  sides. 


Fr-..  5S.  — New  Jersey. 


Perkins,  /.  c.  p.  745 


CHtPPKU    FLINT   KNIVKS. 


87 


Fig.  59  differs  from  the  larger  specimen  in  being  a  flake,  chipped 
only  ui)on  the  one  side.  \\'hen  stemmed  knives  of  the  al)ove  pattern 
are  as  small  as  fig.  59,  tiiey  were  generally  made  of  flakes ;  but  as  yet, 
no  flakes  as  large  as  fig.  58  have  been  met  with  that  were  so  used. 
'J'hat  siK'li  will  l)e  found  is,  however,  very  proliable. 

Knives,  thus  fa.  ioned,  are  common  in  the  Champlain  valley,  and 
somewhat  abundant  along  the  Connecticut;  they  arc  occasionally 
found  in  eastern  Massachusetts,  and  are  of  more  or  less  common 
occurrence  in  New  Jersey,  though 
they  do  not  anywhere  a])pear  to 
be  more  numerous  than  the  oval 
or  (luadrangular  knives  already  de- 
scribed. 

Fig.  60  re])resents  a  stemmed 
knife  tliat  strongly  suggests  the 
spearpoint,  and,  indeed,  it  may 
l)ossil)]y  have  been  made  from  an 
implement  of  tliis  kind  wiiich  Jiad 
been  broken  near  the  point,  and 
was  rendered  of  value  again  by 
the  substitution  of  a  cutting  edge 
for  the  point  it  originally  jjos- 
sessed.  This  knife,  thus  made 
from  a  spearpoint,  if  it  really  were 
so  made,  does  not  seem  so  de- 
sirable a  cutting  imi)lement  as  the  foregoing ;  nor  is  the  cutting  edge 
as  well  wrougiit.  ''^f  a  series  of  stemmetl  knives  from  New  Jersey, 
four- fifths  are  of  the  i)attern  of  figs.  5S  and  59,  and  the  fiict  tiiat  so 
many  were  made  directly  from  the  original  mineral,  is  somewhat  in- 
dicative of  the  fait,  that  those  resembling  spearpoints  have  also  been 
made  directly  from  the  unworked  jiebble  or  bowlder  of  jasper. 

Fig.  61  represents  a  fourth  example  of  a  stemmed  knife  which,  if 
found  but  rarely,  would  probably  be  classed  as  an  arrowhead.  A  suf- 
ficient number  have  been  collected  from  one  limited  locality,  to  show 


Fig.  60.  —  New  Jersey. 


88 


l-RIMIliVK  INilL'STRV. 


Fig.  6i.  — New  Jersey. 


that  the  form  is  not  a  cliance  occurrence  ;  and  tlio  marked  convexity  of 
one  side  and  slight  conciavity  of  the  other  show  clear!)',  that  t!ie  imple- 
ment was  intended  as  a  cutting  instrument,  and  not  as  an  arrowhead. 

All  these  stemmed  kni-es,  it  is  su]i])osed, 
were  mounted  in  wooilen  or  hone  handles. 
Figs.  62,  G3  and  64,  represent  chipped 
implements,  which;  gathered  casuall}'  from 
tlie  fields,  as  they  there  occur  associated  with 
arrowheads  of  all  patterns,  might  he  classed 
with  them.  Yet,  it  is  certain  that,  even 
when  armed  with  sharp  points,  many  of  them 
were  used  as  kni\es. 

The  arclueological  explorations  in  southern 
^'  California,  made  under  the  dire(~tion  of  Capt. 
G.  j\I.  AVJieeler,  U.  S.  A.,'^-  and  the  subscciuent  labors  of  Schumacher, 
Powers  and  others  in  tlie  same  localities,  have  thrown  much  light  upon 
the  uses  of  various  forms  of  stone  implements. 
Especially  is  this  true  of  those  large  arrow- 
head-like im})lements,  which  seemed  too  small 
to  be  classed  as  spcarpoints,  and  were  un- 
desirable as  arrowheads  by  reason  of  their 
size  and  weight.  These  are  now  known  to 
ha\'e  been  used  as-  kni\'es,  and  it  is  fiir  to  as- 
sume that  they  were  put  to  the  same  use  when 
found  along  our  Atlantic^  seaboard. 

In  the  i)late  referred  to,  there  is  repre- 
sented a  series  of  kni\x's  of  flint,  four  of  which 
have  still  attached  to  them  the  short  wooden 
handles  in  which  they  were  mounted.  Of  the 
series  of  se\en  flints,  six  are  acutely  ])f)inted; 
and,   if  dissociated  from  their  handles,  they  would  be  generally  con- 


Fic;.  62. —  New  Jersey.    |. 


"^U.  S.  Geo^.  Survey  West  looth  Meriduiii,  vul.  vii,   Arclia;ology,  \<\,  iv,  figs.   1-7.     Wash, 
ington,  IJ.  C,  1880. 


ClllPPr.n    KI.INT    KNIVES. 


89 


sidered  as  leaf-shaped  arrowheads;  but  on  comparing  tliese  Pacific 
coast  specimens  witli  tlie  arrowlieads  found  in  the  same  locality,  ir 
will  be  noticed  that  true  arrowlieads,  wJiiJe  of  the  same  shape,  are 
much  smaller  and  invariably  thinner.  This  feature  of  si/.e,  and  also 
the  relative  thinness  of  s])eciniens,  must  be  always  borne  in  mind,  in 
classifying  these  objects ;  for,  if  thick  and  hea\)-,  they  would  reciuire 
an  exiienditure  of  force,  to  enable  them  to  penetrate  the  body  of  an 
animal,  that  perhai)s,  an  Indian  could  not  command. 

Fig.  65  represents  one  o.  these  large  leaf-shaped  knives,  from  New 


Fig.  fij.  — New  Jersey.     \, 


I'k;.  64.  — New  Jersey,    -j-. 


Jersey,  which  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  an  arrowhead.  If  we  com- 
pare tills  implement  witii  the  leaf-shaped  arrowheads  figured  in  a  sub- 
secpient  chapter,  the  tlifference  will  at  once  be  seen  ;  and  in  classifying 
these  objects  as  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  as  it  is  necessary  to  do,  in 
studying  the  same  forms  from  California,  it  is  obvious  that  the  dis- 
tinction should  be  drawn  between  leaf-shaped  knives  and  leaf-shapeil 
arrowheads.  Of  a  somewhat  similar  character,  are  the  arrowheads 
mounted  upon  short  wooden  shafts,  found  in  Peru. 

Fig.  66  represents  one  of  these,  which,  although  differently  secured 


90 


I'RIMiriVK  INDUSTRY. 


to  tlie  wood,  is  otlierwise  of  tlie  same  diaracter  as  those  found  in  Cali- 
fornia. 'I'lic  I'enivian  example  may  indeed  have  been  intended  to  be 
attached  to  a  reed  and  so  used  as  a  spear,  but  the  size  and  sliape  of 
both  liead  and  shaft  are  so  similar  to  those  found  in  California,  that  it 
is  i)rol).ilile  at  least,  that  they  were  also  used  as  knives,  even  if  i)rinia- 
rily  intended  for  use  as  spearpoints.  Jud>,'ing  from  what  we  learn  of  the 
nati\e  races  of  other  countries,  it  seems  safe  to  conclude,  that  a  pro- 
l)ortion  of  the  arrowhead-like  implements  we  gather  along  the  Atlantic 

seaboard  were  used  as  knives,  and  were 
hafted  in  a  iiracliially  similar  manner  to 
that  -^hown  in  fig.  66. 

Figs.  67  and  68  represent  specimens 
that  are  in  outline  (juite  similar  to  ordi- 
nary arrowheads,  but  the  width  in  com- 
parison to  the  length  is  such,  that  even 
as  spearpoints  they  would  be  of  very  little 
value.  Tlaced  at  the  end  of  an  arrow 
they  would  be  so  clumsy  and  hea\y,  that 
it  is  (juestionable  if  an  arrow  could  be  dis- 
charged with  anyaccuracy  that  carried  such 
a  load.  As  a  knife  this  same  form,  especial- 
ly when  made  of  jasper,  is  in  every  way  de- 
sirable. Fig.  6S  is  of  slate  and  much  weath- 
ered. .\n  example  of  this  kind  is  of  course 
more  open  to  (luestion  as  to  its  use ;  as, 
with  a  moderately  long  shaft,  it  might  have 
been  used  as  a  spear.  The  probabilities  are,  however,  that  the  few  slate 
examples  that  arc  found  of  this  jiattern  were  used  as  knives. 

A  class  of  supposed  knives,  of  very  different  patterns,  are  repre- 
sented by  the  specimen  illustrated  in  fig.  69.  So  many  have  been 
found  of  this  shape  and  size  that  it  is  evident,  as  in  the  instance  of 
sjjccimens  like  fig.  65,  they  were  designed  for  some  particular  pur- 
pose, and  there  is  little  in  their  shape  certainly  to  suggest  the 
arrowhead,  rather  than  a  cutting  implement. 


Fig.  65.  — New  Jersey.     \- 


CIIIPPKI)    Kr.INT   KNIVKS. 


9» 


Fig.  70  represents  a  peculiar  spearlike  imple- 
ment of  slate,  fouinl  in  W'niiont,  wiiii  li  was  first 
described'-^-'  as  a  sjiear-jjoint ;  but,  sine  e  then, 
others  have  been  found  varying  somewhat  in 
details,  and  Professor  Perkins  is  inclined  to  con- 
sider them,  not  as  speaqjoints,  but  as  knives. 
Of  the  series  found,  lie  remarks,-'  "of  the  dozen 
s])eciniens  ....  no  two  are  alike  in  form  or 
size,  but  they  all  resemble  each  other  in  being 
made  of  slate,  usually  red  roofing  slate,  ground, 
not  chipped,  and  with  the  stem  notchetl  on  each 
side  by  a  series  of  semicircular  depressions.  In 
some  specimens  the  notches  are  small,  in  others 
large  ;  one  specimen  having  but  two  deep  and 
wide  notches  on  each  side  of  the  rather  short 
stem,  while  another  has  five  smaller  ones.  In 
some  the  surfaces  are  fiat,  bevelled  only  near  the 
edges,  which  are  straight  and  sharp  in  all,  while 
in  others  the  wht)le  surface  is  bevelled  from  a 
median  line.  One  or  two  are  so  long  and  narrow 
that  they  seem  wholly  unfit  for  any  use  as  imple- 
ments ;  one  especially,  made  of  talcose  slate,  is 
nearly  nine  inches  long." 

A\hile  it  is  (piite  possible  that  these  objects  may 
have  been  used  as  knives,  rather  than  spearpoints, 
it  is  evident  that  as  the  former,  they  would  com- 
l)are  very  unfavoraljly,  when  used  in  ]jlac:e  of 
many  of  the  chipped  knives  fountl  so  abunilantly 
associated  with  them.  In  whatever  way  some  of 
the  ruder  and  larger  specimens  may  have  been 
used,  it  is  evident  that  fig.  70  would  make  a 
better  harpoon-point  than  knife. 


' 


1 1 


''^  American  Naturalist,  vol.  v,  p.  16,  fig.  5. 
^*  Loe.  cil.,  vol.  xii,  p.  746. 


' 


Fig.  66.—  Peru.    \. 


9a 


j'UiM'rivi;  iN'DrsTKV. 


Ciniiinil  (ir  polisliud  sl.iti'  jirrowlicads  and  knives  i>f  tliis  pattern  arc 
not  conriiK'il  to  \'(.'nn()nt.  In  western  New  ^ork,  several  s|)e(iniens 
have  been  found,  which  so  far  vary  in  si/e,  as  to  SMgj,'est  tiuit  the 
smaller  were  used  as  arrowheads  and  the  larger  as  rutting  iiniileinents. 

A  single  specimen,  identical  with  fig.  70,  was  recently  found  in 
Morri;  Co.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  IIoi)atcong.  It  w.as 
made  of  the  roofing  slate  tiiat  occurs  at  the  Delaware  Water  (lap.  and 
vicinity.  The  locality  where  this  knife  was  fouml  is  one  that  suggests 
that  an  imi)lenient  so  well  adapted  for  s])earing  fish,  as  is  tiiis  pattern 
of  so-called  knives,  should  have  been  used  in  this  manner,  and  not  as 


Fk;.  67.  —  N<  \v  Jersey. 


Vic.  f.S.  — New  Jersey.    \. 


a  cutting  ini])lenient  of  any  kind  ;  especially  as  an  abundance  of  deli- 
cately chipped  jas])er  knives  have  been  gathered  in  this  neighborhood. 
Another  class,  if  they  may  be  so  called,  of  stemmed  knives,  is 
represented  by  figs.  71  and  72.  Knives  of  this  pattern,  which  are 
characterized  principally  by  the  very  acute  point  in  the  middle  of  the 
blade,  arc  not  fretiuently  met  with  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  and  no 
interior  locality  is  known  where  they  are  a  characteristic  form.  Such 
as  have  been  examined  were  all  from  New  Jersey  except  two  —  one 
from  Massachusetts,  and  the  other  from  Texas.  Of  a  series  of  eleven 
from    New  Jersey,    seven   were  facsimiles  of  fig.  71,  and  the  others 


LIIIl'l'l.l)    n.l.vr    KNIVKS. 


93 


more  like  C\ 


«•  /• 


'I'Ik'Sc  knives  arc  all  made  of  jasper,  and  show 


unusual  amount  of  care  in  the  chippinj,',  not  always  in  die  small  si/.e  of 
the  Hakes  detac  hed,  hut  in  the  care  that  appears  to  have  been  taken  to 
brin^  out  and  jireserve  the  characteristic  point  in  the  blade. 

For  what  p,irti(  ular  purjiose,  if  any,  these  curiously  shaped  knives 
were  desij^ned  is  a  matter  of  conjecture.  That  they  were  used  as  cut- 
ting implements  is  almost  a  certainty. 

('in  nlarand  s<|uare  knives  also,  carefully  (hipped  from  jasper  and 
chert  i)ebl)les,  are  often  found.  They  are  usually  of  small  si/.e  and 
have  such  evenly  chipjjcd  edges,  that  there  is  no  evidence  that  any 
portion  has  been  inserted  in  a  handle  of  any  kind.     Similar  S(iuare 


Fig.  69.  —  New  Jersey.    \, 


Flii.  70. — Vermont.  \. 


Fig.  71.  —  New  JL•^^L■y. 


kni\es,  made  of  chert,  have  been  foimd  in  the  ancient  gra\es  in  the 
islands  off  the  California  coast,  that  measured  less  than  an  inch  in 
length  or  breatlth. 

Certain  irregularly  -^hipped,  flint  objects  are  of  quite  common  oc- 
currence, wherever  the  better  known  objects  are  found,  and  it  is  a 
matter  of  much  uncertainty  whether  their  purposes,  in  all  cases,  can 
ever  Ije  determined.  Some  indeed,  notwithstanding  the  care  with 
which  they  have  been  chipped,  are  wholly  unintelligible  ;  but  others, 
though  seemingly  of  little  value  as  knives,  have  sufficient  margin  in  a 
continuous  line  to  give  them  a  cutting  edge ;  and  so  with  some  feel- 
ing of  doubt,  they  are  classed  among  the  cutting  implements.     I'ig.  73 


94 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


represents  one  of  these  ill-defined  specimens,  which  bears  some  resem- 
blance to  certain  of  the  fossil  sharks'  teeth  found  in  the  New  Jersey 
greensand  marls,  and  which  were  frequently  used  as  ornaments,  and 

occasionally  as  weapons.  These  shark- 
tooth  shaped  implements  have  been  sup- 
posed to  be  knives,  rather  than  arrowheads, 
in  consideration  of  the  great  objection  the 
curved  point  would  offer  to  their  use  in 
this  latter  capacity. 

P'ig.  74  represents  another  cxam])le  of 
these  apparently  meaningless  implements, 
yet  one  certainly  not  of  accidental  occur- 

FiG.  72,  ^  New  Jersey.    +.  ...  i      .     ,  , 

rence,  as  e\ery  portion  is  most  admirably 
chipped.  Whether  knife  or  drill,  or  both,  it  is  difficult  to  determine  ; 
but  it  would  serve  the  jiurpose  of  a  knife  as  well  as  it  would  that  of 
any  other  form  of  chijiped  implement,  particularly,  if  securely  fastened 
to  a  wooden  or  bone  handle. 

Knives  of  shell  and  bone  were  also  in  use  by  the  Indians,  but  none 


Fit;.  73.  —  New  Jersey.     \. 


Fig.  74.  —  New  Jersey.     ]. 


have  been  ])reserved,  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain.  Kalm 
remarks  of  the  New  Jersey  Indians,  that  besides  knives  of  flint, 
they  "  were  satisfied  witli  a  sharp  shell,  or  with  a  piece  of  a  bone 
which  they  had  sharpened  "  (Travels  in  North  America,  vol.  ii,  p.  39, 
London,   1771),  and  refers  to  the  use  of  "shar])  shells,"  in  their 


mmKmmmsrmlm 


CHIPPED    FLINT   KNIVES. 


95 


canoe-making.  It  is  probable  that  the  stouter  Unio  or  mussel  shells 
are  here  referred  to,  and  if  so  they  would  necessarily  be  bejond  recog- 
nition, if  indeed,  they  were  not  destroyed  by  use.  Fragments  of 
marine  shells,  with  ground  cutting  edges,  as  before  statetl,  have  not 
been  found  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  or,  if  so,  but  very  larel}-. 


CHAl'TKR    VII, 


DRILLS,   AWLS  OR    I'KRFORATORS. 

M  HiLK  single  objects  are  constantly  being  discovered,  the  purpose 
of  which   it  is  difficult,  if  not   impossible,  to   determine,  it   has  not 
happ>Mied  that  any  numerous  class  of  objects  has  been  gathered,  the 
use  of  which  could  not  be  shown  with  some  degree  of  i)robabilily. 
Possibly  the  smaller  ])olished  celts  may  come  under  the  head  of  ob- 
jects of  unknown  uses  ;  for,  as  yet,  it  is  not  demonstrable  how  many  of 
the  \  ery  diminutive  examples  were  used,  although,  as  in  all  such  cases, 
it  is  easy  to  conjecture.     In  another  publication ^s   they  have  Ijeen 
called  "skinning  knives,"  not  because  there  was  actual  evidence  that 
an  Indian  had  ever  used  cr.-  as  a  "skinner,"  but  simply  because  it  was 
found  possible  to  skin  a  small  mammal  with  one,  with  great  ease.     It 
is  not  desirable,  however,  to  be  guided  by  one's  own  experience  in 
this  matter,  and  when  the  use  of  any  jjattern  of  stone  implement  is 
not  apparent  from  its  size  and  shape  ;  then  we  must  admit  our  ig- 
norance and  confine  ourselves  to  such  com])rehensive  terms  as  ''celt" 
or    "  imjilement ; "   unless    indeed,  we    find   a  similar   implen.ent    in 
use  among  existing  races.     In  such  a  case,  we   ha\e  usually  a  safe 
gi.ide. 

'l"he  series  of  objects  now  under  consideration,  it  is  probably  safe 
to  classify  as  drills  or  perforators,  because  their  princijjal  feature 
suggests  no  other  use  whatever ;  and  our  faith  in  this  classification  is 
confirmed  by  experiment,  for  it  is  found  that  they  can  be  used  as 
such,  even  when  the  material  jierforated  is  of  an  eciually  compact  or 
even  harder  stone  than  that  of  which  the  implement  itself  is  made. 
Certainly,  for  drilling  thin  plates  of  stone,  of  which  such  large  nuni- 


'^  Smiihsoii.  Ann.  Rep.,  1875,  p.  304-6,  fii^s.  115  an.l  120. 

(97) 


98 


I'RIMITIVK   INDUSTRY. 


bcis  are  cverywlicre  found,  tlicy  are  admirably  adapted,  thongli  per- 
haps not  more  so,  than  are  many  of  tlie  chance  flakes  founil  in  the 
refuse  hea])S  where  arrowheads  ha\e  been  made. 

Admitting  this  use  for  the  more  common  sizes,  which  have,  a^  the 
same  time,  the  strength  and  durability  reijuired  for  this  puri)ose  ;  what 
are  we  U)  consider  the  use  of  the  more  delicately  formed  examples 
of  this  same  implement  ?  In  delicacy  of  chipping,  many  of  lhe.;e  latter 
ajjproach  very  closely,  if  they  do  not  equal,  the  finest  Danish  arrow- 
heads, though  none,  however,  show  any  polish  on  the  jjoint,  as  occurs 
on  many  of  the  larger  examples.  Their  appearance  suggests  that 
thej'  were  used  to  i)ierce,  and  not  to  perforate  gradually,  by  a  rotary 
motion  ;  in  a  word,  that  they  were  awls  used  in  sewing  skins.  This 
seems  the  more  probable,  inasmuch  as  the  bone  awls  or  needles, 
conuuon  to  some  localities,  occur  but  very  rarely  in  New  Jerse)-, 
whilst  in  New  luigland,  they  are  common,  esi)ecially  in  the  shell  heaps  ; 
and  stone  drills,  whether  large  or  small,  are  less  fre(iuent.  'I'his  is  not 
conclusive  evidence,  however,  for  in  Ohio,  both  the  bone  awls  and 
stone  iierforators  of  unusually  delic:"''  workmanship,  are  more  abun- 
dant than  in  any  known  locality  on  the  northern  .Atlantic  scabnard. 
Why  the  two  forms  should  be  foimd  associated,  when  the  bone  ex- 
amples are  not  only  belter,  but  certainly  more  easily  made,  is  some- 
thing of  a  mystery,  if  it  be  true  that  they  had  identical  uses. 

It  will  be  n(-*'(;ed,  on  examination  of  the  several  illustrations  of  these 
drills  or  perforators,  that  many  of  the  small  and  delicate  examples  have 
very  elaborately  wrought  bases,  the  majority  of  which,  judging  frtnn 
the  character  of  the  design,  were  not  fashioned  for  any  useful  purpose. 
The  length  of  the  drill,  also,  varies  indefinitely,  many  having  but  a 
sharj)  slender  projection  of  less  than  one-fourth  of  an  inch,  from  a 
large  sciuare  base,  which  is  often  beautifully  chipped  ;  others,  again,  are 
three  and  even  four  inches  in  length,  exclusive  of  the  base. 

Vi'hile  the  purpose  of  the  larger  drills,  as  figs.  75  and  76  may  have 
been  to  drill  thin  plates  of  stone,  such  as  the  pendants  and  other  orna- 
mental objects  described  in  Chapter  XXVII.  and  the  others  may  have 
been  used  as  awls  or  perforators  of  leather,  there  is  reason  to  believe 


DRILLS,   AWLS   OR   PERFORATORS. 


99 


that  tlie  niamifacture  of  shells  and  beads  explains  the  occurrence 
of  so  very  many  of  the  smaller  sizes.  Ikads,  it  is  well  known, 
have  ever  been  a  favorite  ornament  with  savage  races,  and  whether 
made  of  shell  or  l)one,  or  of  clay  or  stone,  they  are  found  in  greater 
or  less  al)undance,  wherever  the  ordinary  forms. of  stone  inipienicnts 
are  found.  (Considering  tliat  thousands  of  small  shell  beads  and  strings 
of  wampum  are  not  uncommon,  it  is 
natural  to  conclude  that  the  implements, 
wherewith  they  were  perf(jrated,  siiould 
lie  correspondingly  abundant,  and  that 
the  intermediate  sizes  at  least  could  have 
been  so  used.  Probably  even  the  more 
delicate  would  not  l)reak  under  the  rotary 
motion  if  used  only  for  perforating  shells 
and  bone.  The  former  is  the  material  of 
whicli  wami)uni  is  made,  and  is  (juite  as 
wearing  to  flint,  as  any  mineral  tliat  we 
fmd,  that  has  been  perforated  by  a  stone- 
drill.  Still,  this  latter  use  of  the  small 
drills  is  altogether  conjectural ;  and  the 
su<  ^cstioii  that  they  were  solelv  for  pierc- 
iii;  '.'ather,  and  only  used  by  the  women, 
is  c  jrtainly  the  most  plausible  explanation 
of  their  purjjose. 

Fig.  75  represents  what  may  be  consid- 
ered a  typical  example  of  a  flint  or  jasper 
drill,  such  as   is  found   in  abundance  in  ^"-  73.  — N't-'w  Jersey.    \. 

New  Jersey,  and  in  fewer  nunfl)ers  in  New  Mngland.  This  sjiecimen, 
which  is  (  '■  ''out  the  maximum  length  of  tJiese  implements,  is  carefully 
chijjped  fron.  chalcedonic  i|uartz,  and  is  as  symmetrical  as  are  the  best 
finished  daggers  of  flint.  'I'liere  is  no  trace  of  wear  upon  tiie  pcjint, 
and  for  whatever  ])nri)ose  it  may  have  l)een  designed,  it  is  evident  that 
it  has  been  but  little  used.  Of  the  hundreds  of  such  drills  as  fig.  75 
that  we  now  find  in  our  fields,  the  great  majority  are  broken  near  the 


lOO 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


middle  of  the  shaft,  but  wht-tlier  this  fracture  occurred  while  the  im- 
plement was  still  in  use,  or  after  it  was  discarded,  and  in  very 
recent  times,  cannot  be  easily  tietermined.  That  there  are  found, 
however,  many  more  of  the  bases  of  drills,  than  of  the  pointed  ends, 
is  certain  ;  and  from  this  fixct,  it  is  safe  to  infer  that  a  considerable 
portion  of  tiiose  that  have  been  broken,  at  or  near  the  middle  of  the 
shaft,  were  fractured  while  in  use. 

Fig.  76  represents  a  second  example  of  this  form  of  drill,  of  a  more 
common  size  and  character  of  finish.     There  is  but  little  evidence  of 
wear  at  the  tip.     Unlike  slender,  tapering  spear- 
l)oints,    especially   such   as   have    elsewhere    been 
called  fish  spears,  this  and  the  preceding  sijecimen 
are  not  in  section,  a  flattened  oval,  but  are  dis- 
tinctly (luadrangular.     This  feature,  which  is  char- 
acteristic of  the  great  majority  of  these  drills,  is  to 
some    extent    indicative    of  their    use.     The    four 
sides,  while   giving  four  cutting   edges,  and  thus 
facilitating  the  perforating  jiower,  if  rotated,  would 
largely  decrease  the  penetrating  jiower  if  used  as 
an  arrow   or   spearpoint.     Such   a   use,    however, 
would  scarcely  be  suggested  for  this  implement, 
e\en  if  unijuestionable  arrowheads  were  not  known. 
The  mineral,  of  which  fig.  76  is  made,  is  a  dull 
yelknvish-brown  jasper,  such  as  o(  curs  in  Jjebbles 
of  different  sizes  in  the  river  gravels.     The  base,  as  will  be  seen  by 
reference  to  the  cut,  while  simple  in  design  and  convenient  in  size,  has 
at  the  lower  end  a  well  ( hii)i)ed  cutting  edge,  such  as  iharacterizcK  the 
better  specimens  of  jasper  knives.     'Whether  this  edge  was  ilesigned 
to  be  useil  as  a  knife,  or  whether  the  imi)lement  was  inserted  in  a 
handle  is  not  determinable  ;  but  on  examination  of  a  large  series,  it 
seems  probable  that  the  broad  bases,  such  as  figs.  77  to  Si,  inclusive, 
possess,  bear  some  relation  to  the  uses  to  which  the  drill  proi)er  was  put. 
Figs.  77  to  81,  inclusive,  illustrate  very  nearly  to  what  extent  the  shape 
and  size  of  these  broad  based  drills  vary,  although  the  examples  here 


Fig.  76.  —  New 
Jersey.     \ . 


DRIM-S,    AWLS   OR   i-ERFORATORS. 


lOI 


figured  do  not  fairly  exhibit  the  great  beauty  of  finish  along  the  edges 
of  the  base  shown  by  a  few  specimens  more  recently  collected.  Did 
there  seem  to  be  any  limit  to  the  numbers  of  these  stone  drills  still  to 
be  gathered  in  many  localities,  it  might  be  supposed  that  the  makers 
of  these  implements  were  economically  disposed  ;  and,  foreseeing  the 
early  destruction  of  the  points  or  drilling  parts,  had  ready  the  imple- 
ment of  such  shape  that,  with  little  or  no  additional  labor,  it  could  be 


I'lG.  77  — New  Jersey.    \, 


Fig.  78.  — New  Jersey.    \. 


converted  into  a  knife.  That  the  l)road  based  examples  may  Ije  con- 
sidered a  combined  knife  and  drill  is  no  tax  upon  one's  credulity,  for  in 
no  other  way  can  it  be  explained  why  such  a  "drill,"  if  such  it  only 
was,  should  have  so  elaborate  a  l)ase,  as  in  fig.  79  for  example,  ^\■hcn 
we  come  to  consider  the  smaller  drills,  or  "awls,"  we  shall  find  even 
more  notable  examples  of  these  knife-like  bases.  These  bases,  it 
should  be  furtlier  stated,  do  not  only  occur  on  such  drills  as  are 
chipped  from  jasper  pebl)les.  Of  the  five  exami)les  figured,  figs.  77 
and  78  are  of  slate  and  comparatively  soft,  while  79,  So  and  81  are  ot 
jasper.     The  relati\c  merits  of  these  minerals  for  producing  the  I)est 


■I02 


PRIMITIVE    INDUSTRY. 


results  in  the  "  flint  ciiijiping  "  art  have  been  f|uite  fully  referred  to,  when 
considering  the  various  patterns  of  so-called  knives;  hut  it  is  not  oit 
of  place  to  mention  at  this  time,  the  fact,  that  slate  drills,  when  newly 
chip])ed,  were  much  more  unyielding  and  sharp  about  the  point  and 
edges  than  they  are  now  after  centuries  of  exposure  to  the  weather. 
For  an  inconsiderable  depth,  a  process  of  decomposition  has  taken 


Fig.  79.  —  New  Jen;ey.     \- 


Fk:  .  So.  —  New  Jersey,     \  • 


l)lace,  which  gives  to  many  objects,  made  of  slate,  a  \-ery  chalky  ap- 
pearance ;  but  this  is  so  superficial,  that  the  mere  handling  will  in 
some  cases  remove  the  decayed  jjortion.  and  exhibit  beneath,  a  dense, 
sharp  surface  that  readily  scratches  hard  mineral  substances,  and  proves 
the  material  available  for  making  "flint  implements." 

In  conclusion,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  illustrations,  the 


DRILLS,   AWUS   OR    rF.RKORATORS. 


103 


points  of  tlie  drills  arc  in  most  cases  wanting.  This,  as  has  already 
been  mentioned,  arises  from  the  fact  that  they  were  broken  when  in 
use,  rather  than  by  any  subsequent  exposure  to  i)loughs  and  harrows, 
or  to  the  hoofs  of  horses. 

In  figs.  S2  and  83,  we  have  examples  of  a  common  pattern  of  drill, 
that  differs  somewhat  from  the  preceding.  Both  are  of  jasper,  similarly 
shaped,  and  vary  but  little  in  size.  In  these  examples  of  stone  drills, 
we  have  a  peculiarity  which  brings  them  nearer  to  the  arrowheads,  in 


Fiti.  81-. — New  Jersey.    \. 


¥n,.  82.  —  New  Jersey. 


l'"lG.  Si.  —  New  Jersey.     ■', . 


that,  instead  of  being  distinctly  quadrangular  in  section,  tliey  are  of  a 
flattened  oval  shape  in  section,  and  have  the  thin,  chijiped  cutting 
edges  of  knives  or  arrowheads.  Elsewhere-''  the  suggestion  has  been 
made  that  these  bases,  when  distinctly  oval,  may  have  been  used  in 
drilling  the  bowls  of  steatite  smoking  pipes,  but  sul)sequent  examination 
of  many  jjipe  bowls  now  convinces  me  that  this  is  an  error  ;  as  the  tool 
marks  or  s//itc  in  the  bowls  of  such  i^ipes  are  so  regular,  that  a  hollow 


'"Smilhson.  Ann.  Rep.,  1873,  p.  323.      See  Ran,  in  Smith  .Vnn.  Rep.,  iSCS,  p.  302. 


104 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


drill  was  in  all  probability  used,  except  in  the  largest  pipes,  whirli  show 
that  the  excavation  was  first  j)ecked  or  gouged  out,  and  then  smoothed 
in  some  imdetermined  manner.  The  thinner  eilges  of  these  flattened 
drills  do  not  show  any  indication  of  wear  or  jjolish.  Probably  they 
were  chipped  off  as  the  implement  was  rotated,  and  these  minute 
flakes  acted  similarly  to  the  fine  grains  of  sliarp  sand,  which  it  is  well 
known  was  used  in  connection  with  hollow  drills. 

Fig.  84  represents  a  roughly  chijjiied  implement  much  like  an 
arrowhead,  but  of  such  an  irregularly  shaped 
base,  that  it  could  scarcely  be  so  secured  to 
a  shaft,  as  to  have  been  made  available  for 
that  purpose.  As  in  the  i)receding,  it  is  thin- 
ner and  flatter  than  the  majority  of  drills,  but 
shows  soni-'  traces  of  wearing  along  the  edges 
and  at  the  tip,  and  was  jirobably  used  as  we 
have  here  suggested.  It  differs  from  drills  of 
both  the  (juadrangular  and  flattened  forms,  in 
being  (juite  flat  upon  one  side,  and  with  a 
moderately  well  defined  ridge  u];on  the  other. 
It  will  be  found,  however,  that  in  all  large 
collections  of  stone  imi)lements  of  every  class, 
other  than  ornaments,  many  examples  will  be 
of  such  iutlefinite  shapes,  as  to  make  it  ex- 
ceedingly difficult  to  classify  them, — a  labor 
not  without  its  difficulties  even  when  the  objects  are  seemingly  so 
distinct  as  are  the  axes,  spearpoints,  or  polished  celts.  Until  our 
knowledge  of  the  habits  and  customs  of  prehistoric  man  is  largely 
increased,  all  classification  must  to  some  extent  be  conjectural,  and 
considered  more  as  a  help  to  archaeological  studies,  rather  than  of 
scientific  importance. 

In  fig.  85,  we  have  a  second  example  of  a  chipped  implement, 
which  is,  judging  from  our  own  experience,  rather  a  drill,  than  either 
an  arrowhead  or  a  knife.  It  is  too  long  and  narrow  for  the  latter,  and 
without  such  a  base  as  is  common  to  the  spearpoints  of  that  size.     It 


Fig.  84. 


DRILLS,   AWI.S   OU   I'KKroR.VruRS. 


los 


is  of  slate,  somewhat  weathered,  and  exhibits  no  trace  of  iiolisli  on 
eitlier  tlie  tip  or  sides. 

rig.  iSf)  is,  in  most  respects,  similar  to  the  large  based  drills  already 
described,  but  it  is  as  thin  and  sharp  upon  the  edges  as  an  ordinary 
arrowhead.  The  long,  narrow  point  and  stem  suggest  the  drill  rather 
than  the  speari)oint,  and  the  well  defined  cutting  edge  of  the  base  is 


KiG.   83. 


Fig.  96. 


too  carefully  worked  not  to  have  been  utilized  subsequently ;  and  this 
co".ld  not  have  been  the  case,  if  the  specimen  had  been  used  as  tip 
to  an  arrow  or  jjoint  to  a  spear. 

Fig.  87,  on  the  other  hand,  appears  to  have  been  attached  to  a 
handle  of  some  kind  ;  the  double  notching  at  the  base — a  feature  of 
rare  occurrence — indicating  that  it  was  desirable  to  make  it  very  se- 
cure. Had  the  specimen  a  well  defined,  sharp  jjoint,  it  wcjiild  be  very 
doubtful  if  it  were  intended  for  a  drill :  but  while  the  crooked  point  is  a 


io6 


rUlMIIIVK  INDl'STRV. 


(lm\vl);i(  k  to  its  list'  in  lliis  capiK  ity.  it  is  |in)l)al)ly  less  of  an  objection 

tlian  it  would  l)i.'  if  tise'd  in  any  oIIkt  \va_\'. 

A  fiirliicr  peculiarity  of  this  si)c<inu'n  is  that  the  under  surface  is 

almost  perfectly  flat,  while  the  side 
shown  in  the  illustration  is  ridged  and 
slopes  from  a  central  line  as  in  the  ordi- 
nary spear  and  arrowpoints.  The  flat 
side  is  not  a  single  i)lane  of  <  lea\age, 
hut  has  heen  carefully  <hiplied,  and 
]iresents  fully  as  many  distin(  t  jilanes  as 
the  other  side. 

l''ig.  ScS  rejiresents  a  connecting  link, 
if  we  niav  so  call  it,  between  the  ordi- 
nary arrowpoints  and  those  smaller  drills, 
^\hi(h,  as  "awls,"  we  shall  consider  in 
a  subsei|uent  section  of  this  chapter. 
■While  the  size,  shai)e  and  material  of 
this  specimen  are  such  as  are  common 
to  man)'  arrow- 
points,  the  once 
liighly  polislied 
])oint  shows  con- 
clusively that  what- 
ever may  have 
been  the   jjurpose 

of  the  maker,  it  was  undoubtedly  vised  as  a  drill, 

and  not  always  upon  such  yielding  material  as 

leather.     The  marked  indications  of  its  use,  so 

seldom  seen    on  the   ordinary  drills,  make  this 

specimen  unusually  interesting.     Occasionally  it 

happens,  especially  when  collecting  on  what  was 

once  a  village  site,  that  several  drills  with  distinctly  worn  or  polished 

points  are  found,  and  hence  it  is  sometimes  su])posed  that  a  majority 

of  drills   and  awls  show  similar    indication  of  use.     This,  however, 


Fig.  87, 


Vn:. 


I)Uir,I.S,   AWIS    OK    I'lKIOKAlDkS. 


107 


is  umloulncdly  an  error.  Indeed,  apparenUy  unused  specimens  really 
do  o(  ( iir  in  such  excess,  liiat  the  (lueslion  may  well  be  asked,  whellier, 
in  perforating  stone  disks,  and  drilling  cer- 
emonial stones,  implements  of  wood  were 
not  always  used. 

Fig.  .S9  represents  a  i)erfect  exami)le  of 
a  form  of  imi)lement  of  which  but  few 
specimens  have  been  found.  It  is,  without 
hesitation,  classed  as  a  drill,  and  is  sup- 
jiosed  to  be  of  the  maximum  size  of  this 
pattern.  The  specimen  is  of  compact 
slate,  well  chipped,  and  measures  four  and 
seven-eighths  inches  in  length.  ( )ther  ex- 
amples, but  of  jasper,  are  eai  h  nearly  aii 

inch  shorter. 

It   will   be    noticed  that   the   head   or 

pointed  end  of  fig.  .Sy  is  narrower  than  the 

main    portion   of  the    imiilement.      This 

feature  is  comnioi,  to  all  those  collected  in 

New  Jersey.     In  the  following  illustration 

of  a  broken   specimen,  this  is  even  more 

marKed  than  in  the  jjresent  instance.     As 

in  the  case  of  those  smaller  drills  with  large 

bases,  this  specimen,  also,  has  the  margins 

of  the  handle  or  lower  portion  brought  to  a 

well  defined  cutting  edge  by  chipping. 
It  is,  indeed,  not  altogether  improbable, 

that  it  is  a  misconce[)tion  to  consider  fig.  89 

a  drill.     If  we  reverse  the  implement,  and 

assume  that  the  pointed  end  is  so  shaped 

for  the  better  attachment  of  a  nandle,  we  have  then,  thus  hafled,  a 

most  admirably  designed  flint  knife,  and  one  that  on  a  smaller  scale 

occurs  along  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Whether  the  preceding  specimen  is  a  drill,  a  knife,  or  whether  it  was 


Fic.  89.  —  New  Jersey.     \i 


io8 


PRIMITIVK  INDUSTRY. 


intended  for  some  unknown  use,  it  is  quite  certain  that  the  fragment, 
fig.  90,  is  a  portion  of  a  similar  implement.  In  this  instance,  the  material 
is  quartz,  and  it  is  worked  with  more  care.  There  seems  to  be,  also, 
too  much  work  upon  the  jiointed  head  —  assuming  the  sjiecimen  to  be 
identical  with  the  i)rece(ling — to  liave  l)een  intended  merely  for  a 
stem  to  insert  in  a  wooden  or  bone  handle.  Its  finished  condition 
suggests  that  it  was  the  jjrincipal  feature  of  the  implement,  and  that 
which  decided  its  purj)ose  in  the  mind  of  the  ancient  llint  worker  who 
fashioned  it. 

Fig.  91  represents  a  very  roughly  chipped  implement  of  slate  which 
very  strongly  resembles  the  preceding  speci- 
mens, although  there  is  sufificient  difference 
to  justify  the  supposition  that  they  may  have 
had  different  uses.  In  the  specimen  here 
figured,  however,  we  find  that  the  pointed 
end  is  quite  smoothly  polished,  and  this  at 
once  suggests  its  use  as  a  drill.  The  nar- 
rowed portion  or  waist  is  nearly  in  the  mid- 
dle, and  this  gives  the  si)ecimen  a  much 
larger  heail  than  in  fig.  89  ;  though,  like  it, 
the  sides  are  l)rought  to  a  moderately  well 
defined  cutting  etlge.  Rude  as  it  is,  there  is 
Fir,.  90.- New  Jersey.  \.  niuch  evidence  that  it  was  used  as  a  drill, 
although  among  tiie  hundreds  of  perforated  objects  that  have  been 
collected,  there  are  none  that  suggest  the  use  of  a  drill  of  this 
size,  rather  than  that  of  a  smaller  form,  such  as  fig.  76.  This,  of 
course,  is  on  the  supposition  that  the  ceremonial  objects  and  other 
similar  sjjecimens  w-ere  perforated  with  a  hollow  reed,  in  connection 
with  sand  anil  water.  This,  however,  was  not  always  the  case,  as  un- 
finished oljjects  of  this  character  are  found  which  show  that  a  solid, 
pointed  drill  had  been  used,  lint  of  the  many  examined,  none  have 
the  perforation  eijual  in  diameter  to  tlie  width  of  the  siiecimen,  fig. 
89. 

In  figs.  92  and  93,  we  have,  in  the  former,  a  half  of  a  stone  gorget, 


DRILLS,    AWLS    OR   PERFORATORS. 


109 


in  the  upper  left  hand  corner  of  which  is  a  countersunk  hole,  such  as 
characterizes  jiese  objects.  In  order  to  test  the  efficiency  of  even  the 
softer  drills,  the  writer  made  tiie  series  of  nine  holes  with  the  drill, 
fig.  93.  A  glance  will  siiow  tliat  the  one  perforation,  made  by  the 
Indian,  was  in  all  probability  made 
with  a  similar  tool.  The  drill  itself 
became  higiily  jjolislied  l)y  so  mvich 
use,  but  suffered  less  than  a  similar 
drill  of  jasper,  which  was  used  but 
a  sh(jrt  time,  and  which  from  con- 
stant splintering  was  soon  too  blunt 
and  worn  to  he  efficacious.  This 
was  no  doubt  in  part  due  to  very 
rapid  rotation,  and  tiie  fact  that  tlie 
first  experiment  was  made  without 
having  the  stone  wet.  The  otiier 
eight  holes  were  drilled  with  the  slab 
under  water. 

Is  it  not  probable  that  the  Indians 
dill  not  use  water  in  connection  with 
these  stone  drills?  If  they  diil  not, 
we  can  readily  see  why  so  many  of 
the  jasper  specimens  should  be 
broken  at  the  tips,  and  free  from 
l)olish.  The  friction  of  .'ry,  rapid 
rotation  causes  a  steady  si'lintering, 
and  keeps  the  drill  in  a  newly 
chipped  condition.  \\'!K'n  the  same 
drilling  is  done  under  water,  jasper 
-oon  acquires  a  magnificent  polish.  This  may  explain  tlie  great  ex- 
cess of  unpolished  jasper  drills,  over  such  as  are  worn  and  smooth. 

Fig.  94  represents  a  beautiful  jasper  specimen  of  the  smaller  drills 
which  will  be  here  referred  to  as  awls,  under  the  impression  that  their 
purijose  was  more  for  perforating  leather,  and  such  )iekling  sul)stances. 


Vm.  ui.  —  New  Jersey,    j' 


no 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


than  for  boring  through  stone  or  bone.  Why  such  an  exaggerated  base 
shoukl  be  given  to  an  imiilement  of  this  character  it  is  difficult  to 
conjecture,  unless  the  base  was  used  as  a  knife,  which  in  this  instance 
is  not  improbable,  for  it  is  seldom  that  chijjped  jasper  knives,  with 
more  accurately  (mished  cutting  edges,  occur.  The  extreme  tip  of  the 
awl  in  fig.  94  is  slightly  worn,  and  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that. 


Fig.  g2.  —  New  Jersey.     }. 

when  first  chipped,  this  portion  of  the  implement  was  considerably 
longer  than  at  present.  Kven  when  used  solely  as  an  awl  for  piercing 
leather,  these  points  would  in  time  become  dulled  and  wear  away,  or 
If  re-chipi)ing  became  necessary,  they  would  be  materially  shortened. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  knife  woukl  not  be  noticeably  dulled  by  use, 
but  would  receive  in  time  a  i)olish  sufficient  to  glass  the  surface  of 


DRILLS,    AWLS   OR    PERFORATORS. 


Ill 


even-  facet,  without  obliterating  the  delicate  ridges  that  define  the  out- 
line of  the  flakes  detached  in  chipping  the  implement.  This  slight 
polish  from  use  is  noticeable  on  this  specimen,  and,  to  a  less  degree, 
on  many  similar  ones,  from  the  same  locality.  In  tiie  New  England 
states,  exclusive  of  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  these  drills  are 
scarcely  known.  In  the  latter  locality,  they  are  sometimes  found. 
Fig.  95  represents  a  small  Hake  of  jasper,  unaltered  anywhere,  ex- 


'  Fk;.  94.  —  New  Jersey.     } . 

cept  in  its  more  slender  portion,  which  has  lieen  careruliy  chipped 
until  an  awl  or  drill  of  great  beauty  has  been  produced.  There  is,  at 
the  extreme  point,  no  polisli  or  other  trace  of  xise.  Drills  or  awls, 
made  h\)ni  tlakes  of  about  this  si/e,  are  common  in  New  Jersey  and 
New  York,  and  are  found  in  considerable  numbers  in  tJie  valley  of  the 
Connecticut  river  ;  but  they  are  rare  in  Massachusetts  and  northward. 
This  assertion  is  based  upon  collections  in  various  institutions,  es- 
pecially  those   of  the   Museum  of  Archaeology   at   Cambridge,  and 


112 


PRIMniVE   INDUSTRY, 


Fig.  95.  —  New  Jersey.   \- 


of  the  Academy  of  Science  at  Salem,  Mass.  Inasmucli  as  the  col- 
lections licre  mentioned,  as  well  as  those  in  oilier  institutions,  are  so 
largely  made  up  of  contributions  from  innumerable  sources,  it  is  pos- 
sible that  the  collectors  of  such  material,  as  has 
been  preser\-ecl  lave  overlooked  so  small  and 
unattractive  an  object  as  the  flake  drill  in  fig.  95. 
To  some  extent  certain  ol)jects  may  l)e  thought 
to  be  rare  01  unknown  in  given  localities,  simply 
l)ecause  the  '  are  not  readily  found ;  wlien,  in 
fact,  they  are  really  fairly  abundant,  but  reiiuire 
careful  search  to  discover  them.  This  is  not 
applicable,  however,  to  tlie  region  about  Salem, 
Mass.,  which  has  been  most  carefully  hunted 
over  by  those  who,  of  all  otiiers,  have  hatl  that 
experience  and  preliminary  training  requisite  '"or  this  important  ele- 
ment of  archaeological  research. 

Figs.  96  and  97  represent  small  stone  awls,  sucli  as  the  preceding,  ex- 
cept that  in  this  instance  (fig.  96)  there  is  a  finished  base,  which  is  not, 
as  in  fig.  94,  at  all  knife-like  in  character.  There  does 
not  ajipear  to  be  any  special  object  in  giving  such  a 
finish  to  the  base,  and  it  can  only  be  looked  u]nm  as 
the  whim  of  the  maker.  This  specimen  is  matle  of 
light  blue-gray  jasper,  and  is  chijjped  with  great  care, 
the  workman  having  presened  very  nearly  a  uniform 
width  throughout  the  entire  length  of  the  stem.  Larger 
drills  of  this  same  jiattern  of  base  are  moderately 
common.  Fig.  97  represents  what  appears  to  be  the 
stem  of  a  drill  that  has  been  broken  near  the  base. 
Such  fragmentary  specimens  are  not  very  abundant. 
This  specimen  has  some  trace  of  wear  on  the  extreme 
point,  though  it  is  not  usual  to  find  such  indications  of  use  as  has 
been  elsewhere  stated  when  referring  to  this  same  specimen.^^     .Atten- 


/ 


Vir,.  96.  —  New 
Jersey.    \. 


"  .Annual  Rept.  Smithson.  Inat.  1S75,  p.  323;  fig.  134. 


.wit  >i,Muu.»JmiBJ»w  jiuiiiiitiii<iainBnCT«eiB*«pimm*iav 


DRILLS,   AWLS   OR   PERFOR,\TORS. 


"3 


tion  may  be  called  to  these  apparently  broken  awls,  as  being  possibly 
intentionally  unfinished  or  broken  at  one  end,  for  the  purpose  of 
inserting  this  blunt  termination  into  a  bone  or  wooden  handle.  Many 
flint  knives  are  in  this  same  manner  broken  off  abruptly,  apparently 
by  accident ;  though  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  they  were  really 
left  in  this  condition  by  the  workman.  These  have  already  been 
noticed. 

Fig.  98  represents  a  third  exami)le  of  these  small  and  slender  driHs 
with  its  extreme  ]ioint  lost  by  use  or  accident.  Like  tiie  preceding,  it 
is  chipjjed  from  jasper,  jjrobably  a  pebble  of  about  its  present  size. 
Such  jasper  pebbles,  partially  chipped,  have  occasionally  been  found, 


Fio.  97.  — New  Jersey.   \.  Fic.  9S.  —  New  Jersey,    |, 


F.G. 


-New  Jersey,    -f. 


and  the  entire  series  presents  one  most  interesting  jjcculiarity,  viz.  : 
that  the  stem  is  invarialjly  first  chipped,  not  roughly,  l)ut  delicately, 
and  then  the  base  is  worked  into  such  shape  as  is  desired,  subject  of 
course  to  the  general  shape  and  size  of  tiie  unworked  portion  of  the 
pebble.  This  clearly  shows  that  in  all  cases  the  stem  and  point  are 
the  i)rincipal  features  of  the  implement,  and  the  shape  of  the  i)ase, 
whether  it  be  fashioned  for  use  or  ornament,  is  altogether  a  matter  of 
minor  importance. 

Fig.  99  represents  a  small  drill  with  a  square  base,  sucii  as  is  occa- 
sionally found  in  New  Jersey,  l)ut  is  not  abundant  in  any  one  locality. 
In  the  Connecticut  valley,  a  few  have  been  found,  Init  usually  the 
drills  from  that  section  have  bases  more  like  that  in  fig.  loi,  or 
what  is  known  as  the  arrowhead  base.     Fig.  99  is  matle  of  slate 


114 


I'KIMIIIVK  INDUSTRY. 


is  neatly  chipped,  and  has  the  i:)oint  more  tliar  usually  well  polished. 
The  majority  of  the  awls  of  this  size  are  made  of  jasper  or  fpiartz. 

Fit;,  too  represents  a  curiously  designed  specimen  of  a  jasper  awl 
or  drill,  such  as  is  found  occasionally  associated  with  the  regular 
patterns  of  this  implement.  Being  irregular  forms,  there  is  little  to  be 
said  a1)out  tliem.  In  the  present  instance,  it  was  at  first  supposed  to 
be  an  arrowliead,  with  a  single  exaggerated  barb  ;  but  such  can  hardly 
have  been  the  case,  as  the  base  is  not  of  such  shape  as  to  render  the 
attaching  of  the  arrow-shaft  jiracticable.  Further  examination  of  the 
specimen  shows,  also,  that  the  end  of  the  awl,  as  it 
is  now  believed  to  be,  is  quite  smooth  ;  and,  from 
this  fact,  it  is  safe  to  infer  that  the  implement  is  an 
awl  or  ]ierforator,  notwithstanding  the  peculiarly 
sliaped  liase.  Tiie  point  of  the  base  is  ([uite  siiarji, 
and  may  also  have  been  used  for  piercing  leather. 
In  sucli  a  case,  tlie  im])lenient  becomes  a  double 
awl,  and  tliere  are  others  of  tiiis  cliaracter,  of  e\-en 
more  i)rjnounced  sliape  than  fig.  loo.  Tlie  double 
awls  from  New  Jersey,  now  in  tiie  Museum  at 
Cambridge,  have  usually  a  square  or  oval  base, 
from  wliich,  at  opposite  ends,  extend  short  but 
narrow  and  neatly  chipi)ed  projections.  These 
double  awls  are  rare,  in  comparison  with  those 
iG.  loo.— .  Ltt  jLrscy.  j.^^j.  ^1^^^    ordinary    ]>atterns.      Of  those   examined, 

one-half  were  made  of  argillite  and  slate,  the  others  of  jas]ier. 

Fig.  loi  re])resents  a  small  awl  with  a  base  of  tlie  highest  degree 
of  finisli.  While  the  general  appearance  of  this  specimen  is  that  of 
an  arrowhead,  it  is  evident  from  t!ie  polish  of  the  point,  and  the 
hea\y,  exaggerated  base,  that  its  pur|)ose  was  as  stated,  and  not  that 
so  undesirable  a  chipped  flint  should  have  been  used  to  tip  the  shaft 
of  an  arrow. 

In  Massachusetts,  there  are  found  but  few  of  these  small  awls  or 
drills,  and  nowhere  are  they  so  abundant  as  in  Ohio  and  Indiana.  In 
New  Jersey,  they  constitute  about  one  per  cent,  of  the  whole  number. 


nRlT.LS,    AWI.S   OR    I'KRKORATORS. 


"S 


In  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  they  are  well  represented ;  although 
none  that  I  iiave  seen  from  there  liave  been  quite  so  short  as  liie  one 
figured  al)ove.  The  l)ases  generally,  of  the  Connecticut  specimens 
are  either  stemmed  or  notched,  and  are  in  every  resj^ect  identical  with 
the  stemmed  and  notched  bases  of  the  arrowheads  from  the  same  lo- 
cality. 

The  same  may  be  said  of  the  larger  drills,  such  as  fig.  75,  which  is  here 
taken  as  the  type  of  the  drills  projjcr.  Those  from  the  Connecticut 
valley  are  of  identical  ])atterns,  and  usually  of  the  same  material. 
Indeed,  so  far  as  ordinary  Indian  stone  imi)lements  are  concerned,  the 
specimens  from  the  valleys  of  the  Delaware  and  Connecticut  are  so 
similar,  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  determine 
from  which  of  the  two  localities  any  given  speci- 
men had  been  brouglit. 

In  the  valley  of  the  Susijuehanna  river,  drills 
of  all  patterns  and  sizes  are  ajJiJarently  less  abun- 
dant than  in  the  \alle\'s  of  the  two  risers  men- 
tionetl.  In  the  collections  of  the  late  Professor 
Haldeman,  there  are  but  few  specimens  of  drills, 
and  none  are  of  so  elaborate  a  finish  as  the  finer 
New  Jersey  examples  here  figured. 

In  the  large  series  of  stone  implements  gathered  from  the  Chickies 
Rock  retreat,  descril)ed  by  Prof.  Haldeman  in  the  Compte  Rendu  of 
the  Congress  of  Americanistes.  at  the  Luxembourg  session,  in  1S78, 
there  are  a  number  of  pointed  (lakes  and  fragments  of  (juartz  and  jas- 
per which  were  considereil  by  Prof.  Haldeman  to  have  been  "borers" 
and  are  so  labelled  in  the  collection,  l)ut  none  of  these  exliibit  any 
indication  of  use.  'I'hey  m,;y  have  been  reser\'ed  for  use  as  drills, 
but  they  are  simply  accidentali}  pointed  fiakes  which  possiblv  were 
gathered  from  the  refuse  chips  of  an  arrowmaker's  workshop,  and  in- 
tended for  use  as  drills  or  borers. 

The  large  majority  of  the  drilled  ceremonial  objects,  found  in  this 
Rock  retreat  and  in  the  neighborhot)d,  show  by  the  character  of  the 
P'.'rforation,  that  a  reed  or  hollow  drill  of  some  character  was  used. 


Fig.  ioi.  —  New 
Jersey.     -| . 


I 


■■■■■I 


Il6  I'RIMITIVF':    INDUSIRY, 

Fig.  102  represents  a  ]K'fiiliar  implement  which  seems  more  likely 
to  liave  been  used  as  a  drill,  than  as  a  knife  or  any  other  kind  of  stone 
imjilement.  There  is  in  all  that  have  been  examined,  not  only  a  well 
defined  jjoint,  sufficiently  acute  to  jiierce  leather  readily,  but  this  point 
has,  in  the  exami)le  here  figured,  a  degree  of  ])olish,  frt)m  use,  which 
clearly  shows  that  this  implement,  at  least,  has  been  used  as  a  drill  or 
awl.  The  flattened  bottom,  and  evenly  curved  back  are  so  fashioned 
as  to  make  it  very  easy  to  hold  the  specimen,  and  indeed,  a  much 
better  grasp  can  be  secured  when  such  an  implement  is  nsed,  than 
with  ariy  of  the  long  slender  tlrills,  such  as  have  been  desciil)ed. 

All  that  have  been  gathered  of  this  jjattern  are  made  of  argillite  ; 
and,  as  will  be  seen  by  comparing  the  illustration  below  with  some 


Fk;.  I02.  —  New  Jersey. 

of  those  palxolithic  implements  from  the  gravel  beds,  there  is  a 
marked  resemblance  between  them.  This  similarity,  however,  indicates 
no  relationship  between  the  two  forms,  though  it  has  misled  suiierficial 
observers  into  numerous  errors  as  to  the  significance  of  those  found  in 
the  gra\'el.  Nothing  from  the  latter  beds  e\idences  any  such  use  as 
that  of  drilling  stone  with  stone,  or  of  utilizing  sharpened  flakes  of 
argillite  as  awls  or  ))erforators  of  leather ;  yet  that  palaiolithic  man 
used  the  skins  of  animals  for  clothing  can  hardly  be  doubted. 

Fig.  103  represents  a  very  interesting  s])ecimen  of  stone  awl,  which 
presents,  a  feat  ire  that  was  wanting  in  all  those  i)reviously  described. 
This  specimen  is  polished  over  its  entire  surface.  It  is  made  of  white 
quartz,  and  has  been  ground  down  until  every  ineciuaiity  has  disaj)- 
peared.     The  point  is  ver\'  sharp,  and  it  is  (luestionable  whether  for 


DRII.US    AWI.S   OR    I'KRfXlRATORS. 


TI7 


piercing  skins  of  animals,  or  c([iially  yielding 
substances,  any  implement  of  metal  would  be 
preferable.  Implements  of  this  i)attern  are  very 
rare.  Of  five  hundred  drills  and  awls  of  all 
jiatterns  from  New  Jersey,  in  the  Museum  at 
Cambridge,  there  is  no  other  example  of  this 
pattern  ;  nor  is  there  anything  apiiroaching  it 
from  the  New  I'lngland  states.  As  has  been 
suggested,  it  is  probable  that  in  New  laiglaad, 
bone  needles  generally  replaced  the  stone  awls. 
Before  c(jncluding  this  subject  of  the  stone 
implements  that  are  supi>osed  or 
known  to  have  been  used  for  drilling 
through  stone,  and  perforating 
leather,  in  lieu  of  the  modern  steel 
needles,  it  is  i)rt)per  to  call  attention 
to  other  forms  of  polished  stone  im- 
l)lements,  which,  like  the  i)receding 
(of  the  purpose  of  which,  there  can 
be  no  doubt),  may  be  properly 
Fig.  io3.-New  classed  as  drills  of  some  particular       HffiBfffiif'l/'  1  i 

"'"'^'  pattern,  and  as  such  designed  for 
peculiar  purposes.  A\'hatever  may  be  the  charac- 
ter of  these  ''uncertain  forms,"  they  are  not 
uniipie,  and  hence  it  is  evident  that  they  are 
nof  merely  the  result  of  a  whim  on  the  part  of 

the  maker.  ^[^SSf//  '  '/// 

Fig.  104  represents  a  polished  stone  imple- 
ment, of  ])cculiar  pattern,  from  Concord,  Mass. 
As  the  illustration  plainly  shows,  there  is  a  w^ell 
defineil,  piercing  point  at  each  end  of  the  im- 
plement, and  these  were  evidenUy  intended  to  ^K// 
be  used.  Of  the  large  series  of  stone  imple- 
ments   from    Massachusetts  in  the    Museum  at     Fig.  104.— Massachusetts, 


ii8 


PRIMITIVK    INDUSTRY. 


('anil)ii(l^'L',  tlitTc  is  no  otlior  speciincn  tliat  is  similar  to  this.  I'rom 
tJK'  slitiliicaiis.  li()\vc\er,  liave  l)efn  jjrocured  many  large  lionc  iiiii)lc'- 
mcnts,  pointed  at  one  end,  which  are  i)racticall\'  the  same  as  the 
above.      A  broken   specimen  of  an   imi)Iement  of  this  jiattern    has 

been  fonnd  in  New  Jersey,  and  another, 
not  broken,  but  smaller,  near  Columbia, 
Penn.,  on  the  liank  of  the  Susi|iiehanna 
ri\er.  Fig.  104  is  circular  in  section  at 
all  jjoints.  Except  in  this,  the  larger 
cliipped  drills,  such  as  fig.  89,  would,  if 
ground  down  until  every  trace  of  chipping 
disappeared,  be  similar  in  form.  !'ig.  104 
has  evidently  not  been  first  chip|)ed  and 
then  ground  or  rubbed  down.  The  surface 
of  the  widest  ])ortion  is  apparently  the  uii- 
altered  surface  of  the  natural  ( ylindrical 
pebble,  selected  for  the  puri)ose  of  making 
a  long,  double  ])ointed  drill,  if  such  the 
implement  really  is. 

Fig.  105  represents  a  supposed  drill, 
which,  in  its  design,  bears  much  the  same 
relation  to  those  of  the  largest  si/e  already 
figured,  that  the  diminutive  awls  bear  to 
these  arrowheads,  the  bases  of  which  are 
reproiUiced.  A\'ere  there  only  the  lower 
side  projections,  this  imjjlenient  would  be 
of  peculiar  interest,  in  that  it  has  been  worn 
to  a  positive  polish,  although  originally 
chipped  into  shape.  The  upper,  smaller  projections  lessen  very  much 
the  value  of  the  implement,  if  looked  upon  as  a  drill,  and  do  not  of 
themselves  offer  any  suggestion  as  to  the  jiurposes  for  which  the  imple- 
ment may  ha\e  been  used.  The  extremely  dull  point  shows  con- 
clusively that  whatever  may  have  been  its  conilition  originally,  it  now 
has  no  penetrative  power. 


Fic.  10;.  — New  Jersey.    \. 


DRILLS,    AWLS    OK    J'KKl'OKATORS. 


119 


Objects  like  fig.  105,  although  few  in  number,  have  lieen  met  with 
in  widely  separated  localities.  Spec  imens,  differing  in  no  imimrtant 
feature,  not  even  in  si/e,  and  all  with  a  polish  jjruduced  apparently 
by  long  usage,  are  known  from  (Jhio,  Wisconsin,  western  New  York, 
central  i'ennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey. 

Notwithstanding  some  slight  reseml)lance  thereto,  it  seems  wholly 
improbable  that  these  i)olished  implements  should  have  been  weapons 
of  any  kind.  On  comi)aring  the  two  forms,  fig.  105  will  be  found  to 
vary  very  much  from  the  Hint  daggers  found  in  'I'ennessee  and  Ar- 
kansas. 

Untjuestionable  stone  tlrills  of  this  pattern,  but  smaller,  have  been 
found  in  Illinois,  which  have  the  barb-like  projections  distinctly 
curved,  and  much  hunger  than  those  of  fig.  105.  Others,  again,  have 
these  lateral  jjrojections  of  greater  width  than  length,  thus  giving  the 
implements  the  apiiearanee  of  birds  with  outspread  wings.  No  e.\- 
ami)'.es  of  these  have  been  found  in  New  Jersey,  except  a  fragmentary 
si)ecimen  of  the  latter,  made  of  argillite,  which  is  now  in  the  Museum 
of  Archaeology  at  Cambridge,  Mass. 


CHAPTER    VIII. 


SCRAI'KKS. 


To  an  easily  recognized  class  of  chipped  stone  implements,  found 
more  or  less  al)undantly  tlirouglioiit  luiroi)e  and  North  America,  has 
been  aiijjlied  the  name  "  scraper,"  a  term  that  at  once  gives  the  reader 
a  full  insight  into  the  ohject  of  the  implement.  'I'hese  so-called 
scrapers  have  been  described'-'^  as  "oblong  stones,  one  end  of  which 
is  rounded  and  brought  to  a  bevel'ed  edge  by  a  series  of  small  blows. 
One  side  is  flat,  the  other  or  outer  one  is  more  or  less  convex ;  some- 
times they  have  a  short  handle,  which  gives  them  very  much  the 
appearance  of  a  spoon.  They  have  been  found  in  iMigland,  France, 
Denmark,  Ireland,  Switzerland,  and  other  coimtries.  Tiiey  vary  from 
one  to  four  inches  in  length,  and  from  half  an  inch  to  two  inches  in 
breadth.  »  •  •  *  Modern  specimens  (Kscjuimaux)  are  in  form  iden- 
tical with  the  old  ones." 

Along  our  northern  .Atlantic  seaboard,  the  abunilance  of  these 
scrapers  varies  exceedingly.  In  New  Jersey,  they  are  very  common 
wherever  relics  of  any  kind  occur ;  and  the  various  forms  are  as  well 
represented  as  in  Ohio,  whence  come  the  finest  ex;miples  of  this, 
as  well  as  other  forms  of  chipped  implements.  In  the  Connecticut 
valky,  they  are  less  abundant,  though  in  nowise  scarce  ;  while  in 
eastern  Massachusetts  they  are  very  seldom  found.  In  the  various 
river  valleys  of  New  York,  they  occur  frequently ;  but  judging  from 
the  collections  from  that  section,  they  are  not  as  abundant  as  in  the 
Delaware  and  Connecticut  ri\er  valleys ;  although  I  learn  from  Rev. 
W.    M.   Beauchamp  of  Haldwinsville,  New  York,  that  in  Onondaga 


'»  Lubbock,  Prehistoric  Times,  21I  ed.,  p.  92. 


(121) 


122 


PRIMITIVE    IXDUSTRY. 


county,  scrapers  are  abundant,  unci  uf  many  forms,  and  often  com- 
bined witli  knives. 

It  is  nut  impossilole  tiiat  one  reason  for  the  al)sence  of  this  useful 
implement  in  some  iocalities  is  that  other  material  than  stone  was  used 
in  llieir  manufacture,  and  they  liave  been  destroyed.  Nature  jjrovides 
in  tlie  shells  of  certain  bivahx's,  excellent  scrapers  which  would  effect 
all  that  the  Indian  ever  accomplished  with  those  made  of  flint,  ^\'hen 
resident  throughout  the  year,  in  the  immediate  \icinity  of  the  sea,  it  is 
well  known  that  many  implements  of  sheU  were  daily  in  use  ;  and 
hence,  to-day,  as  we  wander  along  the  shellheaps  and  coastwise 
haunts  of  the  Indians,  we  find  fewer  stone  implements  and  a  smaller 
variet)-  of  them  than  occur  in  the  fields  that  bonier  on  our  inland 
streams. 

^\■hile  the  term  ''scraper"  suggests  at  once,  that  something  was 
scrai)ed,  it  does  not  imply  any  particular  ol)je(  t.  although  the  fact  that 
the  skins  of  manunals  needed  carefid  working,  and  scra|)ing  particu- 
larly, to  be  available  for  clothing,  is  so  well  known,  that  skmscra[)ing  is 
the  supposition  on  the  part  of  every  one  who  meets  with  the  term 
"scraper,"  so  far  as  it  describes  a  (lass  of  stone  implements.  Many 
of  these  scrapcTs,  ho\\e\er,  are  of  such  small  si/e,  that  it  is  doubtful 
if  the\-  could  ha\e  been  used  advaiUageousl)'  for  any  such  ])urpose  ; 
yet  their  abundance  and  the  care  with  which  they  are  finished  show 
cond,-  ucly  that  they  played  an  important  part  in  the  production  of 
some  object  in  constant  use.  It  is  more  probable  that  they  were  used 
in  making  bone  beads  and  similar  trinkets,  than  in  any  other  way. 

Fig.  106  re])rescnts  a  jasper  scraper,  of  the  simplest  form  and  of 
the  maxuuuni  size.  Of  a  series  of  o\er  fi\e  hundri-d  evamples  of  this 
pattern  (jf  stone  implement,  none  are  larger,  and  but  three  are  more 
than  half  its  size.  If  classified  according  to  size,  this  would  be  taken 
as  a  typical  specimen  j  but  it  cannot  be  so  considered  among  the 
series  of  scra])ers  as  reiiresented  in  the  are:  of  the  northern  Atlantic 
seaboard.  C'ertainl)',  scrapers  of  this  si/e  are  o''  \ery  exceptional 
o(  (  urrence. 

As  is  the  case  in  ninety  per  ceiU.  nf  the  scrapers  from   New  Jersey, 


SCRAPERS. 


123 


and  in  all  such  as  have  been  examined  from  New  Kngland  localities,  lie 
working  edge  of  this  implement  sliows  no  indication  of  wear  as  might 
be  expected,  even  if  a  substance  no  harder  than  deerskin  was  nibbed 
wit!   't.     The  grit  that  would  be  certain  to  be  upon  such  skins  njuld 


'^=n 


n 


Fig.  106.  —  New  K'rsey.  Vwi.   \c/>,t,  —  Side  view. 

be  sufficient  to  pnjduce  a  fewstri;c  ,  :md  yet  on  this,  as  upon  hucireds  of 
others,  there  is  no  indication  lliat  tlie  sjiecimen  was  e\er  in  u.e.  An 
implement  as  large  as  fig.  106  was  ])rolial)ly  used  witlio.,,  a  handle  of 
an\  kind  ;  at  least  it  needs  none,  if  used  in  tiie  manner  suggested. 
This  paltem,  but  of  smaller  size,  when  usetl  by  the  Kskimo,  was 
mounted  in  a  small  wooden  or  bone  handle. 

Fig.  J07   represents  a  flake  of  green  jasper,  that  has  been  mili/ed 
as  a  scrajier,  by  giving  to  it  a  distinctly  bevelled  edge.     The  under  side 


124 


PRIMITIVE    INDUSTRY. 


pr'jsen;s  hut  a  single  plane,  and  but  little  alteration  was  needed  to 
convert  the  flake  into  the  excellent  scraper  it  now  is.  Flakes,  thus 
used,  constitute  about  one-fifth  of  the  whole  number  found.  This,  at 
least,  is  true  of  these  implements  as  fountl  in  New  jerse)',  where  of  a 
series  of  five  hundred  and  five,  ninety-seven  were  flakes  similar  to  the 
j)receding,  and  the  one  here  figured.  There  is  such  an  abundance  of 
available  flakes,  like  fig.  107,  among  the  chij)s  made  by  the  ancient 
arrowmakers,  that  it  remains  a  wonder  why  such 
elaborately  wrought  scrapers  shoukl  e\er  have 
l)een  made  ;  and  yet,  in  fact,  they  outnumber 
the  no  less  desirable  flake-scrapers,  five  to  one. 
Flakes  converted  into  scTapers,  like  fig.  107,  are 
not  of  such  irregular  antl  indefinite  shapes  as  the 
term  "  flake  "  implies.  Fully  three-fourths  of  them 
are  symmelricall)'  triangular,  or  var)'  therefrom  to- 
'  wards  a  four-sided  implement.    Tin.  majority  are 


not  as  irregular  even  as  fig.  107  in  outline. 


Fir,.  107.  —  New  Jcr^cy. 


Occasionally,  flake-scrapers  like  the  above,  are 
found  with  a  distinctly  knife-like,  or  cutting  edge  on  the  end  opi)osite 
that  which  is  be^•ellcd,  showing  that  a  combination  of  the  two  forms  of 
knife  and  scraper  was  desired.  It  may  not  be  mere  fancy  to  suppose 
that  such  im!)lements  were  used  in  scaling  and  cleaning  fish  ;  especially 
as  some  of  the  larger  forms  liave  been  found  in  shellhtiaps  with  a  large 
quantity  of  fish  bones.  It  may  be  well  here  to  remark  that  fish  consti- 
tuted a  very  important  factor  in  the  footl  supplies  of  the  Indians  of  the 
Atlantic  coast,  and  our  principal  river  valleys  ;  and  it  can  scarcely  be 
questioned  that  a  large  jin-jio'-tion  of  the  stone  implements  now  found 
along  these  river  valleys,  and  in  tiie  shellhea])s  of  the  seacoast,  were 
designed  for  the  capture  and  subsequent  conversiun  into  food  of  the 
hundreds  of  edil)le  fishes  foun<l  in  those  waters.-'-' 


^'*  In  .T  notice  of  various  shcllhraps  .-ilniii;  the  Massachusetts  coast,  IVofcssor  Ihitnatii  refers  to  the 
great  iiuaiitities  of  llie  hones  of  tlic  Monklish.or  Wolf  (isli  (.  I  ;/ii »■»■///<  ,1.1  /»/t«i),  now  rejjanlesl  .is 
unfit  for  food.  More  than  two-thirils  of  tlie  tish  h<ines  of  some  heaps  were  tiiost  ,'f  tliis  siwcies. 
Bulletin,  Ksscx  Institute,  Salem,  Mass  ,  Voh  iv,  |i.  123. 


scrai'i;rs. 


^25 


Vi'^.  lo.S  represents  ;i  largo  slate  scraper  of  a  jjattern  (piite  <iininion 
ill  luirope.  but  less  rre(iuently  met  ivitii  in  eastern  North  America. 
The  bevelled  edge  is  not  as  distinctly  chipjjed  as  in  jasper  specimen.) ; 
or.  if  it  were  originally  well  wrought,  it  has  by  use  beccjmo  \ery  jagged 
and  rough,  'i'he  material,  slate,  however,  does  not  flake  readil\-,  and 
the  objects  made  of  it  are  usually  ([uite  rough,  and  ct)mpare  ver\-  un- 
lavorabiy  with  tiie  jasper  specimens  of  similar  i)atterns.     \\'here  slate 


'    •-,    io3— New  Jersey.     \.  Fig.  log.  —  New  Jcr-iy.     \. 

[,  Iii   ,,      e.  ■■  was  used  to  a  large  extent,  even  when  other  and  more 
desiraMe  s'.oae  could  be  readily  obtained. 

Mg.  109  represents  a  svmnieirit  al  siiecimen  of  a  scraper.  The 
materi.d  of  which  it  is  made  is  jasper,  ami  the  care  shown  in  the 
chipping  is  very  marked,  'i'he  tront  or  working  edge  is  beautifully 
bevelled,  and  shows  (as  is  so  rarely  the  ca>e)  a  faint  trace  (if  polish 
.viid  stria',  indicative  of  the  jnesence  of  grit,   or   of  its  u^e  in  some 


126 


I'RIMITIVK  INDUSTRY. 


Other  capacity  than  scraping  skins.  The  handle,  or  narro'scr  jjortion  of 
the  iniplenienl  is  evenly  chipped  and  brought  to  a  sharp  edge,  both 
along  the  sides  and  at  the  end.  It  is  jirobable  that  this  trimming  of 
the  handle  was  for  the  ready  insertion  of  the  implement  into  a  bone 
socket,  rather  than  that  the  delicately  chipped  margins  were  intended 
for  cutting.  ()f  the  various  ]xUterns  of  scrapers  that  are  found  in 
New  Jersey,  none  are  moie  suggestive  of  use  in  connection  with  a 
hantlle  than  such  as  this  specimen.  Fig.  109  is  almost  identical  with 
the  modern  I',skinio  scraper,  figured  in  Prehistoric  Times,  p.  93,  figs. 
106-108,  and  varies  I  ;  ^'ft'e  from  an  ancient  specimen  from  the  south 
of  France,  figured  on  \).  c  'le  same  work.     It  would  ajjpear  then, 

that  these  scrapers  occur,  as 
do  arrowheads,  over  a  large 
])ortion  of  the  globe,  and  are 
of  essential!}'  the  same  shapes 
and  sizes. 

Figs.  T  10  and  iii  represent 
two  smaller  scrapers  tlvit  differ 
from  such  as  ha\e  been  de- 
scribed, in  ha\ing  an  edge  not 
be\-clled  from  one  side  only, 
but  from  both,  thus  giving 
it  not  an  ordinary  straight 
chipped  <ntting  edge,  but  an  oval  one.  V.yi^n  those  that  are  most  like 
the  larger  knives,  do  not  seem  to  have  had  cutting  edges,  which  have 
become  dulled  b\-  use.  This  rounded  ratlier  than  ]ie\elled  edge  does 
not  make  of  these  impleuKiUs  a  de^irable  I'orm  of  scraper,  as  we  un- 
derstand dieir  use  ;  Init  it  seems  more  rational  to  class  them  as 
such  rather  llian  to  consider  tliem  as  cutting  implements,  as  has  been 
done. 

While  imjilemenls  with  an  edge  similar  to  that  of  the  "  round-nosed 
turning  chisel"  ma\-  be  ( onsidered  as  t\pical  scrapers,  those  here 
described  must  be  classed  as  a  modification  of  the  former,  until  it  is 
shown  that  thev  were  intended  tor  some  ])ur])ose  lA'  u  wholly  dilferent 


t'iG.  no. — New  Jersey. 


SCRAPERS. 


127 


character.  In  fig.  in,  we  liave  an  example  of  tliis  pattern  witli  the 
edge  sliglitly  bevelled,  or  rather  somewiiat  approaching  the  charac- 
teristic bevelled  edge. 

As  a  class,  these  s]jeciniens  constitute  but  a  small  jiercentage  of  the 
whole  number  of  typical  scrapers,  found  in  New  Jersey. 

In  figs.  1 1  2  and  1 1 3  are  represented  examples  of  the  smallest-sized 
scrapers,  found  in  any  locality  along  the  northern  Ati.MUic  seaboard. 
These  small  scrapers  are  invariably  made  of  cpiartz  or  jasper,  and  have 
all  the  symmetry  and  care  in  finish  that  characterize  the  specimens  of 
larger  size.  In  many  of  them, 
the  working  edge  is  even  more 
carefully  chipped,  and  when  the 
siJecimen  is  a  flake,  or  chipped 
only  on  one  side,  the  <  haracler- 
istic  features  of  the  scra[)er  are 
better  shown  on  these  smallest 
specimens,  than  on  the  majority 
of  those  of  the  medium  size.  In 
fig.  1 12  we  h.ive  a  s])ecimen  that 
has  been  chipi)ed  upon  both 
sitles,  but  the  under  side  is  al- 
most as  smooth  and  even  as  if 
it  were  a  single  ])lane.     Fig.  1 13 

"  /  '  I'K,.  n I.  — New  Jersey.    \- 

IS  a  Hake,  and  has  the  under  side 

jjcrfectly    smooth,    but    is    slightly    curved    in    the    directitm    of    the 

bevelling  of  the  working  edge. 

In  New  Jersey  these  small  scrapers  are  comi)aratively  abundant. 
Of  a  series  of  five  hundred,  eighty-six  are  less  than  an  in(  h  in  length. 
and  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  these  are  triangular  flakes,  (hipped  onl)- 
upon  one  side. 

So  large  a  number  of  these  diminutive  objects  have  ])vcn  found, 
that  it  is  e\ident  they  were  in  common  use  for  some  purpose; 
and  the  fact  that  they  are    almost   always    found    on   known  \illage 


128 


I'RIMITIVK  INDUSTRY. 


sites  would  indicate  that  they  were  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
some  otlier  article,  and  not,  like  a  knife  or  .spearpoint,  carried 
about  the  person. 

l''ig.  114  is  supposeil  to  be  a  jasper  scraper,  although  the  working 
edge  is  not  bevelled,  but  has  been  produced  by  de- 
taching a  single  flake  along  the  entire  width  of  the 
specimen.  This  gives  the  imjilement  a  cur\ed  edge 
which  is  exceedingly  well  adapted  to  scraping,  whether 
it  was  ever  so  used  or  not.  The  end  sujjposed  to  be 
inserted  in  a  wooden  or  bone  handle  is  ])ointed,  and, 
■  ^''^™  were  it  not  so  short,  would  seem  of  better  shape  for 
secure  hafting,  than  when  broader.  Scrapers  of  this 
pattern  occur  in  Europe,  and  in  son^.e  instances  they  have  tiie 
pointed  end  more  tapering  and  drill-like,  than  in 
the  example  here  /'guretl. 

J'ig.  115  represents  a  scraper  made  of  slate,  and 
is  a  modifK-ation  of  the  triangular  jiattern.  It  is 
e\en  more  distinctly  stemmed  than  in  the  jireceding 
instance.  The  working  edge  is  not  distinctly  bev- 
elled, but  it  has  been  apparently,  and  is  remarkable 
as  being  imusually  curved.  This  scraper  is  greatly  weathered,  and  in 
l)laces  is  so  smooth  that  all   traces  of  the   originally  chipped   surfaces 

have  disappeared.  This  material,  slate, 
was  used  for  scrajjcrs  much  less  than 
argillite,  and  all  the  specimens  of  this 
mineral  that  have  been  gathered  have  been 
of  the  rudest  character,  both  as  to  sha])e 
and  fmish.  Possibly  they  were  made  for 
some  emergency  and  then  cast  aside. 

I'ig.  1 16  re])resents  a  handsomely  shaped 

and   carefully  chipped    siraper,  of  brown 

jasper.      It    has    some    |)oints   in   coimnon 

with    the    preceding,  but  differs   materially  in    others.     The  working 


Fl(i.  114.  —  New  Jersey. 


SCRAI'KRS. 


129 


edge  is  tinusually  narrow  for  tlie  length,  Init  the  l)evelle(l  edges  are 
i:(jntinucd  along  the  sides,  nearly  to  the  commencement  of  the  nar- 
rowed i)ortion  or  handle  of  the  implement. 

Of  the  few  examples  of  true  scrapers  from  New  l-'.ngland,  none  ap- 
pear to  be  of  tnis  ixittern,  which  is  quite  common  in  New  Jersey. 
Even  such  as  are  found  in  the  Connecticut  valley  seldom  ha\-e  a  stem 
or  handle,  which  ])ortion  is  often  of  better  finish  than  represented  in 
the  figure. 

The  ordinary  scrapers  found  in  New  Jersey  and  northward  do  not 


lie;.  115,— \uw  Ji-rscy.     \. 


¥«,. 


16.  —  \c\v  Jersey.     \. 


ai)iiear  to  be  of  common  occurrence  in  the  more  southern  stat?s, 
althongh  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  they  are  even  more  abundant.  In  the 
series  of  stone  implements  descril)ed  by  Col.  C.  V.  Jones,  jr.,  in 
"  Antic'Mties  of  the  Southern  Indians,"  there  are  no  examples  of 
stemmed,  or  oval  scrapers,  nc^r  of  the  other  more  finished  patterns 
that  occur  in  New  Jersey  ;  except  such  as  are  sujiposed  to  be  made 
from  the  bases  of  broken  arrow  and  speari>()ints.  On  the  other  hand 
there  have  been  no  examples  found  here  of  tlie  large  polished  stone 
scrapers,  with  a  celt-like  edge,  anil  a  sijuare  stem-like  handle.  These 
9 


1 30 


PRIMiriVl'.  INDfSlKV. 


so-called  scrajKTS,  wiiich  arc  sometimes  ])crforate(l  at  the  junction  of 
the  blade  and  handle,  are  ])eculiarly  a  southern  form. 

l*'ii,'.  1 1  7  represents  a  large  stemmed  scraper,  of  about  the  largest 
size.    This  specimen  is  made  of  slate,  rudely  chipped  ujjon  both  sides, 


!l  /' 


I    i;'j/;' ;  «f  11,1,1,,, ,  \.mk 


,)r 


%' 


/ 


/ 


V.  T 


^/  "-^//^  /I 


\-w.. 


\ 


-  N\w  Jersey.     | . 


and  nas  not  a  distinctly  l)e\elled  edge.  The  surface  is  now  much 
weathered  and  of  a  yellowish  hue;  but  the  slate  of  which  the  speci- 
men is  made  is  of  a  deep  bluishdilack  color.  There  are  some  sliglit 
traces  of  wear  ui)on  the  working  edL',e,  and  there  may  have  been  many 
more,  before  the  surface  became  so  decomposed  from  long  exposure. 


SCRAPERS. 


131 


1  of 

jest 
les, 


When  referring,  in  a  preceding  ixaragrapli  to  tlie  al)senrc  of  any  cx- 
ami^lcs  cf  iK.Ii.shed  stone  scrapers,  snch  as  tliose  described  from  Ceorgia, 
it  was  more  with  reference  to  tlieir  being  a  polished  instead  of  a  chipped 
im])lement;    for   in   size   and  outline, 
fig.  1 1 7  is  ])ractically  the  same  imple- 
ment, and,  if  polished,  would  be  indis- 
tinguishable  from    those   found    in 
Georgia.     Not  all  of  the  sou   hern 
polished  scrapers,  how(n-er,  are  of  as 
hard  a  stone  as  diorite.     There  is  a 
specimen   from   Arkansas,    in    the 
Museum    at    Cambridge,    made    of 
canncl  coal,  and  another  from   'J"en- 
nessee,  made  of  a  comparatively  soft,  slaty  ro<k.     Scra],ers  of  this 
pattern  of  fig.  1 1  7  are  very  rarely  met  with  in  New  Jerse>-,  and  are  all 
the  more  interesting,  since  in  shape  and  size  they  bear  so  great  a  re- 
semblance to  the  polished  specimens  from  the  south.     In  the  three 
following   illustrations,  figs.    iiS,   1,9,  and    120,  we    have   excellent 


Fk;.  nS.  —  New  Jersey,    -j . 


!inich 
qieci- 
slight 
many 
osure. 


Fig.  iig.  — New  Jersey.     \. 


Fig.  120.  —  New  Jersey. 


average  examples  of  the  ordinary  jasper  stemme.l  scrai)ers,  such  as 
occur  in  wonderful  abundance,  throughout  much  of  the  area  of  New 
Jersey,  and  less  abundantly  in  New  York  and  New  England,  'i'hese 
scrapers  are  quite  uniform  in  size  and  vary  but  little  in  design.     The 


ija 


I'RI.MinVt:    INDUSTKV. 


great  majority  have  a  dislini'tly  hevelled  c(l,i,'e,  whicli  in  some  cases 
is  of  remarkal>le  finisli,  from  the  small  si/e  and  uniform  direction  of 
the  f.icets.  In  some,  the  chippini,'  of  the  edge  has  been  from  both 
sides.  \Vl-,ether  siu  h  are  really  S(  rapers,  or  stemmed  knives,  is  a 
matter  of  doubt.  As  we  find,  however,  a  well-marked  form  of  stemmed 
knives  whi(  h  are  always  much  thinner,  and  dilTer  materially  from  these 
in  other  resjiects.  it  is  probable  that  although  not  bevelled,  the  edges 
of  smh  as  are  chii)i)ed  upon  bull;  sides  were  used  as  scrapers,  and  not 
as  cutting  implements. 

From  an  undoubted  likeness  to  the  ba;:''s  of  sjjearheads,  it  has  been 
verv  generallv  supposed  that  scrapers  of  this  pattern  were  usually,  if 
not  always,  made  by  utilizing  the  bases  of  such  spearjioints  as  hai)i)ened 
to  yet  broken.     To  some  extent  tliis  may  have  been  true,  but  that  it 
was  generally  so  is  evidently  a  mistake.     A  carefiil  examination  of  a 
large  series  of  these  stemmed  scrapers  show>,  in  very  many,  a  gentle 
curve  of  the  whole  implement  in  the  bevelling  of  the  edge,  which,  if 
continued  throughout  the  entire  length  of  a  si)eariioint  of  a  si/e  (iro- 
iiortiunate    to  the  su]ii>osed    base,  would    make    the    im]ilement    too 
crooked  to  be  of  any  value  as  a  weapon.     Again,  we  see  in  every 
lar;'e  series,  a  gradation  from  the  triangular  or  ([uadrangular  Hake  to 
such  as  are  distinctly  slemmeil  ;  and  more  imi)ortant  than  all,  numer- 
ous specimens  have  been  found  in  refuse  heaps  of  Hint  chii)s,  which 
ha\e  had  the  bevelled  edge  complete,  but  in  consei|uence  of  some 
uiiseen  flaw  in  the  mineral,  the  stem  had  not  l)een  made,  and  the 
specimen  in  this  unfini-hed  condition  had  been  rejected.      It  should 
I)e  remembered  too.  that  s])earpoints  would  most  likel\-  be  broken  in 
hunting  or  in  warfare,  and  in  either  case,  the  diances  of  finding  the 
broken  weapons  would  be  ([uite  small,  as  they  did  not  then  fall  ui)on 
cultivated  fields  or  stretches  of  grassy  meadows,  but   in  dense  forest 
growths  or  tangled  thi(  kets,  where  they  would  remain  unnoticed  even 
by  the  keen-eyed  natives. 

That  stenuiied  scrajjcrs  were  as  much  an  independently  designed 
implement,  as  spears  or  arrowheads,  is  proved  by  the  occurrence  of 
such  flakes  as  fig.  121  which  is  carefully  chipped  along  the  sides  for 


SCRAPERS. 


^n 


1''k;.  121.  —  New 
Jersey.     1. 


the  express  purpose  of  iirodiicing  a  well-marked,  stem-like  projection. 
Flakes,  thus  worked,  are  not  cIkuk  e  ocrurrences,  i)ut  are  (juite  fre- 
quently found,  and  so  liave  a  direct  hearing  ujion 
the  (]uestion. 

Figs.  122  and  123  represent  U\o  e.xaniples  of 
another  fcjrni  of  slenmied  scrapers  which  are  much 
less  common  in  New  jersey,  and  are  verv  rarely 
seen  in  New  ICngland.  'I'iie  .same  oigections  to 
cla.ssing  them  as  rechiiijjcd  arrowpoints,  th;it  have 
been  urged  with  reference  to  the  ])receding  speci- 
mens, hold  good  in  these  cases.  In  fig.  122,  we 
have,  it  is  true,  a  s])ecimen  equally  cliijiped  upon 
both  sides,  and  jjossessing  no  feature  whic  h  may  not  have  been  e(iually 
common  to  an  arrowhead,  but  in  fig.   123  we  have  an  instance  of  the 

same  jiattern  of  scrajjcr  chipped  directly 
from  a  Hake  of  cjuartzite,  whicii  siiows  that 
such  scra])ers  were  not  always  made  from 
the  broken  fragments  of  other  kinds  of 
implements.  It  is  very  seldom  that  we 
meet  with  scra]>ers  of  this  ])attern  as  small 
as  this,  and  with  the  bases  so  very  deeplv 
notched.  The  object  of  this  is  difficult  to 
determine.  Indeed,  were  these  scrapers, 
in  all  cases,  the  utilized  bases  of  spear  and 
arrowpoints,  they  would  be  much  nu)re  in- 
telligible ;  for  certainly  as  a  simple  instnunent  for  .scraping  either  skin 
or  bone,  those  of  jjlain  triangular  outline  or  with 
short  straight  stems  have  every  advantage  pos- 
sessed by  figs.  122  and  123. 

Figs.  124  and  125  represent  two  examples  of 
a  form  of  supi)osed  scraper,  of  which  a  number 
of  specimens  ha\e  been   found    in    one    limited 
locality.     The  l)ases  are  chipped  so  as  to  give  them  distinctly  bev- 
elled edges,  and  the  pointed  ends  are  so  shaped  as  strongly  to  sug- 


Fic;.  122. —  InJi: 


Ki<;.  123..— New  Jer>cy. 


'34 


PRIMITIVE  INDI^'STRY. 


gest  tliu  iilca  i.Ii;it  tlicsL-  iiniilciuriits  are  combinations  of  the  scraper 
and  tlic  drill.  If  su,  they  were  proliahiy  used  in  the  nuuiufacture  of 
small  arti(  les  from  steatite  and  other  soft  minerals,  and  not  as  scrapers 
of  the  common  patterns  were  used.  'I'he  pointed  end  of  fig.  125 
clearly  sIkjws  evidences  of  wear,  such  as  would  be  jiroduced  by  con- 
stantly boring  or  drilling  other  stones  ;  and  there  seems  no  reason  why 
scrapers  like  these  should  not  have  been  used  to  rub  down,  to  a  uni- 
form surface,  such  slabs  of  slate  and  sandstone  as  were  used  for  pen- 
dants, gorgets  and  ornamental  objects  of  that  (  hara(  ter.  I'ntil  we 
find  the  workshop-site  and  refuse  of  the  wcrker  in  stoni',  who  made 
ornaments  instead  of  arrowheads,  it  will  be  impossible  to  say  just  what 


Fig,  I'J4.  —  New  Jersey. 


Klii.   125.  —  New  Jersey. 


methods  were  ])ursued  in  making  some  of  the  commonest  objects  of 
this  character;  l)ut  that  the  combined  drills  and  scrapers  here  figured 
were  i)ut  to  some  such  use  seems  far  more  i)robable,  than  that  they 
were  simply  skin-dressers. 

Fig.  126  represents  a  chipped  implement  that  as  much  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  knife,  and  also  closely  resembles  the  chi])ped  flint  '"sling- 
stones"  that  occu'-  in  Europe.  In  this  instance,  it  is  believed  to  be 
a  scraper.  Scrapers  with  battered  edges,  and  of  a  ([uadrangular  outline, 
very  similar  in  general  appearance  to  the  modern  "strike-a-lights"  are 
rare.  Fig.  126  represents  such  a  "scraper."  It  is  of  yellow  jasper, 
an  inch  and  a  half  long,  an  inch  wide,  and  half  an  iiK  h  thick  near  the 
middle  of  the  specimen.     The  front  edge  is  much  battered  and  has 


SCUAI'KkS. 


'35 


every  appeiininee  of  liaviny  l)eeii  struck  against  a  mineral  as  liaril  as 
pyrites. 

I'yrites,  in  masses  of  various  sizes,  is  very  al)un(iant  about  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  wliere  tiiese  sliort,  tlii(  k  s(  rapers  are  found.  It  occurs  in  tiie 
beds  of  Jurasso-cretaceous  clay  \viii(  h  crop  out  of  the  iiillsides  along 
the  NvW  Jersey  shore  of  tiie  l)ela\vare,  near  'Irenton,  .Neiv  Jersey, 
being  there  attacjied  in  large  masses  to  the  fosMJi  trees  enibeckled  in 
these  strata. 

The  conclusive  evidence  brought  lorward  by  Mr.  I'Aans,'"'  tiiat  many 
of  these  short,  thick  "scrajjers"  were  used  in  connection  with  pyrites 
for  producing  fire,  has  rendered  it  pro])able  that  in  this  country  also, 
sitch  may  have  been  tiie  use  of  tJiese  tiiick, 
quadrangular  masses  of  jasper,  whicii,  wiiile 
resembling  scrapers,  have  battered  edges,  and 
in  all  respects  are  just  such  forms  as  might  be 
sujjposed  to  have  been  used  for  this  jjurpose  ; 
nor  do  we  lack  historical  evidence  that  tiie 
Indians  of  the  Atlantic  coasi.  to  some  extent  at 
least,  were  accust<3med  to  |jn)cure  fire  in  this 
manner.  lohn  lirereton,  in  his  lirief  and  True 
Relation  of  the  Discovery  of  ihe  Norllt  I'art 
of  Virginia  (London,  1602)  says  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Indians,  "they  strike  fire  in  this  manner;  every  one  car- 
rieth  about  him  in  a  ])urse  of  tewed  leather,  a  mineral  stone  (which  I 
take  to  be  their  co])per),  and  with  a  fiat  emery  stone  (wherewith 
glaciers  cut  glass,  and  cuttlers  glaze  blades),  tied  fast  to  tlie  end 
of  a  little  stick,  gently  he  striketh  upon  the  mineral  stone,  and  within 
a  stroke  or  two,  a  spark  falleth  upon  a  i)iece  of  touch  wood  (much 
like  our  sjjonge  in  ICnglanil),  and  with  the  least  s[)ark  he  maketh  a  fire 
presently." 

While  it  is  possible  that  knowledge  of  this  method  of  producing 
fire  was  derived  from  the  luiropeans,  who,  for  more  than  a  century 


I'll'..  126.— New  Jersey.     \, 


8**  Ancient  Slone  Implements  uf  Great  IJritain,  p.  2S0. 


tm 


136 


I'lUMIIIVK  INDUSIKY. 


lirevioi'.s  to  tlic  vi^it  of  l'>reri'loii,  had  occasionally  visited  &r  New 
I'jiglaiitl  coast,  it  is  not  <  Icar  how  the  Indians  learned  to  use  pyritt-",, 
which  lircrcton  evidently  mistook  for  their  (opper,  as  a  snhstitnte  for 
iron  or  steel.  It  is  highly  imiirohalile  that  the  knowledge  of  the  fact, 
that  iron  ])vrites  wonld  answer  the  same  jjiirpose  as  steel  in  ))rodiicing 
fae.  wis  likewise  derir  ed  from  I',uro|)ean  \i^ilors  t(j  our  (oast  ;  and,  if 
)iot,  the  statement  of  iSrerettin  gives  ns  e\  iden<  e  of  a  custom,  which 
sul)sei|iienil\  tell  into  disuse,  as  it  is  not  known  that  any  trilies  of 
Indi.uih,  either  south  or  west  of  M.issachusetts,  ever  procured  fire   in 

this  manner,  unless  we  accept  tl;e 
alitmdance  of  these  short,  thick 
s(  rapers  as  evidence  of  ;'  custom, 
wiii(  h  is  so  ( learly  de^cril)^■d  as,  at 
one  time,  (ommon  among  the  New 
Kngland  tribes. 

Fig,  127  represents  a  form  of  what 
may  jiroperly  be  called  a  "scraper," 
although  e-sentiall)-  different  from 
the  ordinary  form  of  stone  imple- 
ment so  (ailed.  The  material  is 
slate,  but  of  so  (omjiact  a  nature, 
that  it  is  sus(  eptible  of  a  considerable 
polish,  whiih  is  shown  in  the  mar- 
gin o(  the  concave  .surface  of  tiiis 
scrai)er,  which  constitutes  the  pe(  uli.ir  feature  (>f  the  spei  imen. 

'riic  i>iir]>ose  of  this  implement  is  indicated  by  the  evident  traces 
of  wear  in  the  com  ave  i)ortion  of  tlie  front  or  st  raping  margin  ;  this 
is,  that  of  .scraping  the  shafts  of  arrows,  (  ylin<lri(  ,d  bones,  and  objects 
of  that  shape, 

Mr.  lohn  I'.v.ms  has  given  the  designation  of  "hollow  scraper"  to 
an  implement  of  this  character  (Ancient  Stone  Imjilements  of  Creat 
Britain,  p.  .'S7.  fig.  220),and  remarks  of  them  •'  have  two  specimens 
with  the  hollow  as  regular  in  its  sweep  as  any  of  the  sc  rapers  of  the 
ordinarv  form.     Tools   of   this  kind  seem  well   adapted  for  scraping 


flG.  127.  — New  Jcrvcy. 


S(.;uai'i:ks. 


137 


into  regular  shape  the  stems  of  arrows,  or  tlie  sliafts  of  spears,  or  for 
fashioning  hoiie  pins." 

As  yet,  hut  a  single  specimen  from  New  Jersey  of  these  concave 
scrapers  has  been  lirought  U)  the  writer's  notice,  although,  next  to  arrow- 
points  and  knives,  (jrdinary  scrapers  are  tiie  most  abundant  of  all  the 
forms  of  cjiippcd  implements.  from  dus.  it  is  safe  to  conckide  that 
thi-.  fDrm  was  one  not  in  general  use. 

Ill  the  Siis(|uchanna  >alle\'  scra])ers  are 
ajiparently  less  abm.dant  than  in  the  valley 
of  the  Delaware,  liut  some  interesting  ex- 
anii)les  luce  been  obtaini  il.  In  the  (ullec- 
tion  of  the  lale  Prnfessor  Ilajdeman  are, 
auKing  many  forms,  two  jasper  scrapers 
possessing  tiie  peculiar  fea'  re  of  fig.  127. 
One  of  them  is  a  llake  one  inch  in  width 
and  two  and  onedialf  inche-i  in  lengtli.  (  )ne 
side  is  neady  straight ;  trie  otiier,  with  a 
deep,  accurately  I  nr\ed  <  iicavit).  The 
be\elled  edges  are  well  worked,  and  the 
specimen  dearly  sliows  \h.a  it  was  intendetl 
for  scrajiing  convex  suriac  es. 

Fig.  12S  represents  a  simple  form  (<f 
scrajier  that  is  of  excer<Iing  interest.  .\s 
the  iliiistnMon  siioi-.s,  tin-  iin]ilement  is  not 
chipped,  but  a  simple  li  ikedike  fragment  of 
an  o\al  ixbble. 

.\ttention  was  first  talletl  to  these  imple- 
ments, as  found  in  Mew  Jersey,  by  the  publication  by  Prof.  |os.  I.eiily, 
of  a  notiie  of  various  rude  flint  im])lements,  found  near  Fort  liii  Iger, 
southern  Wyoming.  Of  these.  Dr.  I.ei'',  remarks,^"  "In  thi.  :c!ation 
r  may  t.ike  the  oppurtnn.ly  of  speaking  of  a  stone  ii..pienunt  of  the 
.Shoshone  Indians,  one  of  so  simple  a  (haraiii'r  that  had  1  not  observed 


Fig.  128.  —  New  Jersey. 


"  Ceol.  Survey:  Montana,  etc.     Il.iyilens  Aniui.il  Reinirt,  1872,  p.  65J,  pi.  13,  tig.  13, 


138 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


it  iiKutiial  use  and  noti('f('  '.'.  anum^  llu'  materials  (if  the  l)Uttfs,  I  slioiiM 
ha\c  viewed  it  as  an  aeci  lental  >])a\vl.  It  con-'istsor  a  tliin  setjinent  of 
a  ijnart/ite  Ixiwider.  made  \)y  striliini;  the  slone  wiiii  a  smart  hlow.  The 
imidement  is  circular  or  o\al.  witli  a  siiarp  ed^e,  convex  on  one  side 
and  llat  on  tiie  tither.  It  is  i  ailed  a  'teslu)a'  and  is  employed  as  a 
scraper  in  dressing  Ijuffalo  skins.  liy  ai  rideni,  I  learneil  that  the  im- 
j/iement  i^  luit  only  nindern.  as  I  olitained  one  of  the  same  (  haracter, 
together  uiih  some  piTlorated  tu>ks  of  tlie  elk,  Irom  an  old  Indian 
grave,  which  had  been  made  on  the  u|)]ier  side  of  a  hutte,  and  had 
l)econie  exposed  by  the  gradual  wearing  away  of  the  latter."  It  is 
not  imiJroiialile  that  these  ])rimitive  scrapers  have  a  wide  <Iistril)Ution 
along  the  nnril.em  Atlantic  seaboard,  but  that  thus  far  they  liave  been 
generally  overlooketl.  .\ttention  laing  (ailed  to  these  western  s]ie(  i- 
inens,  sean  h  was  made  for  the  same  form  in  central  New  Jersey,  and 
on  sc\er.d  village  sites  nrmbers  were  fnund.  sonu'  of  them  showing 
more  traces  of  wear,  from  long  < ontinned  use,  than  is  shown  on  any  of  the 
flint  scrapers  |)reviously  figured  and  described.  These  "  teshoas  "  from 
New  Jersey  differ  from  the  same  implement  as  described  i)y  Dr.  I.eidy 
in  tliat  the  detached  surface  is  not  generally  flat,  but  is  as  convex  as 
tlie  corn  >pon(ling,  or  natural  surl.K  (.•  of  the  pebble.  I'mm  the  smooth- 
ness and  general  appearan(  e  of  this  ( omparativily  newer  surface,  it  is 
evident  that  tin;  imi)lement  has  been  detaclu'vl  by  a  single  blow  from 
the  pebble,  and  that  this  coincx  surfa(  e  was  then  produced  and  was 
not  the  result  of  subse(nient  setondary  (hipping.  ,\s  yet  no  examjjles 
of  pebbles,  from  whi(  h  these  implements  have  been  taken,  have  been 
collected.  One  su(  h  would,  by  its  (oncasity.  at  om  e  determine 
whether  these  bi-convex  "  te>ho,is  "  wcrt'  made  b\  a  single  dexterous 
blow,  or  whether  subseiiuent  work  was  necessary  U)  give  them  the  out- 
line they  now  liave. 


. 


1 


«■ 


CHAi>ri;R   IX. 


SMCKSTONES  AM)  SINKW  DRESSERS. 


When  we  renieni])or  how  imi)ortant  to  tlic  Indians  wore  tlie  well 
dressed  skins  of  the  elk,  bear,  deer,  l)eaver,  otter  and  nuwkrat,  all  ot' 
which  mammals  were  onee  ahimdaiit  throughout  the  nortiiern  ami 
middle  stales,  i.  .  nut  strange  that  among  the  many  curious  Ibrnis  of 
stone  im].lenients,  that  we  now  gather  from  the  long  deserted  iiannts 
of  the  (ountry's  ]iriniitive  ociupants,  tliere  ^i^()u]d  l)e  numbers  of  such 
as  were  used  in  dressing  and  |)reser\ing  tJu'  skins  of  these  animals. 
As  we  lia\e  already  seen,  one  kind  of  lliut  implement,  carefully  chijjped, 
was  used  at  one  stage  of  tlie  process  of  curing  leather.  The  i)oli>hed 
stone  implements  described  in  the  ])resent  chapter  are  sup|)osed  to 
have  been  used  siibse<|uently  to  the  scrapers,  and  also,  after  the  cured 
skins,  or  leather,  had  been  "male  up"  into  clothing,  while  others, 
curiously  groove<l,  were  doubtlessly  of  use  in  reducing  si  ;  to  a 
more  compai  t  condition  in  whi<h  tl.v-y  ser\ed  as  thread. 

We  are  informed  by  Holm,  that  tlie  Delaware  Indians  could  "tan 
and  iirep.ue  the  skins  of  animals,  wliii  h  they  afterwards  i)aint  in  their 
own  way."  This  knowledge  of  (  uring  leather  was,  of  course,  common 
to  all  our  coast  tribes,  as  it  is  to-day  to  the  Indians  of  the  far  west, 
and  heme  it  is  no  mere  fane  iful  s|)eculati()n  to  treat  certain  highly 
polished  but  otherwise  unworked  jiebbles  as  the  "slickstones"  used  by 
the  savages  in  rubbing  their  leather  to  make  it  soft  and  pliable. 

I5unii>hers  or  sli(  k>tones,  as  they  are  generally  (  alleil,  are  of  common 
occurrenie  in  Kngland,  and  their  purpose  has  been  carefully  explained. 
and  their  history  in  later  times  given  by  .Mr.  llvaus.^-'     Me  remarks 


"Evanj.    Ancient  Sumc  Iin|ilciMci>i>  of  (Jri'.u  l!rit.iin,  p.  m,     I.iiiulon,  1873. 


■ 


140 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


that  one  '' piirjioso  to  wiiidi  stom.-  implements  seem  to  have  l)een  ap- 
plied,  ill  J'oiinectioii  witii  *  *  *  thi.'  prei):'.ratioii  of  ieatlier,  is  tiiat  of 
liuniishiii},'  or  siiiootiiiiig.  somewiiat  in  tlie  same  manner  as  is  now 
effe(  ted  liy  tlie  flat-iron  ;"  and  also  re(('"-ds  tlie  interesting  fact,  that 
"Mr.  (ireenwell  has  a  (v//"  from  ^'orkshire,  \vlii(  h  was  used  by  a  shoe- 
maker for  smootliing  down  tlie  seams  he  made  in  leather,"  ami  adds 
"tlie  old  laiglish  name  for  the  smooth  stones  nsed  for  smh  )inrposes 
is  siickstone."  l'"oll(jwini,'  tlie  examjiie  of  so  safe  a  i,'iiide,  tliese 
same  stones,  which  are  of  ail  sizes  and  a  great  variety  of  ii.itlerns,  but 
of  comparatively  imiform  m-'crial,  are  treated  as  slickstoiies. 

'I'he  form  of  this  stune  with  the  series  of  deep,  narrow,  parallel 
grooves,  which  is  in  many  case>,  an  app;  rent  combination  of  the 
siickstone  and  sinew-dresser,  does  not  a])pear  to  <)c<  ur  in  luirope,  but 
it  is  of  \ery  general  distribution  on  the  North  American  ((intinent. 

Practically  the  same  implement  as  those  here  found  in  great  ai)nii- 
daiice,  I'rofessor  Niisson^''  has  t'igured  and  des(  ribeil  as  a  "stretch- 
ing implement."  He  savs  of  the  illustration  wiiich  he  gives,  "The 
widened  jiart,  representing  the  edge,  has  been  rounded  off  by  <('//i7,/;// 
TOftir,  probably  from  being  rubbed  against  leather  or  something  of  that 
kitid.  A  person,  who  has  lived  many  vears  as  a  nu(  h.inic  in  ( Ireenlanil, 
thinks  he  has  discovered  a  great  resembl.mcc  between  this  stone  im- 
l)lement  and  the  bone  iiupleuK'tit,  |irov  ided  with  a  handle.  whi(  h  is 
there  nsed  for  stretc  hing  skins  in  order  to  give  them  the  reijnisite  soft- 
ness. A  somewhat  similar  siret(hing  implement  of  iron  is  still  used  in 
those  parts  of  Scania  where  the  winter  dress  of  the  pea.sanlry  consists 
of  sheep-skin  (oats." 

l*'ig.  129  represents  an  example  <>f  jiolishcd  pebble,  that  has  been 
altered  little,  if  .my,  in  sliajie.  A  noticeable  feature  is  in  its  being 
perforated  by  five  small  holc^,  which  are  n.iiural,  however,  bci.ig 
thread-like  veins  of  sotter  miner.il  which  have  been  drilled  out.  ( )iie 
of  these  perforations  oi  <  iirring  ne.ir  the  margin  of  the  stone,  the  stone 
itself  has  been  worn  off  .it  th.it  jioint  until  mu<  h  thinner  th.m  elsewhere, 


*•  Nil»!K}n.     Sioiif  A,  •■  in  Si..im]ini»viii,  p.  77,  ami  pi.  i\,  fi^;.  Ci5.     Londnn,  iS68, 


SLICKSTONKS    ANIJ    SINKW    IiRl'SSKKS. 


141 


and  the  hole  then  enlarged.     A  <  ..rl  was  proljul)!)'  passed  throii^Oi  tiiis 
hole  to  sus]  end  the  ini|)lenient. 

I'ij,'.  I  ?,o  represents  a  second  exani]ile  of  a  ])el)l)le,  uhi<  h  is  not  only 
higiiiy  jjolisheil,  Ijut  the  curved  margin  has  been  worn  away,  until  it 


ViCt  129.  —  New  Jersey,     j. 

closely  approaches  an  ordinary  small  celt,     '['his  cuived  margin  has 
Ijeen  worn  more  upon  one  side  than  the  other,  and  were  it  not  for  the 

faint  stri;e  that  dull  the  surface 
slightly,  it  would  possess  an  extra- 
ordin.ny  polish.  Knowing  the  pnr- 
jjose  of  these  polished  ]iel)liles,  one 
can  readily  inuigine  that  the  ex- 
ceeding smoothness  is  still  due  to 
their  gri'asy  condition  when  in  con- 
stant Use. 

W  hile  the  great  majority  of  slick- 
stones  are  natural  pehhles,  su(  h  as 
the  jireieding  sjiec  imens,  others 
ari'  wholly  artifici.il  in  ^h.qn-,  and 
])()ssess  in  most  cases,  a  ]ioh\h  only  ei|ualled  l)\'  llu'  fmer  «  elts.  i-'ig. 
i^i  represents  a  ])olislK'd  iiorphyry  i>el)lile,  piTfei  tly  s\inmetrical, 
ami  ver^•  tastefully  des'gned.  This  spe<imen  m.iy  lie  considered  as  an 
example  v\  the  highest   ype  of  these  implements. 


1.  ~    New   Jersey. 


142 


I'KI.MinVK  INDUSTRY. 


Rlirkstones  of  this  pattern  arc  t)f  frL'(itient  ornirrcnrc,  although, 
gr.  ttly  oiilniniil)L'rc(l  by  tlic  natural  ])c1>1)Il's  that  ha\e  hccn  used  for 
the  same  i)urposc.     Of  a  series  of  eleven,  all  hut  one  arc  of  this  material, 

and  all  hut  two.  well  jjoI- 
isluMl.  ( )ncspe(  imenwas 
(hilled  in  one  ( inner,  as 
are  many  <il"  the  similarly 
sha])ed  "sinew-dressers." 
None  of  them  appeared 
to  have  lieen  worn  u]ioii 
an\'  one  surface  more 
than  another,  and  all 
showed  traces  of  siral<  li- 
es, as  fine  as  hair  lines, 
\vhi(  h  were  jio^sihlv  due 
to  the  grit  that  had  doubt- 
lessly adhered  to  the 
leather  while  in  jiroeess 
of  maiuiUic  tm-e. 

Slickstones  of  this 
elaborate  pattern  are 
found  o\er  mui  h  (if  the 
area  of  the  middle  states. 
.'\s  the\-  are  of  m)  uniform 
a  si/e.  wlien  of  this  pat- 
tern, it  has  b''en  ([ues- 
tioned  whethiT  thi'y  jiad 
not  some  otiier  use  than 
that  of  rubbing  stones  for 
<lrcssing  leather.  The 
labnr  of  grinding  to  their 
jircsent  shape,  and  subsequently  i)o!ishing  tlie  objei  ts,  w.is  veryconsid- 
erable.  and  yet,  wiien  finished,  tliey  possessed  no  advantage  o\er  tlu' 
.sm.iller,  irregular  pebbles  used  fur  the  same  imri>ose.      I'his  objection, 


■  N,  W    .Ic 


b 


SI.ICKSTONr.S    AND    SIM-AV    DKKSSr.KS. 


U3 


liowcvor,  ajii-jlics  to  many  otlicr  forms  of  stone  implements.  \vhi(  h  also 
exliibit,  what  to  ns  seems  evidence  of  a  vast  deal  of  unnecessary  labor. 
■J'he  remarkahle  unifonnily  in  si/e  and  in  material  of  these  implements, 
on  the  other  hand,  deserves  atten- 
tion as  a  feature  of  i,Teat  iiiteri'st. 
All  the  examples  that  I  have  seen 
from  New  Jersey  and  New  York, 
and  those  in  the  cabinet  of  the  late 
Professor  Haldeman,  fnjni  Pennsyl- 
vania, were  remarkably  alike  in  size, 
and  all  made  either  of  jiorphyry 
or  hornstone.  1  )oes  this  uniformity 
of  ^i/e,  fnnsh  and  material  indicate 
some  miknown  use,  not  <  onnected 
with  skin-dressing? 

l''ii,'.  }\2  represents  a  pestle- 
shaped  pattern  of  the^e  slickstones, 
made  of  a  bla<  k  hornstone  pebble. 
The  eiuire  surfice  is  \ery  liighly 
polished,  and  the  lower  end,  as 
shown  in  the  illustration,  haN  been 
worn  away  until  i)erfe(  tly  leve'  (Jf 
the  \arious  forms  of  natural  pel)- 
bles  chosen  for  slii  kstones,  tew  have 
been  fomid  that  are  cylindrical, 
allhonj;h,  when  of  this  si/e,  they 
seem  most  admirabl)'  adajited  for 
rnbbini;  seams,  ;md  otherwise  \\ork- 
in^,'  leather  in  the  course  of  its 
manuf.K  tiire  iui  '  (  lothini;.  (  >t  a 
series  of  sixtv-eiuh  sli(  kstones  found  on  an  e\ti'nsi\e  \  illau'e  site 
in  Mer(  er  Co.,  Ni'w  ierse\,  there  are  but  three  that  are  strictly 
cylindri(  .\1.  .and  but  eleven  th.it  are  material!)-  loiiuer  tiian  broad. 
A  few  arc    less   than    two   inches    in   lengt'.ij    but    the    majority  arc 


144 


I'KIMIllVr.    IVDUSIKV. 


al)oul  five  inches  in  length.  li\  three  to  four  in  widlli,  with  one 
side  more  \V(irn  and  poiisiied  tli.iu  tiie  otiier.  Diack  stones  are 
ahn(i>t  ahvays  tlidsen.  In  the  entire  series,  liut  two  are  of  wliite 
ijuart/.  thoiinh  tliis  mineral  is  snscejitihle  of  heinn  worn  \ery  smooth, 
and  o(  (  urs  as  water-worn  pebbles  of  i)roi)er  size  and  slia])e. 

I'ii,'.  1,^,5  rejjresents  a  white  marble  siii  kstone  or  smoolhini,'  inij'le- 
nient  of  altogether  different  j>attern  from  any  ])revioiisly  described, 
but  one  that,  while  rare  in  New  Jersey  and  New  Iilngland,  is  of  com- 
mon occurrence  in  the  south  and  west. 

'I"his  specimen  is  made  of  a  j)ure  white  marble  foimd  near  Attleboro, 
lUukst'o.,  I'ennsyKania.  'i'he  entire  snrf.u  e  is  worked,  and  is  <|uite 
smooth,  though  only  the  llal,  under  surface  has  any  degree  of  ])olish. 


Ki>..  I  ^3- ~- ^''^v   Icrsty.     |. 

.\s  will  be  noticed  in  the  illustration,  this  imjilenient  has  a  groow  ex- 
tending across  the  back  and  sides.  ( )ther  esanijiKs  ha\e  the  gro()\e 
extending  lengthwise,  'i'he  i»iu|iose  of  these  giooves,  considering  the 
implement  to  be  a  slit  kstone.  is  not  clear. 

C't)l.  ('.  (".  Jones,  jr.,'"  in  his  I'laborate  volume  on  the  stone  imi)]e- 
mcnts  and  other  relics  of  the  southern  Indians,  figures  a  specimen  of 
this  jiattern  of  slit  kstone,  but  without  the  groove.  lie  remarks,  that 
till'  sjiet  imen  he  lias  figured  "tyi)it'ies  a  large  cl.iss.  examples  of  which 
abound  in  the  relic-beds  on  the  S.u.uuiah  ri\er.  Their  use  is  not  well 
ascertained,  but  their  tlat  s\irfaces  are  \ery  smooth  as  though  they  had 
been  (  onstantly  employed  in  nibbing." 


»*  Jones.     Antiiiviitio  of  ilic  .Smiihcrn  iinJianr.,  p.  293,  pi.  xvi,  I'n;.  9.     New  York,  iSjj. 


. 


SLICKSTONKS   AM)    SINKW    UKESbiKRS. 


M5 


Associated  as  relics,  that  mark  the  former  sites  of  Indian  towns,  and 
similar  as  they  are  in  many  iiartictilars,  it  seems  projjer  to  phK  e  in  the 
same  (  ha])ter,  althoiiirh  separately  cunsidered,  those  interesting;  stone  im- 
jilements  that  are  identi- 
cal with  the  ]irecedinj,' 
in  e\er\  respect,  save 
that  of  hasini;  a  series  of 
short  and  narrow,  but 
deep  marginal  grooves, 
extern  ling  ol)li<|tR'ly  from 
a  short  distance  within 
the  margin  to  the  edge 
of  the  implement.  'I'hese 
grooves  are  always  on 
both  sides  of  the  imple- 
ment, and  usually  slant 
from  right  to  left. 

Fig.  i,V4  rei)resents  a 
very  well  marked  exam- 
ple (jf  this  form  of  im- 
plement, and  one,  too, 
that  ])ossesses  an  ad- 
ditional feature  of  inter- 
est, in  the  hole  drilled 
in  the  upper  left  hand 
corner.  'I'he  number  of 
the  fleep,  obi  ill  lie 
gnK)ve?,  <  haracteristic  of 
these  implements,  is  un- 
usually large  on  this  sjiecimen,  generally  the  series  at  the  side  being 
wanting.  W  liile  the  perloratiou  of  one  (orner  of  these  implements 
is  <|uite  common,  it  is  seldom  tiiat  the  hole  drilled  is  as  large  as  in 
fig.  134,  or  as  far  from  the  margin  of  the  stone.  In  many  si>ecimens 
the  perforation  is  but  one  thirty-sei  ond  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  so 
10 


Kid.  1^4.  —  New  Jersey. 


■ 


^ 


146 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY, 


near  the  edge  of  the  stone,  that  the  rim  of  stone,  that  makes  the 
perforation  ( oniiiletc,  is  Imt  little  hroailiT  tliaii  the  fliamcter  of  the 
o])eiiini,'. 

\\'lKn  tJK-  ini|)lcMneiU  was  drilled,  of  course  this  narrow  rim  of  stone 
niu>t  have  been  somewhat  thicker,  and  it  has  siihsciiuently  lieen  W(jrn 
away  liy  the  friction  of  the  cord  passing  through  it  ;  Init,  at  the  time, 
the  perforation  must  have  heen  so  near  the  margin,  that  the  sue  (  cssful 
accomplishment  of  the  drilling  is  a  source  of  wonder,  CJf  the  series  of 
drills  of  all  i)atterns  that  have  heen  gathered  from  the  Atlantic  coast 
states,  not  one  has  yet  heen  found  that  could  have  heen  useil  for  the 
jierforation  of  these  implements  in  the  manner  described. 

i'"ig.  1^5  represents  a  ])lainer  examjile  of  these  objects,  but  one 
that  is  of  more  (onnnon  occurrence.  'I'his  and  the  preceding  one 
are  of  about  the  maximum  si/e  of  this  imjilemenl  as  fouml  in  the  New 
ICngland  or  middle  states. 

'J'hese  imiilements  have  been  long  supposed  to  have  been  used  in 
dressing  sinews,  by  ]iulling  them  to  and  fro  along  these  grooves. 
Whether  this  be  true  or  not  camiot  be  shown  perhaps,  but  it  seems 
far  more  probable  than  that  they  were  used  in  anyway  as  sharj)ening 
tools,  for  either  the  edges  of  celts  or  the  i)oints  of  bone  needles. 

In  a  recent  monograph  by  Maj.  ^V,  M.  Dall,''-'  that  author  describes 
a  'Tough  figure  of  some  four  footed  animal,  with  a  forked  tail,  perhaps 
used  for  smoothing  down  the  as])erities  of  their  sinew  thread  by  draw- 
ing it  through  the  sharp  furrow  in  tiie  tail.  'I"he  natives  on  the  main- 
land use  a  similar  instrument  for  this  purpose." 

It  is  known  that  sinews  were  used  as  bowstrings,  and  these  might 
have  been  drawn  over  su(  h  deep  furrows,  as  suggested  by  Mr.  Dall ; 
and  ])ossibly  these  same  stones  were  utilized  by  the  Delaware  In- 
dians in  dressing  thread  ma<le  of  other  material.  Holm  records  of 
them,  tiiat  '"the  women  spin  thread  and  yarn  out  of  nettles,  hemp 
and  s(jme  ])lants  unknown  to  us." 


*^' I  Kill.     <  hi  tlic  Rtinniiis  of  I.ntur  Prc-Histiiric  Man  in  Alaska.     Sinithuin.  Conlributions  to 
Knowledge,  No.  ji8.     Washington,  I).  C,  1878. 


SLICKSTONES   ANl>   SINI.W   UKEaSF.RS. 


147 


Kalm  (Travels  in  North  America,  vol.  ii,  \i.  151)  mentions  tlie  use 
of  a  common  plant  for  tllrea<l-lnal^inJ,^  as  follows  :  "Ai'dcwi m  C'aiiini- 
/'ilium  was  by  the  Swedes  called  Jit  nip  of  t/ir  Iih/itini;  and  grew 
plentifully  in  old  corn- 
gn^unds,  in  woods,  on 
hills,  and  in  li  igh 
glades,  'i'he  Swedes 
have  given  it  the  name 
of  Iiu/ian  lump,  be- 
cause the  Indians  for- 
merly, and  even  nt)W, 
(1749)  apply  il  to 
the  same  purposes  as 
the  l')uropeans  do 
hemp  ;  for  the  stalls 
may  be  di\ided  intcj 
filaments,  and  is  easil)- 
pre])ared.  When  the 
Indians  were  settled 
among  the  Swedes,  in 
PennsyKania  an<l 
New  Jersey,  they 
made  rojies  of  this 
Apocxiniiii,  which  the 
Swetles  bought,  and 
employed  them  as 
bridles,  and  for  nets. 
These  roj)es  were 
stronger,  and  kept 
longer  in  water,  than 
such  as  were  made  of  common  hemp.  *  •  •  ']'he  Indians  likewise 
make  several  other  stuffs  of  their  lirnip.  On  mv  journc)-  through 
the  country  of  the  InK/iicsf,  I  saw  the  women  employed  in  manufac- 
turing this  hemp.     They  made  use  neither  of  spinning-wheels  or  dis- 


Fic.  135.  —  New  Jersey. 


148 


I>RIMIlIVr,    INIUJSTRV. 


talTs,  but  v'AW-A  tlic  filaiiUMits  uiioii  tlicir  b.irc  thi;,'hs,  ami  made  tlircad 
and  strin_L;s  of  tlu'iii,  wlii(  h  lliry  dyi'd  rud.  ycllnw,  lil.nk,  vU\,  and 
afterwards  worked  tlicni  inti)  stuffs  with  a  groat  doal  of  iugt-nuity.  •  •  » 
Souictinns  tlic  fishing  ta<  klc  of  the  Iniliaiis  consists  entirely  of  tliis 
hi'mp." 

If  sui  h  filnous  yarn  was  "dressed"  witii  grea>e  or,  indeed,  witii  wax, 
and  then  drawn  o\er  a  groose  in  one  of  these  stones,  it  would  cer- 
tainly l)e  uukIi  strengtiiened. 

Considering  then,  the  facts  :  that  sinews  were  ntili/ed  as  liowstring;?, 
that  fishing  with  a  line  was  a  (onstant  ui  <  upation,  and  tliat  nets  were 
woven,  and  we  have  evidence  that  "thread  and  yarn"  were  constantly 
in  use,  and  there  is  much  to  lead  to  the  inference  th.it  tliese  grooved 
inipieinents,  if  not  simiije  "^ilu■w■  dressers,"  were  largely  useil  for  pur- 
poses s(j  similar  as  to  render  the  name  not  wiiolly  inappropriate. 


«^> 


^S2^> 


ciiAri'i: R   X. 


MiiKTAK^    \M>  ri>ri.i:s. 


O^F  of  the  fi-'W  objcrts  that,  !)>■  its  more  presence,  perhaps  more 
vividly  than  all  else,  re(  alls  the  fad  that  these  goodly  lands  wore  once 
tenanted  liy  another  and  far  different  jieople.  is  the  stone  mortar,  fig. 
I  56,  \\hi(  h,  ill  its  history,  is  so  cIomIv  linked  to  that  of  the  invaluable 
arti<  le  of  fond,  the  mai/e  or  Indi.m  <  orii.  Whellivr  the  mortar  is 
simply  a  slab  of  sandstnuL-,  with  scarcely  a  depression  npon  il,  a  gra- 
nitic, liowlder  witli  a  deep  cavity,  or  even  a  natural  hollow  in  a  ^tation- 
arv  rock,  its  jjurjiose,  to  the  Imlian,  was  the  s.une.  Within  these 
hollow  '  'he  <'orn  was  pounded  into  meal. 

11,-1^1,  ''  sjieaking  of  the  I  )elaware  Indians,  says  that  "  that  they  make 
bread  out  of  the  maize  or  Imli.m  c urn,  whi(  h  they  jireiure  in  ,1  manner 
pel  uliar  to  themselves;  they  1  ru^h  the  grain  between  two  >tones,  or 
on  a  large  jiiei  e  of  wood."  I,o^kieP■  states  that  they  grind  the  mai/e 
"as  hue  as  Hour  by  means  of  a  -uhHuini  pestle  and  mortar;"  but  it  is 
not  probable  that  many  mortars  of  wood  were  used,  considering  the 
great  number  of  tho-^e  of  stone  that  we  fmd,  esjieeially  in  New  Jersey. 

Of  the  Delaware  Inilians  the  same  author  says  :  "'{"hey  are  fond  of 
muscles  and  oy>ters,  and  lho>e  who  live  near  an  oyster-bed  uill  subsist 
for  weeks  together  ujion  them.  They  also  eat  the  land-tortoi>e,  which 
is  about  a  s]ian  bn.ad.  and  rather  more  in  length  ,  and  even  locusts 
are  used  for  food.  These  come  fre.iuently  in  large  swarms,  c(nering 
and  destroying  even  the  bark  of  the  trees." 

.■\s  the  oysters  ami  mussels  were  also  dried  in  large  (luantilies  for 


'"Hulm.     Hi>t.iry  of  New  Sw.-dc-n,  p.  i.!i.     riiil:iik-l|ihi;i,  i3j4. 
•■  Mi^^ilp|l  M  Niirtli  Acnuntan  Imliaiis,  ji  (7.     Lundun,  1794. 


(Ut)) 


»So 


I'KIMIIIVI     INDISIKST. 


winter  use,  ii  is  vi'iv  ]inilKilili'  tliat  morun-s  were  also  iist'd  as  a 
rccfjitac  Ic  in  whii  li  Ut  rciliuc  llic  dried  shell-fish  to  a  sort  ot'  jxnvder 
Oi;|ml|).  This,  mixed  witli  ilie  rorn-mcal,  luade  a  dotii^h,  or  hatter, 
not  ui.like  llie  inodern  ■"IriittTs."  It  was  a  <  (jinnicin  praciice  witli  tl\e 
Indians  tn  mix  other  artii  les  i<\  food  witli  tlie  meal  made  from  mai/e. 
I.oskiel  nunlioiis  tlieir  nii.xinj;  dried  lallierries  wiili  (ornineal,  and 
also  sMUiked  eels  clioiiped  hue. 

••  Hunter  informs  ns  that,  in  some  ot"  the  Iniiian  villa^'es  visited  l)y 
him,  there  were  one  or  two  lariii'  st  )ne  mortars  for  ponndinij  rom, 
whieh  were  |)ul)li(:  jjroperty.  riu--e  were  |)la<ed  in  a  <  eiitral  part  of 
liie  villat,e,  and  were    useil  in  rotation  hv  tlie   different    families. "''' 

^l()rtar^  are  of  \arioii>  forms. 
In  the  lirii  )ila('e  the  Indians  not 
nnl'rei  nieiiily  utili/e(  1  U  >r  this  purpose 
the  natural  hollows  or  ilepressions 
that  are  found  in  stationary  rorks. 
Others  tif  smaller   si/.e   were   made 


.y  p. 


kini: 


.1  di'ep  ( .ixity  inaglohii- 


lar 


or  <iii)M  .n 


k  of  stont:  as  in 


Flci, 


-  M.UH.irhlwctl'*. 


I'i;4.    i.V-   while    in    still   other    in- 
staiK  es  ilicy  sim|ily  made  use  of  a 

llal  slal)  of  stone  into  whi«  ii  .1  sh.illow  depression  w.i>  worn,  the  result 

of  long  usage  rather  than  of  design. 

'i'he  woollen  mortars,  having  nearly  all  decayed  .md  therefore  known 

generally  Iiy  the  historic  al  rel'i-rem  e■^  to  them,  need  onl\  to  In   referred 


;t  extent,  in  1  omparison  wi 


th 


to  .!■>  having  0111  e  heeii   used  ;  hut  to 
those  of  stone,  is  not  known. 

I'ig.  i_^7  npresenls  an  enormous  glatial 
still  remain  in  view  in  Centre  street.    Irenion.  N.J.      I  he  hollow  or 


der.  portions  of  which 


hasin  in  this  roc 


k  i-.  of  natural  origin,  lieing  a  "pothole."  as  such  de- 


pressions are  ( ailed   hy  geolcjgisls.      I'he  pi-silc  that  is  represented 


in 


"Slcvciii.     Klintt;)ii|>».  |i.  sV'i  •lO'Xinil  f'"'"  ll>»>w^  Maiiiici'.  ami  Lu>iiiiii«  <if  liitluii  Tnb«>, 
|i.  4(>^.     LuikIuii,  1S70. 


MOKIAKS    AN.)    I'lsn.lS. 


»=;i 


tlif  illustration  was  foninl  so  m  ar  tlio  supposeil  mortar,  tliat  it  is  iniiic 
prolialile  !•  vis  used  in  i oiiiu'  lion  witli  it  ;  lint  the  cvidcmc  that 
tliis  ••po.-liulc"  WIS  iisi-(l  as  a  Miortar  re'sts  iiiioii  the  fact,  tiiat  the  rixk 
occiipii's  a  position,  once  ilie  very  ( entre  of  a  populous  Indian  \illa!,'e, 
and  that  in  excavatin,;  cellars  in  the  imnieiliate  vicinity  of  this  rock. 
l)e>idr->  nunihers  of  other  n.li(  s,  many  broken  aixl  some  short,  iin- 
hrokiii  pestles  were  lound.  It  is  jirohalilc,  too,  that  the  natural  <a\ilv 
ha^.  luen  soiiiewhat  tleepened  hy  ii>e,  hnt  the  ro(  k  heiii:;  unusually 
iiard  and  unyieldinj:.  it  is  diftirult  to  determine  to  what  extent,  if  an\. 
this  may  ha\e  heen  done. 

liowlders  with  these  natural  hasins,  although  too  heavy  to  lie  mo\eil 


Kic;.  IJ7.  — Nl» 


liy  any  one  person,  wee  occasionally  transported  to  ipiite  distant 
points,  and  the/  used  in  coirimon  hy  the  people  of  the  village,  to 
whom  they  lielonged.  One  such,  to  whi(  h  refereiK  e  is  made  in  local 
history,  fomierly  occupieil  a  prominent  position  in  what  is  supposed  to 
have  lieen  tlie  public  ><|iiare  of  a  silLiije,  situaletl  near  Yardville,  Mercer 
( "o..  New  I  ■r>ev.  Till--  mortar,  now  in  the  .\ri  hieolof^u  ,il  .Museum  at 
< 'anibriil|L'r  Mass.,  is  a  lari,'e  mass  of  I'otMl.im  s.indstoue,  \\eif^liinj; 
about  OIK'  hundrr(|  pounds.  witi»  a  deep,  i  ircular  basin  in  it.  ll  is 
known  to  have  been  u  vil  by  the  Indians,  as  recently  as  i7.?o. 


iSa 


I'kiMinvi    iNnrsiRv. 


I'i.L;.  i.v*^  rL'iirosonts  .m  avcra^'c  L-xamjilc  of  tlic  small  mortars.  Il  is 
a  flat,  triaiijitilar  [licc  c  of  saiidstoiie,  SDiiicwhal  less  than  nine  iiidics 
aUiiig  each  side.  The  upper  surface  has  i)eeii  worn  away  iiiitii  an  oval 
(lei)ression  lias  heen  formed  aliout  one  ineh  deej)  at  the  <  entre.  As 
very  many  of  tliese  mortars  arc  even  of  less  capacity  than  the  speci- 


I 


nii'ii    KTi    fi^^'ired.  it  i>  e\iditi(  lli.it  Imt  little  j,'rain  (onld  lie  ground 


a  linu  ,  iirolt.ihiv  nut  more  I'l.n.  «,is  ni'edeil  lor  immediate  um 


diati 


\\l 


as  .1  ri  il' 


Ih. 


mortars  should  he  so  mill  11  smaller  th.m  the   .Me\i<an 


melalis,  whiih  they  closely  resemhle,  is  sometliing  o(  a  inysler\.      The 


MOKTAKS    ANI>    I'IWH.KS. 


'5,5 


advanremcnt  of  tlic  Indians  of  llic  Atlantic  CDast.  in  tlic  <  nlinarv  arts, 
was  as  great  as  tliat  of  tlicir  more  .-.oiitlicrn  ncigiiliors. 

I'Voni  the  cliarac  tir  of  tin;  wearing  and  scraic  lies  in  tiic  ^a^in  of 
fig.  13.S,  it  is  evi<lcnl  that  the  "ujiper  Miilist(;nes"  used  with  these 
shallow  mortar-.,  were  the  ilat,  oval  iiehhles,  with  one  snrfai  e  arlitu  i.illy 
worn,  v\hii  h  are  e\en  more  ahnndant  tiian  the  nmrtirs  tluniseUes. 
l'"ig.  1.^9  rejiresents  one  of  these  '•n])jier  miilstone>."  It  is  .in  ordi- 
n.ir\  w.iter  worn  pehhle,  with  tlie  under  siile  worn  \ery  smooth  liy  long 
continued  fri<  tion  ag.iinst  the  sides  and  liottom  of  the  basin  of  tile 
ini)rtar.  I'ig.  i,;<;  w.is  found  as- 
soei.itedwith  tile  mort.ir,  fl^.  1,5s. 
and  as  it  fits  the   li.i^in    iinite    ar- 


(  uraleiy.  they  .ire  siipiiosei 


1  to  h 


been  used  together.  Thi^  use 
neeessarilv  <  on>i^ted  in  a  very 
liniite<l  ruhhiiiL;  motion,   in  tiie  di- 


f    the    Ic 


re<  tion    o 
diameter  of  tiie 


b.isin. 


>f   th 


itli    thi' 


sujuiosed  uplKT  stone,  fig.  1  \i),  there 
could  not  ha\e  been   pl.iy   enough 


tl 


to  ;;ive  the  coniliinei 


d    St 


ones   liUU  h 


iiding  or  cru->hing  power. 


]• 


140  represents  .1  se<  ond  e\- 


^^«Wt.'y^yg^||^«<a,\ 


nm| 


ill'    of    th 


shall 


ow    mori.irs. 


wliit  h 
tere-t. 


jMissesses  ni.uu'  pouUs  nl    m- 


■ll 


US  specimen  measures  lourteen   mr  lus  m   length  bv  tii\  m 


■  Niw   KT»fy.     \- 


width,   and 


'f 


.'l    ui 


lirorm  thiikni 


>f 


lioiit    tiuee  ill!  hes 


under  surf i<  e    is   un<  hinued   in   an\   \\.i\    iVoni    its    n.itunil 


diiion. 


ant 


1    tl 


m.irgins    are 
tl 


put    si 


jhtlv 


siiiniiiiied    or  worn. 


n 


le    nppet 


surl.K  e,  on  the  cmitrary,  is  worn  or  uilrnlion.ilK  ground  ijnuii  in 
a  ]ierlei  I  level,  and  in  the  middle  there  is  a  sh.illow  depre.sinn. 
perfectly  circiil.ir,  .u)d  marked  by  a  series  nl  wrll  ilefiued  1  in  ular 
stria-.  Mort.irs  of  this  <liara<  tir  an-  liuite  rare,  and  whether  useil  in 
a  difierent  manner  from  the  more  common  ones,  sik  h  as  fig.  13.S,  is 


154 


J'KlMinVK    INlU-SlkV. 


not  known  ;  Imt  it  is  c\i(lcnl  tliat  tlic  nu'lhod  of  f^rinflinj,'  on  this 
si)c(i  1111.11  was  very  dilTcrfnt  froni  that  i-mploycd  in  the  precechnj,'  ex- 
aniiiie.  'l"here  it  was  evidently  a  nihliini;  motion,  here  a  revolvinj,'  one. 
and  even  the  stcadv  revolution  of"  t!\e  end  of  a  ( \lindri<  al  justle  would 
not,  unless  guided  with  great  aceiiracy,  make  sik  h  a  regularlv  <  ir(  ular 
<leI)re•.^ion.  The  artifu  lally  snunjthed  surface  alionl  the  l)a^in  in  this 
s|)e(  imen  is  a  feature  of  niu<h  interest.  Sm  h  mortars  are  not  UMially 
altereil  in  any  may.  .\mung  nearly  a  ihousirid  of  these  (il)je(  ts  f  mud 
in  the  sotidiern  i  (lunties  uf  New  Jersey,  Iml  three  were  at  all  i  h.uiged 
from  their  natural  coinlition  of  suhangular  Iiowlders.  excejit  in  the 
wearing  away  that  had  resulted  in  a  lusin  like  depre^^itJU. 


I  Hi.  I4'i.  —  New  jer>cy.     \. 

Shallow  stone  morl.ir^.  like  the  alio\e.  are  <  onunon  in  the  Miuthern 
st.ite^.  ( 'ol.  ('.('.  jnius.  jr..'"  mentions,  that  "fmm  a  --inLile  reli(  litd 
on  the  ri^ht  liank  ol'  the  S.i\.uui.di  ri\er.  a  I'lw  miles  al.<.\e  .\u.l;iis|,i, 
I  olit.iiiud.  at  one  time,  thirl'  n  -.tone  morlar>  ni.ide  of  llat  Ijowlders 
taken  from  the  lied  of  the  stream  .md  hollowed  out  on  liotli  -.ide-.  to 
the  ilepth  of  two  or  three  ini  he-..  'The  ;t\irage  diameter  of  these 
sh.illow  liasiiidike  eM.i\.itions  w.is  rather  more  th.iii  nine  inehes.  No 
I.ilior  liad  lieeii  expended  in  shaj ling  the-e  stdues.  The  natives  look 
tliem  as  they  found  them,  .md  simpi)  lorimd  the  ra\ilies.  i'lu  ed 
niion  the  ground  or  held  in  the  l.ip,  with  tlu-  .i-.sisi.ini  i' ol'  the  ordin.iiy 


••Junck.     Anti<|Uitics  uf  tlit;  Sumln:rii  inuia:iH.  |k,  jij.     New  \"'irk,  1873. 


MORTARS   AND    I'F.STI.F.S. 


155 


(lish-shaiifd  cnisliing  stdncs  —  larj^o  nuinl)cis  of  whirli  wxrc  s<.-oii  in 
the  vicinity — the  ^rwn  corn  < ould  have  liten  huisIrcI,  tlie  pan  lieil 
com  piHinded,  or  tlie  hiiiks  lieateii  from  tlie  ripe  j,'raiiis." 

Stone  mortars,  witli  a  l)asin  of  such  depth  as  reipiired  a  long,  cylin- 
drii  al  pestle,  are  of  rare  occiirreiK  e  ahmg  tlie  nortliern  Atlantic  sea- 
board. A  sinf^k  example  has  (  ■casionally  been  fomid  and  referred  to 
in  ln(  al  journals,  but  few  apj  tear  to  have  been  secured  by  the  larj;er 
museums.  C  ertainly,  none  of  the  <  harat  ter  of  the  lar..;er  mortars, 
found  in  southern  (.'alifornia,  are  ever  met  with  east  of  the  Mississippi 
river.  In  the  southern  states  stone  mortars  of  excellent  workmanship 
have  occasionally  lieen  found.  Col.  (!.('.  Jones,  jr.,'"' descril)es  one 
from  Liberty  Co.,  (leori;!.!,  as  "made  of  \ellnw.  ferruginous  quartz 
with  a  ll.u  iiottom  and  (  in  ular  walls  gnuhially  expanding  as  ihev  rose  ; 
its  general  shape  was  that  of  an  iiiverte<l.  trum  ated  i  one.  T-.uirely 
artific  ia!  tlie  exterior  was  well  ])oiisiied.  .About  ten  inclies  high,  eight 
iix  lies  in  di.uneter  at  the  to|)  and  seven  inches  at  the  boitoui,  the 
interior  liad  been  excivaled  to  tlie  depth  of  nearly  eight  inches. 
At  tile  top  the  walls  were  about  three-iniarlers  of  .ui  im  h  thick  and 
iiit  reaped  in  tiiickiiess  as  they  descended."  Mortars  of  this  si/e  are 
Hot  known  to  occur  along  tiu.  nortliern  At!. intic  co.ist,  though  there 
have  been  louiid  smaller  examiiles  of  solter  materi.il.  moderately  accu- 
rate in  outline  and  of  caretul  fMii.-.h,  thus  showing  that  the  a!)sence  of 
the  larger  kinds  was  not  (hie  to  any  lac  k  uf  lapability  on  the  part  of 
the  nortliern  Indian-.. 

I'fstles,  or  the  long  c  ylindric  al  stone  implements  u>ed  in  connection 
with  the  deejier  mortals,  p.uticul.ul)  with  the  large  wooden  ones,  are 
of  \erv  c Dinnion  occurrence  throughout  the  entire  are.i  of  tlie  New 
I'.ngliiid  and  middle  slates.  Kalm  ('i'ra.ils  in  Xorih  .America)  speak- 
ing of  the  Delaware  Indians,  says  that  "they  had  .?/.>//«•  /(■.»//<•.>■,  about 
a  foot  long,  and  as  thic  k  as  a  man's  arm.  They  consist  chiefly  of  a 
black  sort  of  a  stone,  and  were  formerly  emploveil.  l>y  the  Indians, 
for   pounding   mai/e,  which    has,  since  time   immemorial,  been  their 


•"luiiC!., /.<■.,  p.  ji;:. 


'5^' 


I'KI.MniVr.    INDUSIRV. 


diirl"  and  almost  tlu-ir  only  corn.  •  ♦  »  •  'I'hoy  fomirrly  iinuiidcd 
all  tluir  (  oin  or  niai/c  In  hollow  tiixs,  with  iIk-  ahovo  incntioncil  pcs- 
tK>.  made  of  sloiif.     Many  Indians  had  only  woodiii  ])i'sllcs."     As  a 
(lass  of  im])lcments.  while  \^:y  ilislinct  from  all  oiIhts,  tlu-y  vary  nuK  h 
within  themselves.     Some  are  as  carefully  fmished  and  as  hii^hly  jioi- 
ished  as  the  cells,  while  others  are  merely  water  woni  ]>elilile-.  and  i  .ui 
(inl\  ln'  rei Di^ni/ed  as  reli(  s  of  the    Indi.in-.  hy  the  liatlered  emls,  or 
other  siar(  ely  di^  ernilile  marks  of  n>e.      The  inajoriiy  of  pesik-,  were 
not    ni.'.de,  lint  were  i  ho^en   iVom   the   pehliles  of  the  :i\i-r.     Sii<  h  a>i 
were   naln.'ally  cvlindrit  al  in  >h  ijie  were  t.ikeii.  ami  o(  ca>ioiially  some 
bli.nht   modi  "ications  were  made  in   the   shape.     'The   loni.'est  were,  of 
comse,  m.ide  from  loni,'  >lili>  of  stone,  and  ha\e  their  entire  surl.ues 
worlud    liv  jieckini;.     Thii    proc  i'»   is   ln'^t  exhihited   in   the  ^'roo\ed 
stone  a\es.     \\hal  m.i\  he  c  on-,idrred  .!■>  the  maximum  leiiulh  of  pes- 
tle>  i>  dillii  nit  to  di  lermine.  hut  tho-,e  of  a  i;re.iter  leii-th   than   fifteen 
iiK  he>  are  not  »  ommon. 

Of  a  series  of  nimtv  two  pe-tles  loimd  in  New  Jersey,  tuent\-  einht 
are  jil.iin  cylinders,  wholly  -.hajied  hy  peekin.L;.  !''ifleen  ha\e  a  portion 
of  their  surface  pec  keil,  to  hriiii;  them  to  a  perfectly  (  ylimhii  al  -lupi-. 
The  others  are  natural  pelihles  with  dilfereiil  amounts  of  .illeralion  of 
the  paluri!  surfu  es.  The  (  harai  ter  of  the  ends  ol  tlie^e  iKstles  \,nies 
considel  ihlv.  About  one  thild  .ire  poliNJu-d,  as  if  hy  ii>e.  while  the 
otlurs  are  rou^'h  and  in  some  inst.mi  es  slii;htly  hattered.  \\  hen  we 
come  to  the  smallest  of  these  (  ylimlrii  .il  pelihles,  and  espei  ially  such 
a'^  \\.\\i'  distin<  il\'  h  ittereil  cikU,  ii  is  neciss.iry  to  e\en  ise  rare  that 
we  do  not  conl'oimd  pcMJes  and  pos^iMc  h  immers.  Still,  il  used  .is 
lii'stles.  these  sm.illi  r  i-\,nnples  \\<iuld  he  iisid  with  sh.illow  stone,  ami 
not  deep  wiioden  niort.irs,  and  so  would  lie  more  or  les-,  li.ilile  to  l>e- 
(diiie  broken  or  spliitered  al  the  iiids. 

i'iys.  i.p  and  I  }j  represent  e\i  client  a\er.i,ue  ex.imples  III  tli'-  loiig, 
jilain.  (  ylindrii  ,il  pestles,  lomnKHi  everywhere.  I'Il;.  i(i  measures 
seventeen  and  onr  li.ilf  iiu  lies  in  lenj.Mh  .md  nearly  ei..;lil  im  lies  ii^ 
circumfereiii  e.  It  is  snmewh.it  |ioh>he(l  .md  hexelled  .It  either  end. 
whu.h  \\uuld  indie. ite  th.U  it  was  used  in  the  deeii  nioit.irs  for  iioiinding, 


MORTARS   AM)    PKSH.IS. 


'57 


and  not  as  a  rolling  pin  upon  a  flat  slal)  of  slono  ;  although  this  latter 
use  apiK-ars  to  have  liccn  true  of  sdmr',  jud^^ing  simply  by  the  imlisij. 
The  marks  of  the  stone-hamnier,  in  pi'(  king  the  iniplement  to  its 
present  sliape,  are  jilainly  \isiMe  even  tu  tlie  \ery  ends  of  the  siicti- 
men.  lliis  pestle  weighs  sesen 
pounds.  I'ig.  I. (J  measures  seven- 
teii)  inc  his  in  length,  am!,  in  sec- 
tion, is  tlattened  and  i|u.i<lr,ingul.ir. 
Altliiiiigh  sinodtlu'r  th.ui  the  pre- 
(  eding,  it  shows  the  marks  of  the 
h,nnnur  stime   '.rr\-    plainly   e\(  ept 

at  the  eu'ls,  whiih  are   smonthed,        I  I  K   ^  •  •' 

hut  not  pniisiuil,  and  nearh'  llat 
and  si|uare.  I'r^iiesof  this  |Mllirn 
are  nut  (omninn.  .Si  hiHih  r.ili" 
figures  one  ih.ii  is  similar. 

I'ii,'.  i.p;  reiiresciits  a  tliird  ex- 
ample of  the  ordinary  plain  jiesdes. 
It  is  niade  of  s.UKNlone,  nilie  .1  :  ! 
one  half  iiu  his  in  len-th,  and 
pi'cked  o\er  tlie  intire  surf.ii  e 
cx<epl  the  eMremo  ends  whirh 
are  smouiheil,  hut  not  polished. 
This  pestle,  whii  h  is  ,1  ^ood  repre- 
sentative example  ot'  the  <  onunon 
short  s|ie(  im.  i'.s,  w.is  found  on  .1 
well  known  Indi.in  village  site  near 
'I'renlon,  New  Jersi)-,  where  hun- 
dreds h.ive  been  (ollectnl.  .!"-.>.    I  i,,,.y     I 

The  gre.it  abund.riK  e  of  pestles,  ii\  m.my  lot  .ilitiis  where  mortars  an.- 
seldom  found,  h.is  bein  l'iei|uiiuly  not  d,  .uid  mui  h  surprise  h.is  been 
expressed  that  sui  h  should  e\er  be  tlu'  (  ase.     It  is  re.idily  explained. 


A 


/ 


*>  .St.hmiki.ir(.    Hiitury  ami  Comlitiun  nf  IiuImii  I'lilict,  |i(.  1,  ji,  fliS,  pi.  ii,  fig.  1. 


'58 


I'RIMITrvE  INUUSIRV. 


1  tliiiik,  liy  supposing  that  there  was  a  stationary  mortar  in  some  lart,a- 
rotk  niar  liv.  to  whii  h  tin-  women  of  the  trilie  resorted,  and  also,  l)y 
the  fart,  tiiat  wooden  niurlars  were  more  largely  in  use  than  has  been 


M 


^4 


Fu;.  i4(.  — New  Jersey.     ]■ 


I'll..  144.  — New  Jtrwy. 


supposed.      These,  of  (  our^^e,  li  ive  generally  lonj,'  since  decayed,  but 

some  two  or  tliree  are  known  lo  have  been  foimil  and  are  still  pre>ersed. 

Fig.  i.}4  represents  a  form  of  pestle,  common  in  New  Jersey.     It  is 


MORTARS   AND    I'KSlLtS. 


159 


a  rylindriral  pebble  that  has  aijparcntly  boon  sjilit  intciUionally  Air 
llirfc-lburlhs  of  its  Ifii^'tli.  'I'lu'  iiiil)r<)k<.'n  end  allows  some  traces  of 
( ontact  willi  stone,  and  is  sliglitly  battered.  'l"lie  sjilit  end  is  worn 
(|uite  smootli.  The  evidence  of  intentional  splitting  of  these  i)estlc- 
pelil)ics  is  seen  in  the  f.u  I  lluit  so  many  ha\e  liccn  ibund  of  thi>  funn. 
liillier  the\  are  intention- 
ally s)»lil.  or  naturally 
fractured  jiebbles  were 
habitually  i  hosen  for 
pestles. 

{•"igs.  145  and  i.j()  irji 
resent  cylindrical  jieb- 
bles  of  small  si/e  from 
California,  wlii<  h  have 
been  used  as  pestles. 
l'"ig.  145  has  been  slightly 
modified  liy  ]i  (king  on 
both  ends,  au'i  is  some- 
what smoother  at  the 
extremities  than  en  er  the 
body  of  the  implement. 
l''ig.  146  shows  but  slight 
alteration  of  its  surface 
by  use,  but  the  fait  of 
its  having  been  found  in 
a  grave,  assot  iated  witii  a 
mortar  f)f  the  smallest 
size,  indicates  that  it  has  been  used  as  a  pestle.  Small  ( ylindrical  peb- 
bles like  these  are  of  common  occurreni  e  on  (lie  .\tlanti<:  seaboard. 

I''ig.  147  represents  a  magnifu  ent  example  of  a  l.irge  pe>tle,  remark- 
able, not  only  for  its  length,  whii  h  is  twenty-eigiit  im  lies,  but  lor  the 
artistically  carved  serpent's  (?)  he.id  at  one  end.  This  jiestle  is  not 
cylindrical. 

Its  .surface  is  formed  by  a  series  of  Sl.U   plains  of  uniform  width. 


t'lLi.  M3  ;""1  146  — Cilifornu.     ) 


l60 


i'klMllIVi:  INOLNIkV. 


extending;  tlu'  iiitirL'  kiigili  of 
tliu  iiiiplciiuiit.  SuiiK'  of  ilu'in 
arc  iiMiU'  highly  iiolislii'd.  wliilc 
otlicrsarc  iirtcIv  smooth.  I'Iil- 
<  in  iiiiit'trcrii  (■  of  the  plain,  or 
|)oim(linj^  111(1.  i>  iii'arl)'  I'lM'aiid 
a  lialf  iiK  hcs,  \\hi(li  is  iiion; 
than  an  im  h  l.irmr  tliaii  the 
*  in  timli-iiiK  i-of  till'  ]nstli'  iin- 
iiu'ili.iti!}  !>ilo\\  the  (ar\eil 
lic.iil.  In  the  .\r(li;eoloj,'i(al 
Miiseiini.al  ( '.iiiihri(l_L;e,  Mass., 
are  two  othcr>  of  tluse  oriKl- 
iiuntiil  pestles,  one  of  whii  h 
is  i|iiile  sni.ili,  uhiKl  the  other 
is  not  so  loiii,',  hut  of  greater 
diameter  than  lig.  \.\-j.  llotli 
have  more  m.nnni.ii-like  he.ids 
(arviil  at  one  end,  and  are 
nolieealili-  iVoin  the  f u  t  th.it, 
in  lioth.  the  e.irs  of  the  he, id 
are  prominentl\  carsfd.  while 
there  is  no  trai  e  of  an  e\e. 

I'rofes^or  l'erkins''-deM  rihes 
an  ornamented  |Kstle  o\.  itwo 
feet  in  lenj,'th,  now  in  the  nui- 
M-um  ol'  till'  I "ni\t.r->it\  <>(  Wt- 
luont,  as  ••<  \lindri(  .il,  as  iwii.il, 
ami  is  rouiuleil  at  one  end, 
while  the  other  i>  (.irved  to 
resemliie  the  he.id  of  sdine 
animal  —  il    mav    he    a   woll." 


Flii.  u;.  — Ma>»acliUM:lts. 


•'  .\int'ii<..iii  Niituf.ili-i,  v.d.  \ ,  p    i  i.    1S71, 


MOIM'VRS    AM)    I'lSII.r.S. 


Tfil 


Mr.  I'utn.im,':'  in  a  fool-nnic  rcfcrriii;  to  'In-  al.ovi',  ail<ls:  "In  ilu- 
colic,  lion  of  Ilu-  Ni-w  \.  k  Slate  inusriiiM.  at  AJluny,  llun-  is  a  lonj; 
'pestle'  i>{  idfiitiia!  iiatkrn  i\w\  ji  ivin^'  the  same  nm-li  <ai\int;  as 
the    one    descrihed    from    tlie    Durlin^'lon    miisenin.      Tlie^e    are   tlie 

only  ones  that  have  e  muler  my  oli-,ervalion  !ia\iii:,'  tlie  handle 

<ar\.d  1,,  irpiiseiit  .in  anim.il,  tlion-h  most  nf  ihc  lon-i-r  implements 
of  this  <  hara.  i,r  hase  a  kuoi)  at  the  handle,  .; ,  if  for  the  [.nri-use  of 
snsjKiisioii." 

A  pestle  with  a  (arvhi,^'  of  a  serpent's  liead,  foimd  in  Ononda{,'a 
Co..  New  ^■ork,  is  of  mii<  ii  interest,  as  the  implement  is  not  strai.i;ht. 
The  <ar\ed  lu.nl  is  luiit  to  a  {greater  an.-le  than  in  Ci.i,'.  147.  and  the 
l-i.iin  or  poim.iin^' enil  is     imewhat  nl^^•.■d  in  the  opposite  diredion. 

This  <  rooked  spr,  iimn  would  not  .mswer  for  liie  ordinary  uses  of  a 
I'tsilr,  andsiij^-esis  the  idea  that  it  may  have  l.een  a  ( lul)  or  iMtnn. 
'ihal  stone  thij.swere  e\er  in  use  am.mt;  tlie  Iro.jiiois  or  .\l,-onkin 
tribes  is,  Iiowever.  merely  nieniioned  as  jiossilile. 

'I'he  |)esile,  here  des(  rilied,  is  fi-nred  in  a  MS.  on  tlie  .\ntiiiuilies  of 
Onomla.i,';!  Co.,  N^w  N'ork,  i,y  Rev.  W.  .\I.  jJeaM.hamp  of  Haldwins- 
nllc.  New  \nvk,  m  the  Jil.mry  of  die  .\r(  h.eol.-ical  museum,  .il  Cam- 
bridge. .Mass. 

A  pestli-.  (loseiy  resemlijiuj;  that  represenled  in  tvj,mr  147,  is  de- 
scrilM  .  \,y  the  s.mie  writer,  as  "twenty-seven  indies  lun^.  ,jnite  sltaider 
and  im  formly  (yiindrir.il,  its  average  diameter  l.eini,'  al.oiit  two  imhes. 
Tile  diameter  is  nearlye.iti.il  throui;hoiu  ;  one  em!  is  somewhat  con- 
tra, te.i.  .uid  ihe  opjiosiio  more  so.  to  form  a  ne.  k  for  ih.  .arvi'd  head 
whi<  h  termin.ites  it.  jiiis  ( .irvin-.  tluni-h  not  elal)or.it,-.  yet  .hsiin.  ily 
and  strongly  in.Ii<  ales  a  he.id,  somewh.it  dog  like  and  somewliat  fish- 
like,  in  some  fe.ilures  resembling  one  air.m.il.  in  others  the  other." 
Judging  from  tin-  illustr.ilion  that  a<  (■omi>anii  s  tiiis  dest  ripiion,  it  would 
seem  mon-  probable  that  a  serpents  hea.l  was  intended  to  ]«■  repre- 
sented, as  the  Iiead  upon  that  lure  figured  is  (  eriainly  inicnded  for 
Ih.il,  and  the  two  bc.ir  ,1  marked  nsiinblanee.      Professor  iVrkins  also 


"A.  >•.,  Mil.  Mil,  |l.  71,,  fig.    ,,  ,,f  |,1, 


11 


,ap). 


lC)2 


I'KIMIIIVl.    IMUSIKY. 


R'l'irs  to  two  slniK'  |ll■^tl^■s  iVi Mil  Wriiiont,  wliic  1\  li.ivc  rude  carvings 
on  oni'  end.  (  H'  one  of  tlu'^e  lie  remarks,  "the  (  ar\i(l  end  represents, 
ratlier  rudely,  hut  yet  jilainly,  the  heail  of  ;i  si|iiurel  or  some  similar 
animal."  Of  the  < ommon  forms  of  this  im|ilenifnt,  as  found  in  \'er- 
monl  (and  the  remarks ajiply  eipially  well  to  all  New  l.n^laiul).  I'rofi^sor 
Perkins  says  they  are  of  "all  \arieiii-i.  Some  are  fusirorm,  u>iil  e\i- 
deiitly  as  rollers,  >,ini'e  both  iiids  are  in  soiiie  i  .i-<es  iiolished  liy  the 
l'ri(  tion  with  the  hands,  oiIuts  as  ol«\ioii-.ly  nsi'd  for  pounding,  ai  the 
more  or  less  rectanjiular  form  iireeludes  the  posMiliiliiy  of  rolliii;^  them  ; 
one  of  these  is  ihrie  in<  hes  square  ami  nearly  a  foot  ami  a  half  lonj;, 
flat  on  all  >ides  ;  other  spec  imen-.  are  flat  on  two  sides  ami  rounded 
on  the  ipiher  two  :  otheis  are  <'luli-^hapicl,  and  ^.o  on." 

I.oiil;  pe>tles,  \Miii  kiioli-.  on  one  i  iid.  judj^'inj,'  I'rom  the  series  of 
the>e  implements  pre>er\ed  ill  the  sewr.il  l.irj^i-  miliums,  are  of  r\en 
rarir  o(  <  urniu  e  than  tho-^e  with  animal  heaiU  ;  hut  wry  fi'w  are  found 
e\in  with  a  narrow  groove  near  one  end.  This  form,  wiiic  h  is  so 
(•har.uteri>tif  of  llu-  Ion:;  jie^lles  I'ound  in  California,  is  not  aliundant 
anywhere  ^.l^e  on  the  I'ai  ilu  (  o.i'^t.  ( >f  the  hundreils  of  ))e>tles  from 
the  All  inlii  >hori->.  muih'  .iii'  so  di^tmc  ll\  :;ioii\td  and  i  oll.ired.  a>  those 
from  ( 'aliform,!.  I'i,:;s.  i  (S  and  i  .p^  rej^resent  spei  imeiis  of  these 
(oll.ired  pcsilc-..  t.ikrn  jiom  ^r  i\es  .it  1  )os  I'ui'hlos,  .southern  ( '.ilifornia. 
It  is  somewhai  str.in;;<'  when  we  (ousiiKr  the  I.ilior  of  <  arx  inj;  an  ani- 
mal's head  on  one  of  iiu>e  pestles,  th.it  so  \er\  lew  of  tiieiu  ha\e  even 
a  ^roo\'e  aliiiiit  one  end,  that  they  nii^ht  the  inori'  e.isily  he  su>|iended  ; 
lhou:4h  lhe\  apjie.ir  \iry  ^'elleially  to  |i.i\e  lieeli  so  sUsjJinded.  "  The 
I'eini.iennks,"  ai  1  ordiiiL;  to  .St  houli  mil,  ••  weri'  ae(  ustoniecl  to  suspeufi 
a  stone  pestle  tVoiii  tile  limhof  a  tree,  wliiih  a<  ted  .1-.  a  sprini;  and 
sa\ed  the  sipiaw  l.iliour  in  liliin>;  the  pestle.  'Iliese  pestles  were 
usually  (irnamenleil  with  .i  hum, in  he.nl,  or  tln'  he. id  of  a  deer,  or 
some  other  animal,  s(  uljitured  .it  one  end."  \\liile  tlu;  i  oni  hision, 
that  tliev  «ere  //i7/f///r  snilptured,  w.is  an  iinw.irr.mted  inlenm  !■  on  the 
ji.irt  111'  Mr.  St  hooler.ilt,  the  few(ar\ed  pestles  tli.ii  are  fdimd  show 
that  siK  h  was  sometimes  the  t  ,ise.  'I'lie  .iliseme  tif  these  (.irxin^'s  or 
of  a  };roo\e  or  toll.ir  on  i  ert.iiu  spe(  imeiis  t  amiot,  howe\er,  lu  < dii- 


, 


MOKIAKS   AM)    l'I.STI.K.S. 


'^•3 


sidercd  as  evidence  tliat  they  were  ix.t  al.o  suspended.     The  distinc 

lion  drawn  between  Irne  peMles.  so  .  allid,  an<l   the  hli^luy  pohshed. 

finely  finished  init  plain    spe(  i- 

rnens,  whii  h  liave    lieen  called 

ware  liii)s,   as   has   hrcn   already 

stated,  is,  in  all  proliaMlily,  not 

warranted. 

I''ij,'.    150    represents  a   small 

pestle,  pounder  or  niulkr,  sue  h 

as   is   <  onunon   in   western  antl 

southern   loialilies,   hut  of  rare 

o(  <urriiii  !•    in    .\\w    JcrMV    or 

New   Mnnland.     This   s|)trini(n 

has    liiin    ( arefully    shap  d    hy 

pe<  kinj^.  and  on  the  ends,  one 

of   whii  h    is    jicrfedly    (lat,    are 

shallow  (lip  like  depressions. 

'I  lu'se  (lipre>>ions  are    not    uii- 

(oninioii    in    the    short    niullers       Kll 

found    in    (  tjiio,  which   are    ini-       K!         H  HI^v'\-''J 

pleinenl^    of   known    use,    ancl 

therefore  their  jiresence,  in  this 

instance,  is  not  an  intli(  ation  that 

fig.  150  is  not  .1  peMJe,  or  niiiller. 

'I  he  purpo^e  of  iju-  j;roo\e  aliout 

the  middle  of  thi-  iiii|ilemeiit   is 

difficult    to    determine.     When 

such    n.irnn.-    j,'rooves    are    near 

one    end,    a-,    in    the    (V.liforiii.i 

sjiec  iiueiis,  it  is  evident  that  the 

pestles  so  niaike<l,  when  in  n>e, 

were  siisiiended   from    the   limh 

of  a  tree  ;  l.ut  f,g.  ,50  is  too  small  to  l.e  used  in  this  manner,  .md  the 


V.V 


t-.V 


I  I.. 


i<9  :ina   1 1  ,,  —  e.ilil.. 


iO., 


I'KIMI|IIVK  INI>1  -niV. 


j;r«Mi\i'  \tv\\}ii  ill   ill'"   iniii'llf  •'<   tin-   implfiiUMit   xvinilil   jircM'tii    ii    finm 
lakiiii.'.  il  •^ll^In•Mlll•>l,  iitlur  tli.iii  .1   linn/iint.il  |«isitiiii). 

I'l:;.  i;i  n|jii'>viil-.  ;tii  .ivor.i^t   -.|K-iiinen  ui  '■»•  slmrl  ll.iriii)'  iitiillers, 

:ir  (  nislu-rs  <  niDinuti  in  ( )l)i(>, 
iiMt  I  iitii|Kir.iii\('ly  rare  in  Ni-w 
i  ii^l.iiiil  anil  till-  mil  Idle  >iati-s. 
In  a  M-rii's  ol  aluiiil  niiirt\ 
l«->lli-..  tlu-ri'  ari-  Iml  ilirrc  dI 
tlirsf  iiuillcr>.  W'liiif  lint  |K's- 
ilis  sinrtly  Niwakin^.  \'t  tluMf 
iiM'  i^  Ml  similar  as  i>i  i\arraiit 
till  ir  In  111^'  I  la-.si-i|  t(iL;illicr. 

I- 1:,'.    151    IS   iiiailf  i«l   A  MTV 

('(im|>a<t  graiiilir  rmk,  .mil   is 

carrtnJlN  wnrkfil  hmt  its  riitiro 

■.iirtii  I .     'Ihi'  I  rnsjiin^^  i-iiil.  ui 

liam-.  1-  ncarls  IcmI  aii'l   mi>n' 

\Miim  fu.tii  ImiIiiiiI.  as  ihniiflli 

thi-  imi4i-iiU'i)t   liail   Ini  i»  n.fd 

)  '  (  1    w  '  ;   a   riililimi^,  rallu  r  liiaii  a 

*ii    |«i>iitiiiiii^    iiiDliiin.       rill-    two 

'||  iiPhfi  ivnin|ilts  III  txjiii.il  mill- 

1]   Uts.    1.1    Mini  I)    rrlrniH  r    has 

II 

Iwrii  iiiailf,  arr  nf  m"i  li  niiiiT 
t§m   linish.  antl  tin-  llaimi;    Imsc  i-, 
less  I iri till II III)  I'll   than    in   this 
ianiiuttt:. 

Aiming'  till'  inanv  shalliiw 
niiirtars  lliat  have  Uiii  «a- 
ainiiiL'il,  nunc  |iiissi-ssfii  any 
|ii  I  nliaritv  Nvliii  h   wmuIiJ  maki* 

an  ii|i|iir  sinuc,  like  I'lf;,  151,  nmrr  lUsiralilc  ihaii  tin-  (lal  iisai  jhIiMcs 

thai  lia\»-  Uin  'IcM  rilml,  fij.;.  1  jiy. 


MUHIAK-     \Mi    I'IMI.K.S. 


'65 


lU-»uU-i  l!if  l.ir^i'  stinii-  moll, 11".  .mhI  j'i'-'llc-.,  tn  wliii  li  Mttcntlnn  Ii.h 
lii'i'ii  I  .ill«-i!,  ilirn-  .iri-  1"  I  .i^inii.illv  ruiiiiil  small  slnno  <  iiiii  nr  miiii.i- 
liirr  iiinrl.iis,  iii\,iri.ilpl\,  I  l«-lu'\r,  iii.iilr  li\  utili/iii;;  |ii-li|ili>  Ii.i\lii4 
ii.ilur.il    liulliiwi   (III   (iiu-   Milt,   v\l\iili    li.iM'    liicn    i|iv|ii.  Mill    \>y  more 


I 


* 


w 


*?•■ 


Km.    im.  — New  J<tM.y.    |, 
or   Kss    |irtkili;;,    III'.lil    .1    NiTMc  I'.llilr,    lll<inj;ll     Mil. ill    slolU"    \i..il    w.l.* 

jiiuilm  1  (I.  I  lirM-  \\(ic  11-.C1I  fur  j;riiMliMji  lla-  ri<l  ji.iml,  wlin  li,  in 
till'  sh.i|ii'  t<\  iii.iis(ly  |mi\mI«i<iI  (PMilf  111  iiiiii,  i>i  fiiiiiut  in  ;;rc'.tt 
.i1>iinil.ih>  ('  Ml   llii-  j;i<hUs  til.!'  In:  M.illiiiil  n\iT  mill  li  nf  jiir  iiiriuirv 


ir)("i 


IKlMIIIVi;  INhlvlKS'. 


Ill   New  Ji-rscy.     In  iIum-  IiuK   iiinii.ir^,  this  jtaint  i-.  readily  rodvicihio 

III  .in   ini|i.il|).ilil(.-  |it)VMlt'i. 

I .()>,kicl*^  ri'inarks  of  ilu'    Imliaiis,  "Thiv   lu'stow  mm  1»  time  an«< 

lahur  in  ilcKiraliHg  tiicir  lares;  living  '>n  Iti  >li   i  .unl  ivery  day,  es- 

|Ki  uilly  il'  iIka'  ^;() 
Dill  to  dam  e  I'lu) 
snpiHiie  tl).it  it  is 
\ir\  iiri>i)eiloi  liravo 
nun  to  |i.iint,  aixl 
al  w  a  )  s  study  a 
<  l)ai\)4e  of  t.iNhiiin. 
\'tiniilion  i^  tlkir 
la\<iiite  I  olni.  w  ill\ 
w  liii  h  t  111  \  1 1  e- 
c|niiiil\  li.nnl  llicir 
_2  wiiole  iiiad.  Mere 
■.      and    there   lda<  k 

V. 

i      siie.iki    ari'   insro- 

-     dm  eil,  iir  tin  y  panit 

■»      line  liall  III  llieir  lai  e 

ami  lu  ad  i>Iai  k  and 

l!le  other  red." 

Mcnts  a  medi  inn- 
sized  p.i  inl-eu|i. 
made  of  a  «.iUt- 
\Mi.M>  jiehlile.  'Ihi'e 
and  iluee-fonrths 
ii)<  luH  lonn  liy  two 

and  otK-niarti-rinrhcs  wi.le.  ti<issi.e.  imei.  has  si.les  and  ends  of  a  uni- 
form uidth  of  k.If  an  in.  h.  v;ivmfi  Iherel.y  a /./'V' «M-hai.e.i  degression 

for  the  total  ilimcuMon^  of  itu-  si,erimen.     U  nu)  he  ohjeMed  th.il 


«•  M1.M..11 1..  N-"li   ^i".iii-.M.  Iii.li.iio,  I'.  4 1      l'Hia.m,  17  M- 


MoklAkS    AMI    l'l>ll,ls. 


'•'7 


\hv  M/v  of  fig.  152  is  too  siiiiill  for  the  supposfd  use.  riulouliU'dly 
many  i>,iinl-iium.>rs  were  l.iifiii.  ! ml  tliis  >|.l(  iimn  i-.  not  ai  Mnall  as 
voinc  wf  lia\c-  foiim!  ;  ami,  ii.  l.ivnr  of  llic  tlu-or>  lluit  it  was  so  ii-,l'(I, 
is  tin-  fa<  t  that  it  was  found  in  a  j;ravc,  witli  a  serifs  of  arrowj mints, 
a  nil,  a  knilr,  a'ul  sonio  fr.i,;.:Mu  nu  of  |ii>ficry.  'riii-  Km  .iliiv  and  ihc 
f\  id(  in'.v  .irtifit'ial  >  hata<  Itrof  the  «  nji  :iii.i|Kd  drpn  s^inn  |/io\c  licyniid 
a  doiilit  tiiat  it  ii  an  Indian  rclii  ;  ami  iliai  iis  um-w.is  im  [pimt  inuinj; 
SL'i'ins  iiioa-  iirolialiii'  liian  any  otluT  tiial  t  an  !»■  MiL;j,'rsird.  A-.soi  i- 
atfd  with  this  dilicaic  paint-i  n|)  was  the  liiljr  1  liili-shaiii-d  jjctif, 
drawn  as  resting  in  tire  nil).     It  is  a  pretty  pchblc,  three  iiuhcs  iti 


t'Ui.  i>j.  — ^.itiHifiila.     j. 

Icngrh,  slcmhr  and  oval  at  niic  end,  and  flat,  ii\al,  and  ijoiiulc  \\\c 
width  at  till'  opiMciie  enil.  'ihi.  jiotle  has  pr>ilj.ii)iy  lieen  w<irn  away 
(•unsid<Tal)ly  in  its  um;  with  tin-  a<  <  ()n»|ianyin),'  1  m|  .  Tlu'  wiiiih  of  the 
dull  liki  nid,  am!  that  of  the  sUiider  stiiii,  sicm  to  a(,rii'  pirlii  tly  with 
the  wiilth  and  ilrplh  of  the  <  np's  hollow,  ami  tin-  ^l.-niUr  portion  with 
the  i«iinls  of  (onlad  of  the  rim  of  the  1  np  and  the  handle  of  the 
piini  I  rusher. 

These  small  mortars,  or  p.nni  1  ujis,  fi^.  t^;,  are  not  1  onfuiid  lo  the 
Atlantii  <oast,  Iml  .ire  of  even  nmre  fn'|nent  01 1  urn  m  e  o>i  the  l'.i«  ificr 
coast.  I''if,'.  15^  represents  one  tif  these  small  sloiu'  r  ups  made  of 
serptiUinc,  and  ililfers  from  the  e.Lslern  spe<  imeiis  only  in  lieiiij^  inadu 


i()S 


IKiMUlVI.  INUl  .^lUV. 


Irom  a  mass  of  lliis  slono,  and  i-.  llu  ri  t'nii'  Tvlmlls  arlil'ii  iai  ;  «liilc  \ii\ 
Sflilom,  m"  rvtr.  an-  lln-y  louml  ol  tlii.  ( liarac  lii  in  New  laiglaii-l  ni 
the  iiiiddlc  stakN. 

1'')^;,  15  J  rf|iri'SL'iil.s  a  vvr\  Mnall  iiaiiit<  iiii  uiailr  fnmi  a  uatcT-wdin 
|iil>l)'>.',  \\liit  li  has  ret  riM-'il  it-.  |)ri->i'rit  liollort, on  up  -.liaiK-d  dciirc-isinii, 
whullv  li\  1"  '  IvHi^',  aticr  ihi'  niaiiiu-r  (if  wnrkiiiL;  tin-  diip  pimiM's  ni> 
tin-  t  MiiMimn  ;<lnnc  a\i-.  I'iii-.  |paint  (  ii|>  i-.  aliiKia  >  in  tilar  in  shapi', 
bciii^a  litllr  llatkiud  oil  niii'  side.     It  i-1  I'ln'  and  livi-i'inl'll's  iiu  lus  in 

dianu'lir,  and  has  Inn  a  <!i'|>th  ni 
thrii'  i-ij;!itlis  (if  an  im  li  al  tlic 
<  I'ntic,  nr  di-(|iist  1' nt  ni  the  dc 
liMssiiin.  'ITiiii-  ail'  siill  marks 
I'l'  the  stuni'  liamnicr  in  llws  Iml 
l(i«,  whitli,  lii'Wrvir,  fills  I'ti- 
fti  tl\  sniiMitli  to  tlic  to'ii  li,  ami 
lias  llii'  saiiK'  (  olor  and  amoniit 
111  [iiilisltas  ilu"  I'Mfriiir  smfari-s 
of  till-  s|K'(  iimn.  '!  liis  s|H'Mnu  11,  IiIm-  tlu'  ]inr(  dini^,  was  Imind  in 
tl\f  );ra\r  of  1  <  hiid,  \\i:li  a  nniiilnr  of  (^naily  di  <  avvd  Imnc  1  ads, 
and  .1  hirjlilv  [lolishid  Mm  k  stoin',  \sith  a  nnnilpcr  of  hmall  holes 
of  n  ilural  i)ii){in,  (liron^li  it. 

As  m  th<'  irri'i  i-tlint;  cxamiili-  of  |iami<  nps,  m>  in  tlii-f  instan;  o,  a 
long,  sliltdir  jnlililr,  of  1  itnsidcr.llile  polith,  moll-  Woili  at  one  illd 
tlian  at  the  olhiT,  w.is  foimd  \mi1i  ilie  iu|i.  Tlu'  two  1  crt.iinh  sucm 
filtiil  ft)r  u?*i;  willj  eai  l\  otlui. 


Vii..  I'l 


j.  im:)'. 


(  II  \  I'  ii;  k    \  I 


IfllTI  KV, 


()i  all  ihc  traces  of  inan'>.  han.liwork  noiu;  art-  so  nnini.taka'ile.  ami 
so  iiii|ifrislialili'.  as  fia^jiiunlsor  |Miitrr\ .  Niiiun-  inixiiu  c,  noihiii;;  with 
wliic  h  it  I  ail  111'  I  oiiroimdiii.  iinvMX  cr  iiiliiutf  l\\v  si  alli  ltd  slicnls, 
tlu'V  <  aiiii'ii  iM  a|n-  rci  o^^iiitiun,  am!  win  nvi  r  liiiiinl  \y\-  <  an  i  unrKiciulv 
iMiini  to  ihtin  as  cMiUiwrs  nl'  man\  tninur  piiMiK  o. 

Whik-  piimitivc  pulUry.  in  a  iVa^iiK-iitaiyi  oiiditinii.  ran  \iv  o!itain-<i 
l>y(ari-riil  sran  h  in  almost  iviry  lo(  aliiy,  tiu- froiiH-m  y  of  ii'-ot  rnr- 
iiiK  I-  lift  iN>aril\  \arii-s.  i  )n  i\ir\'  turnitr  villa.m'  silr,  it  iialiiiallv 
oil  iir->  in  ^Tcati-st  aiiuiulain  i-  :  bui  ii  i>  only  wlun  vm'  i  liaii'  c  ii|)..ii  .1 
Ijiiiial  plai  r,  that  lias  fs(a|H(l  i!i-.t\irl)anrf,  tli.n  ,1  pfrfiTt  vv.»il  i  .m  ho 
ohtainfil. 

In  till'  ii|i|i(r  valK-y  of  tln"  Dtlawarc.  in  ilv  virjniiv  of  tlv-  liiaiilifiil 
Water  <  iaii,  "traj;infiiti  of  <aitlicniiia(k- artuks  arc  loiiml  in  alniost 
cviry  (id.!  near  the  rivir."'-'  Here  "the  material  wa^  |>re|)aiei|  by 
IKiiindiii;;  rerl.iiii   kinds  (if  slu  lis  and  mixiiij,' with  Miilahlt-  moistened 

(lay;   having  ilried  iliis<..iii| mi  in  tne  siiade,  w  was  ihm  luirned  in 

the  o\er.  or  kilii,  in.idf  U>r  the  |iiir|ioM  .  and  l>e(  aim  lianl.  and  would 
stand  e\|io>iire  to  tin-  hre. 

"Ihe  earlluMi  j>o!,  are  made  of  xarious  sijtes,  h(»klin},'  from  a  |>inf 
to  several  gallons.  The  larger  ones  were  iised.  ainon^;  other  |iiir]«)sfs, 
for  U»ilinj<  the  saji  for  inajiie  siij^ar,  ( >f  the  s;iiiie  material  were  laatle 
pili'llirrH,  vj»es,  howls,  plati's.  etc. 

"I  fthroki  II  arlii  les  of  earthenware  are  now  lareU    nu-t  »nh,   hut 


**'B«i«tli*4«t.     Tt«'irti»*Tr  \V.itt<r  f'*m^:   lU  V-«itvry  MiMttHt«b>r>',  4..  it^,  j4*«d 


J%tU<l«ttihm,  li 


170 


I'KIMIIIVK    IMilMkY, 


fra,'nu'nls,  sornctiiTiL'S  in  large  jiii'ii's,  are  fouiiil  iiKiuantities,  some  of 
thi-se  showing  a  (U-gree  of  taste  ami  ^kill  in  uriiaiiientatioii." 

Till-  ahuvc  is  true  tif  all  parts  (if  the  state,  ami  a  i  (iiii|iaris>>ii  of  the 
pottery  tminil  alioiit  tlie  Water  (lap,  whii  h  was  a  plate  of  ^reat  im- 
port.'.me  to  ihe  Indians,  with  that  of  otlier  Um  alities,  shows  unly  -.m  h 
ilifllrcnris  as  ari-.e  tinm  the  i|iialit\  ot'  thr  <  Li\  iiMwi,  nr  tlie  j'rojMir- 


tioii->   (il    I  lav  aiiil 


adoiilril    liv    ti 


tlill 


inm    ]>iillei'.. 


About 


Il  iiti'ii, 


J 


(W        ttMN,     Willi 


h 


the   sitf   ot    ,in   <-\tiiisive   ani 


iiiiportaiit  Iniiian  town,  the  potterv  ii  ol  (lilfcrent  colors,  ami  of  lioth 
iiii\eil  ami  nnhii\e<l  (lay,  Iii.rt.  ilie  raw  ni.iteri.ils  are  louixl  in  great 
almnilam  e,  ami  the  i  hara(  ter  ol  »he  w.in  seeinr>  largely  to  have  heen 
ilrlirn  iiu  ij  liy  iIk-  i  liarai  ter  «e  ;he  Ihi!-*,  Ironi  wlii<  h  the  pDtiir  took 
his  <  lay.     A  larL;i'   inirtiuii  ui  rhe   potirry  nunle  hy  the   Indians,  how- 


ever, was  not  ni.idf  Itoiu  piir^  i 


lav.  just  as  it  <  aine  Ironi   the  lied,  hut 


the  elayearths  th,il  overlie  the  otlx-r^  were  ntili/.ed  and  made  ,i\.iilal>lo 
hy  mixing  w.th  tluiii  <|niri/.  granule^,  ami  pounded  shell.     Mui  h  of 


tl 


le  pure  <  l.iy.  w 


hi.  h 


in  in. my  |ilat  i-s  w.is  a<iessitiK-,  w 


kiiuld  net  d  far 


more  manipul.ition  th  in  the  Indian  potter>  would  <  .ire  to  givt.-  it,  .md 
us  the  mixture  of  i  Ln  .ind  si 


ii-ll  «,is  siinpirr  ainl  wm 
ll\ 


lid  iiu'i  I  all  their 


rei|uirtrnienis.   it    was,  mtv  nutur.illy,  musi    lit(|iuiitl>    usn 


d. 


Ihey 


nevertheless  possessrcl  the  knowledge  of  sm  i cssl'ully  working  in  pure 
cl.i),  as  sherds  are  found  so  m.ule,  ,md  their  well  lorimd  1 1. iv  smoking 
pipes  .ire  .1  fiirlher  proof  of  the  fill. 

In  till'  iiinnediate  vii  iinly  of  the  sc.ieoasl,  pottery  is  found  .is  frc- 
quentlv  ,is  .iluiij;  thr  ri\<r  v.illeys. 

In  his  rcpiirt   on  ihi-  Aitilii  i.il   Shell  |)t|osits  in   New  Jirsi'v,   Dr. 


("has.  Kan  "'  nirnlious  .is  iMilcin  i-  nt  th 


uii.uii  V  of  Mil  h  of  ihfse 


shellheips,  as  were  ex.imuied  hy  him  nr.ir  Ki  yport.  New  Jersix,  the 
on  urren<  e  of   "numerous    frigmeiils  of  pottery,"  whidi    he    sulise- 


quently 


desi  ribes  as  (onsisting 


if  a  d.irk  (1; 


y. 


itl 


ler    111 


i\id   with 


coarse  s.md,  or  jmrr,  for  tin-  ninsi   |iirt  r.itlur  slightly  Imimd  ,  some 


of  ihf  sherds  still  luar  llie  oni.iint  iit.il 


.iiid   iioii  Ill's  I  III  in  the 


••  K.iii.     Siiiilliiuiii.  Aiiiiii.it  Ki'|«iit,  iSi>4.  |>.  171. 


I'lirrikv. 


171 


siirfai  I-  of  \\\v  vessels.     The  mixing  nf  the  day  with  iMiumlnl  sliclls 
tlocs  n«)l  sccin  tn  havi;  l)ccii  \'\.u  tiMil  by  tlu'  liiiliaiis  of  lliis  rc.^iuii." 

Throiifihoiu  ilii;  N<.'w  Kiij^laml  staiis,  the  |niiitry  |irrMiils  no  i-^mii- 
ti.tl  ilillircm  f  troin  thai  luiind  in  Ni.>*  jirsc).  I.ikc  thai  Immil  in  llic 
miiltilt^talcM,  ihi- material  uf  whit  h  ii  i-<  mailc,  am!  ilu'  arr  in^^iimiit 
1)1  ilu-  liiu-<,  '1'||^  .mil  t  oril  marks  \ary  imlcrinitcly,  Imt,  as  \it,  no  \issi  I 
has  lu'i  II  olilaiiuil  ih.il  is  m  any  way  |ir<  iiliar  ciilur  in  I'lnii  i>r  orna- 
nii'Mtalinn.  I'mtcss..!  IVrkins '•  t><  unls  ut'  Ntrmniil,  tliat  "sir-c  linens 
111  earllunware  (u  i  ur  all  o'er  the  Mate,  (  liiefly  in  tlie  rnnn  nl"  Ira^nieiUs. 
*  •  •  All  of  the  earthenware  was  ornanuiitedsuinewlial,  some  Imt  little, 
some  inori-,  the  ilei  oraiion  1  onsisim^;  <>(  iinpresseil  lij^iires  nf  ,1  ^reat  \a- 
riety  III' tnr;n.  •  •  •  No  ilei  oration  l>y  ilu- aiijiln  atinn  nT  |i,ui!t  ..r , my 
colorinf;  material  (niurs.  •  •  •  '111,-  niaierial  u\  whuli  liie  jars  was 
made  is  essentially  liki  ili.it  li'imil  elst  wlure."  ni  jMiitiry,  as  loiiiid 
in  the  New  I'a^laml  s!--  Il-hea|is,  I'rol'essor  \\  unan  lia.s  remarkeil,  ilial 
"it  is  poorly  ri|iresi-ntei!,  only  small  lraj;ment.s  li.ivin);  oeen  loimd, 
lake  til  e  from  other  parts  of  the  I  nileil  Slates,  the  ;iots  were  made 
of  <lay,  with  or  without  the  admixture  of  poiindeil  sin  IN,  and  were 
im|iertei  iK  liiirned  so  tiial  ihr  w.ill-  are  lioih  (rialile  .Wci\  poroiis.  I  he 
oiiianii  nlali'iii,  w  lien  il  e\is|s,  is  ol  ihe  rudest  kiiul,  1  onsisliiii;  of  in- 
dentations or  trai  in^s  with  a  single  [poini,  or,  as  m  some  eases,  with  .t 
series  of  points  on  one  and  the  s.mie  instrument  ;"  and  in  some 
« ases,  "the  lines  in  the  siirla<  e  h.id  lieen  fonnet'  |i\  impressiii),'  an 
evenlv  twisted  1  ord  in>o  the  still  1  lay,  the  eord  liein^  laid  on  m  \arious 
posi;  lolls."'" 

■|v\ii  I A  iuipli>  of  medium  sized  vi'ssels,  eaih  showin).;  ir.'.ees  of 
handle  like  proj.i  lions,  whii  h,  t hi iii^h  broken,  ajipiMr  to  h.ive  been 
Ihe  aniin.illike  fij;iires  that  1  harai  teri/e  so  jitr.it  an  amount  of  the 
well  known  Missouri  poitery,  were  foimd  lu.ir  Trenion,  New  Jersey, 
under  sm  h  1  in  nmstam  es  as  indii  ated  ih.u  thi  \  h.id  lut  a  in  use.  and 
were  buried   there  b\  the   Indians  oi   ili.ii  rej;ion.      Tin- i  la\  is  .ijip.ir- 


•  ' l'i:iliii«      .'...  ,  vij.  mi,  |>.  )  I7> 

**  \\')iit.iti.     .\iii<  rt.  .4it  N.diii.ilisi,  \til*  i,  \t.  sHi, 


17a 


I'KIMITIVr.    INIHSTRV, 


iiilly  llu'  s.iini',  .mil  (In-  >;iiui.il  ^t\lf  ol'  wdrkmanship  is  so  iilontiral 
Willi  llu  |Mitiri\  totmil  in  llic  inciimils  nj'  Minllu-.islirn  Mi^Mniri,  .iml  in 
till-  >\nnr  ^r.iMs  III'  ilic  (  iiihIkiI, 111(1  \,ill<v,  tli.it  tlurc  r.iii  ho  |»ut  liitlt' 
iliiiitil  tii.il  tluM-  \(.-smK  ui-ro  liKii.^lit  tViim  siiiiu-  l.ir  U(>.tiTU  lorality. 
Sn^l^r-livc  as  is  lliis  {".ul,  it  lir«  unu-,  inini-  ■■><,  wluti  it  is  ri'tuiMiiliiTi-il 
ill. It  llii-.  s.iiiif  riMT  \allcy  w.is  .il  <iiic  time  m  i  iiiiinl  liy  iiol  only  llu.' 
ri'siiliiit  I.iii.i|m"--.,  lull  aUi)  \i\  Ij.iihU  nl  ilic  itsilrss  ShawiU'fs,  'I'hc 
'Mit  (I\m1i  in  l.iif^i-  iiiimlpi's  iicir  wlurc  l'liil.i(UI|'liM  imw  sianils  ; 
till)  liatl  also  a  i  uiiiiilcr.ililr  \illaf;i'  at  tlir  I'clawarr  W.iiii  i'i.i\<,  and 
arc  kiiu^Mi  til  have  m  <  ii|iii-<|  at  um'  liinc  tlu'  \alli'\  nl  tlic  (  iiiiilicrland. 
In  fait,  tliat  siiiain  \.as  nrif^inaily  kiinwn  a-,  llu-  ri'.trnt"  tlu-  Cliauiia- 
Hulls.  InasiiiiK  I)  as,  nin^liil  with  llic  nrilin.iry  tilijri  Is  uf  slum', 
maili-  liy  llif  n-suli  nl  I  )(1  iwafs,  .irr  Ciiiiiiil  inaii\  thai  .i|i|m  ar  tu  Ik-  (nit 
of  |ilai  I-,  anil  i  liaiai  t(  lisiir  of  llu-  snnllurn  ami  wcsiiiii  Imli  alls,  it 
tliu's  iiui  scciii  straiiLic  to  (iiul  spci  niuiis  nl'  cirlliiiiw.irr  .lUo,  .ind 
yil  llu- I  .iM-s  .lit  \»iy  ililTiTint.  'llic  s|n  .ir|)iiints  and  (irninunls  an- 
rtfi-r.ililc  III  smiiliiih  Iiidi.ms,  .iiid  siit  li  as  art-  tif  sniitluMi  |iitiiriis  iir 
lypts  may  Imm-  Ihiii  lirniiL^lil  liy  llu-  sniitlu-rn  Sliawiuts  ;  Imi  llu-  Iwu 
Iil.uk  |Mils,  in  i|iii-.|i.in.  .ire  iint  like  llu-  siirf.ii  r  rniiiul  \»-ssils  uf  the 
l.ilir  Indi. Ills,  lull  .ir  -diiiiu  al  with  llmsi-  Irum  ilu-  nuiiuids.  ( '.iii  it 
In  that  the  Shawiitts  ii-  llu-  ,ini  itiil  |i.ilt(  is  that  f.islnniu  d  ih  ii  \m)1i- 
di  rliil  w.iri  ?  Iiiil.  it'  sn,  why  did  tin  y  iml  i  nniiiint-  iis  m.inui.it  liirt' 
in  \t  w  |iT-i  \  '  lltrtari-  fo  iiid  im  aiiiinalsh.i|pid  stsst  Is  ;  .md  ihe 
I  l.iy  iiii,i;.;i  s  ul  llu-  I  itl.iw.iri-s  .ii;!!  llu-  lri»|iiiiis  aif  nf  a  \tr\  dilTtTcnt 
I  liar.ii  ttr  nf  w'i>rkiii,mslii|i,  .iiul,  litsidis,  iluy  wtn;  imi  iltsi^iu-il  as 

nni.lintllU  jnl'  \i  ssils. 

I'i};.  15:;  it-|irtsfuis  llu-  '•.irj^isi  f\.iiii|ilf  iif  .1  I  l.iy  jmi,  in  tlu-  inin- 
Imud  t  ullt-i  liiiiis  111  llu-  Musfiini-i  nf  I'.iiiiliridj^''  and  S.ilciu,  Ma.ss. 
( >iK-,  l.ir^t-r,  liiiiii  \  t-riiuiiil,  will  In-  snlisttnu-iiily  rrfi-rn-tl  in.  This  sym- 
iiii-trii  .il  and  will  iii.uk-  n-ism  I  is  nf  tlu-  sh.i|if  and  si/t-  that  a|i|ifars  to 
havf  lii-i-ii  ninst  j,'i-iuTally  in  iisr,  jntljjing  frnm  tlu-  iiiimln-rk-ss  ('r.i(;nH'nts 
that  an-  fnimd. 

1m  fi^;,  155  lilt-  nriiaiiii-nt.itiiiii  is  nf  mndisi  <  liarat  Itr  and,  m 
is    .iliiMsi    ,ihva\s    llu-    1  .IS1-,    il    is    alnuist    tntirt-1)    1  oiil'iiit-il    It)    the 


IH  ilTKkV, 


•'V,i 


link  ami  rim.  In  all  vcssois  of  tliin  jiattiTii,  the  htwvr  imrtion  i> 
lurt'n  ily  jilaiii. 

'^ili^  s|«-cimni,  wliirli  is  i)r()l'alilyii|"  IroquDis  ur  I  turoii  m.iiinl'u  inn*, 
was  Inunil  luMr  Wiailmi,  ("oiinty  "I  llnici-,  ( )iitaiii),  "unihr  a  i  lil'f  ol 
limr>i'iiu'  rtiniaiiiiii,  iip^anls  nf  niii'  liiiiiilriii  \\\{.  Iiii^ii,  aiiil  v  iiiiiii  ,i 
ffW  I'lil  (it   ( 'c)l|iay'^  lia\ ." 

l'\'j,  is'i  rti>ir>L-iils  a  liraiiliful,  IiMl  fiMj;mfiilary  liillf  \(^-<I  rounil 
]t\  tin-  I. Ill'    I'ruC.  |riViir>  \\'\m.in,  at   lliii};)iain.  Ma^-..      It  i-.  \i  i\-  liiin, 


Kn..  ust  — '  'm.iii.i,    \, 

ami  t  \c  flay  of  »lii<  !>  it  is  inadi'  is  marly  ]mri'.  Thi-  ornaiiunlallnii 
IS  inai  i>  iiion- rlaliorati' tiiaii  tliat  u|inii  tlir  pnriilinK  s|m(  iimn.  A 
iioticcahlc  iVaturi' (if  this  ]>iii  is  tlic  almost  ]niinti'(l  iDiiom.  i.arj^'cr 
vcssfis  of  till'  same  pattirn,  ii-^cd  lnr  lonkiiii^  ami  linliJmL;  Inncl,  wvw 
siis|Mnil(  il  l-r  a  (  I'l  i  |.as-.i'(|  ar'ninij  tlir  iiannwcil  iM.iti'in  ni  \\,i  k  ol 
tlir  \rssil.  j-'i),'.  15(1  is  thin  ami  small,  and  rc'iuinil  \ii\  (  iii  I'ul 
haiidliiii:  wlitii  in  uso.     'Ihiri.-   is  ,1  maikrd    dilkii-nn-   luiwitn    tlu- 


«74 


I'KI.MIIIVi:  INDIMKV. 


orn.iimMi.ition  of  tliis  t.isti'fnlly  (U-sij^iu'il  s|if(imrn  ain!  tli:''  of  tlic 
fiillowiii^;  small  si-NSfl  fninul  in  \iw  Jcrsiy,  tli(in:;li  in, my  fr.i^moiils 
(jf  oriianu-iitid  lintli-iy  an-  romnl. 

l''ig.  157  ri'|tri.-scius  a  laail)   jnilc«l  s|«t  iimii  nl  a  <  lay  M^oi-l  of 


Ki...  lii..     M.ioi. luisiii,.    |. 


small  si/r,  fniiinl  near  Tiriii'iii.  Ni«  JitM).  \'r>^(i-,  nj  llii>  kiiiil  ap- 
|ii',ir  til  ha\r  liii-ii  li.iliiliialiy  |.la<iil  in  llu-  ^;|•a\^■^  nl'  iIh'  1  kiawarc 
Iii'liaii-^.  hut  s(i  iiuiitit\<  tly  wiic  mn-a  of  tluiii  niadi  .  that,  nnlr-.-,  ii.m- 
(iiid  uith  the  utmost  I  arc,  llicy  <  niniMc  mi  Ikimj,'  iiinnNnl  Imm  tlu- 
earth. 


I'OI  I  1  RV. 


'75 


This  litlli-  vi'ssrl  incisnrfs  ihri-i-  ;in<l  tlircf-fiMirths  inclu-s  in  luij^lit, 
;iii(l  is  (tfllu'  saiiR'  wiiltli  at  llu-  iiunitli,  uu  Imliii;;  llie  flarinj,'  (il'tlK'  rim. 
I  111-  t  lay 'isiil  lias  a  \it\  sliL;lit  ailiiiisliiri'  ol' slull,  anil  is  iiknti(.il 
with  mm  li  nt  the  |iiittiiv  linmcl  in  Iraf^miiils  iiimmi  tlic  mmI.k  o  of 
ihf  j;iiiun(l.  I  he  <irnamiiilaiinn  i-i  ol  liu'  must  i  riiilc  ami  uuaning- 
li-.i  I  liarai  It  r. 

WIu'H  tuimil,  this  ]Mit  tirvascwas  filk'il  with  a  Mai  k  piiwiK  r,  ami 
( (iscnil  with  a  siinaii'  \>\.\W  nf  mii  a,  marl)  hall  an  ini  h  in  tiiii  kni'ss. 
Mil  a  i-i  111  I  iimiiiiin 
1)1 1  iirrmi  v  in  Imiian 
^\'.\\  v•^  in  Nrvv  jir>i'y, 
anij  has  iirt  a^mnallv 
lii'iii  iiiiinit  in  inilian 
j;ra\is  in  New  1  i^- 
lanil.  Mr.  V.W.  I'ul- 
nam  "  hj->  iIcm  nlnil, 
as  aniline;  tin-  i  i  in- 
t^•nl^  I  it  Imiian  ,:;ra\cs 
dill  uMicil  in  l;i\  - 
crl  \  .  .Ma>>.,  MMial 
larj^f  plati's  of  nin  a, 
\vhi(  h  he  statf-  an'  *^' 
nut  u^nall\  mrt  with 
in  thi^  I  muui  linii. 

I'V.  I5>>  niirt-scnts  a  \i'rv  haniKumc  vossi'l  nl' inmlirati' ^i/r,  '■rnnml 
in  ihr  iinvn  iif  ( nil  lustir.  Xirniunt,  in  iSj;,  ami  is  now  |iris(t\i'i| 
in  till'  mnstinn  nf  ihr  liiiMT^it)  ul  Xirmi.nt.  It  was  funnil  smnc 
flistam  i-  !n'li)\v  till-  curtail-  ami  ii)\cnil  h;  ast,.iu'.  »  *  "  •  r||c 
jar  is  iiiaiK'  I'l  a  kiml  nt'  i  l,i\  inaiU'  \rr\'  inaisi'  liy  >inall  hit-^  ul 
mil  a,  i|nail/  aial  lii^fiar,  ami  ulitainiil,  it  may  ]«■.  \>\  puis  rri/iiiL; 
f^ranili."  ■'"      I  lu'  ammmt  dl'  nrnamintalinn.  siliiili  whiU'   simi'ly  imn- 


..^„. ., 


Vu,.  M7.  —  Nt-'W  Jersey.     |. 


•"Pmii.im.     Itulli-iin  nf  il»c  ^\^cx  lusliliitr.  v.tl.  iii,  ]i,  i  jj.     S.ilcni,  M.ik!*.,  1871. 
""  I'crkini.    /•.  <.,  v»l,  v,  |i.  ij,  fig>,  1  niiil  j. 


^^J 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


Hi 

11111.25 


If  IM  IM 

iIT  1^    1112.2 

It  li£  IIIIIM 


1.4    11.6 


^' 


& 


/a 


m. 


7 


Photpgraphic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAi.i  STREET 

WEBSrER.N.y.  145SC 

(716,  'J/.'-4503 


^ 


1 


<?.. 


€1, 


^y  Cj 


^  #. 

V      ^ 


f/j 


176 


PRlMmVE    IXDUSTRY. 


Liiiations  of  linos  ami  dots  is  really  of  tasteful  design,  is  quite  un- 
usual ;  Imt  the  square  top  occurs  <iuite  frequently  in  the  pottery  of 
the  entire  Atlantic  coast. 

Fi-.  159  rejiresents  a  larger  vessel  f-ind  at  P.olton,  Vermont,  many 
years  ago.     'Vhk  specimen  closely  resembles  the  specimen  figured  on 


Fig.  13S.  —  Vermont. 


page  173,  and  is  o(  about  the  same  size.  This  specimen  "is  not  orna- 
mented excej)!  by  a  ring  about  the  neck,"  about  which  are  various 
obliiiue  and  notch-like  incised  lines.  The  depth  and  greatest  diameter 
of  this  suecimen  are  alike,  nine  and  a  half  inches,  and  at  the  mouth, 
is  seven  and  one-half  inches  in  width.  The 
capacit}'  of  this  vessel  is  three  gallons. 

It  is  probable  to  vessels  of  this  size,  more 
particularly,  that  Kalm  refers  (Tra\els  in 
North  America),  when  he  says  "the  old 
boilers  or  kettles  of  the  Indians  were  either 
made  of  (lay,  or  of  different  kinds  of  potstone 
yLapis  o/Airis).  The  former  consisted  of  a 
dark  (lay,  mixed  with  grains  of  white  sand  or 
quartz,  and  burnt  in  the  fire.  Many  of  these 
kettles  have  Uvo  holes  in  the  upper  margin,  on  ea(  h  side  one, 
through  which  the  Indians  put  a  stick,  and  held  the  kettle  over  the 
fire,  as  long  as  it  was  to  boil.  Most  of  the  kettles  have  no  feet.  It  is 
remarkable  that  no  pots  of  this  kind  have  been  found  glazed,  either 


Fig.  159.  —  Vermont. 


ron'F.uv. 


^7 


on  the  outside  or  the  inside.  A  (cw  of  llie  oldest  Sn'ri/i-s  roiild  yet 
rememl)er  sceini^  tiie  Indians  i)oil  tiicir  meat  in  tiiese  pots.  Tliey  are 
very  thin,  and  of  different  sizes." 

\\'hile  many  fragments  of  pottery  liave  been  found,  which  had  one 
or  more  jieribrations,  they  were  not  generally  of  a  character  to  suggest 
that  the  object  of  the  perforation  was  for  suspending  the  vessel;  but 
that  fragments  of  i)ots  had  been  utilizetl  as  trinkets,  and  drilled  for 
suspension  as  rude  ornaments,  associated  witli  other  objects,  or  to  be 
attached  sim])ly  to  the  dress.  This  is  further  indicated  by  the  fact, 
that  many  of  these  perforated  pottery  fragments  have  had  the  edges 
smoothed,  and  the  more  jjrominent  angles  worn  or  ground  off. 

Kalm  further  suggests  indirectly,  that  some  of  the  clay  vessels,  used 
by  the  \e\v  Jersey  Indians,  had  feet.  No  specimens,  I  believe,  have 
ever  been  found  along  the  northern  Atlantic  coast,  which  had  any  foot- 
like ])rojections,  or  were  indeed  sutificiendy  flat  upon  the  bottom,  to 
retain,  unaided,  an  ujiright  position.  May  not  this  careful  obser\er 
have  seen  examples  of  the  western  j lottery- — possibly  of  Shawnee 
origin  —  such  as  have  been  found  in  New  Jersey,  among  the  then  but 
recently  discarded  objects  of  Indian  origin?  Much  of  the  so-called 
Missouri  or  black  pottery,  as  we  know,  is  jjrovided  with  "feet,"  or 
foot-like  knobs. 

As  further  showing  the  character  of  the  ornamentation  common  to 
the  ])ottery  of  our  Atlantic  coast  Indians,  a  scries  of  fragments  exhibit- 
ing various  designs  and  combinations  are  also  given.  These  speci- 
mens, however,  must  not  be  Uxiked  upon  as  in  any  way  tvpical,  for 
the  combinations,  possible,  of  the  lines,  dots  and  corn-cob  marks  are 
nearly  countless,  and  it  is  probal)le  that  no  two  vessels  were  made  ex- 
actly alike.  (Jf  the  thousands  of  sherds  often  found  in  a  few  acres  of 
newly  ploughed  ground  no  two  can,  by  their  t)rnamentation,  be  shown 
to  have  belonged  to  the  same  vessel. 

While  this  rude  pottery  has  been,  by  some,  carefully  classified  as 

cord-marked,  incised,  stamped,  thtunb-nailed,  and  otherwise,  it  is  here 

considered  collectively,  as  these  various  methods  of  ornamentations 

are  so  frecjuently  combined,  that  it  is  difficult   to    determine  which 

12 


i;.S 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


method  lias  tlie  best  claim  to  the  specimen.  Even  if  these  processes 
were  singly  used,  there  does  not  seem  to  be  sufficient  difference  in  their 
results,  to  render  careful  classification  necessary.  Surely  the  differ- 
ence resulting  from  the  fact  that  the  sipiaw,  when  moulding  a  pot, 
scratched  it  with  her  thumb-nail,  rather  tlian  with  a  stick,  is  of  little 


Fig.  160.  —  Pennsylvania.     |. 

scientific  interest,  especially  when  the  two  methods  were  equally  used 
by  the  same  potter. 

Fig.  160  represents  a  large  fragment  of  a  vessel,  found  on  Shawnee 
island  above  the  1  )elaware  Water  Gap,  Penn.  The  lines  are  (jf  very 
regular  width,  equidistant,  and  give  a  very  pleasing  effect,  as  they 
are  here  combined.  The  common  practice  of  terminating  the  orna- 
mentation by  a  few  short  perpendicular  lines  is  not  without  merit,  as 
it  is  desirable  to  prevent  the  abrupt  junction  of  the  j)lain  and  orna- 


POTTERY. 


179 


mented  portions ;  hv*  whether  this  was  the  intention  of  the  ancient 
potter  is  questionable. 

Figs.  1 6 1  to  1 64,  inclusive,  represent  combinations  of  straight  lines 
that  are  of  common 
occurrence.  These 
lines  are  in  many 
cases  carefully  in- 
cised, and  are  of  imi- 
form  width  and  tlepth, 
but  the  accuracy  of 
all  such  incised  lines 
depends  largely  ujjon 
the  composition  used 
in  lieu  of  pure  clay. 
When  very  much 
mixed  with  sand  and 
shell,  the  lines,  dots 
and  other  devices,  are 
not  clearly  defined,  neither  are  they  of  regular  or  uniform  measure- 
ment. 

Fig.  164  represents  an  angular  fragment  of  a  thick  and  very  small 


Fig.  161.  —  New  Jersey,    -f. 


Fig.  162.  —  New  Jersey.    \. 


Fig.  163.  —  New  Jersey.    \. 


vessel.  The  oblique  lines  in  this  example  are  pointed,  as  though  made 
by  the  point  of  a  sharp  bone  needle.  The  parallel  lines  suggest  a  b.ighly 
conventionalized  human  face.    This  is  the  more  probable,  as  the  frag- 


i8o 


I'KIMiriVE    INIJUSTKV. 


ment  may  be  from  one  of  their  large  clay  smokini;  pijies,  which  were 
often  ornamented  with  various  devices. 

Figs.  165  antl  166  represent  the  outer  and  inner  sides  of  a  fragment 


Fig.  164.  — New  Jersey.    \. 


Fl(i.  165.  — New  Jersey. 


of  clay  pot.  The  line--  here  are  made  of  a  series  of  sijuare  impres- 
sions which,  being  separated  by  a  narrow  septum,  give  a  pleasing 
impression  to  the  eye.     'I'his  series  of  lines  may  have  been  made  by 

a  bone  implement  such  as 
described  by  Professor 
W'yman,  in  his  nf)tice  of 
New  I'lngland  Shellheaps, 
in  \'ol.  I,  of  the  American 
Naturalist,  as  having  "a 
series  of  points  on  one 
and  the  same  instrument." 
There  does  not  seem  to  be 
any  greater  abundance  of 
this  r  ittern  of  linear  dec- 


Fir..  166 — New  Jersey.    -} , 


oration,  than  of  the  prec;eding. 

Fig.  167  represents  a  fragment  with  a  still  simpler  combination  of 
lires.  In  this  instance  it  is  made  up  of  very  irregular  and  somewhat 
indistinct  scratches.  This  is  the  rudest  attempt  at  ornamentati(jn  that 
we  find,  and  is  in  broad  contrast  to  the  fragment,  fig.  168,  where  the 


I'orrERv. 


i8i 


■^ 


'^. 


♦  ^^^ w^ 


lines  consist  of  delicate  impressions  made  hy  the  hollow  stem  of  the 
bulrush.  'I'he  liottom  of  each  ini])ress  has  a  nipple-like  protuberance, 
which  is  \ory  distinctly  seen.  I'Vag- 
ments  thus  marked  are  not  of  common 
occurrence,  either  in  combination  w'th 
other  markings  or  alone. 

Figs.  169  and  170  represent  tw..  ex- 
amjjles  of  linear  decoration,  where  the 
lines  consist  of  scjuares  impressed  in 
the  soft  clay  by  a  wooden  or  bone  im- 
plement. The  clay  has  not  been  actu- 
ally removed  from  these  little  jjits,  but  ]jushed  aside  and  subsequently 
smoothed  off  when  the  clay  was  soft.  Sucii  at  least  is  the  a])pearance 
01   the   fragments   I    have   examined.     The   little   fragment,   fig.    171, 


r--r\J 


r^-f" 


Fig.  167.  —  New  Jersey.    \. 


FiCi.  168.  —  New  Jersey,    -j. 


Fig.  169.  —  New  Jersey, 


which  is  the  angular  corner  of  an  ornamented  vessel,  probably  similar 
to  the  Vermont  specimen,  fig,    15S,  has  these  same  S(|uare   ])its  or 

dei)ressions  u.  1   ws,  and  is  interesting  as  showing 

m  how  delicate  a  manner  this  style  was  occasionally 

executed. 

The  character  of  ornamentation,  so  well  shown  in 

figs.  169  and  170,  is  by  no  means  confined  to  the 
Fig.  170— New  jer-    .\ti^^ntic  coast  of  .America.     Figs.  172  and  173  rep- 

resent  sherds  similarly  marked  from  Wisconsin,  and 
fig,  1 74  a  third  example  from  a  shellheaj)  in  Massachusetts ;  which. 


l82 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


however,  is  more  nearly  allied  to  fig.  167  than  to  the  regularly  marked 
example,  fig.  169. 

Fig.  1 75  represents  a  ft-agment  of  pottery,  which  is  of  interest  as 
showing  a  style  of  decoration  that  is  rarely  seen  in 
New  Jersey,  and  is  never  found  on  any  of  the  New 


Fig.  171.— New  Jersey.  -|. 


Fic.s.  173  and  173.  —  Wisconsin. 


England  pottery.  This  is  the  row  of  large  conical  prominences 
near  the  rim  of  the  vessel,  three  of  which  are  seen  on  fig.  175.  These 
prominences  are  made 
by  punching  from  the 
inside,  while  the  clay  is 
yet  soft ;  and  the  de- 
pressions there  made 
correspond  in  depth  to 
the  knob-like  elevations 
on  the  exterior  surface. 
Were  these  prominences 
regularly  placed  and  of 
more  uniform  size,  they 


Fig.  174.  —  Massachusetts. 


Fig.  175.  —  New  Jersey. 


would    be   really  ornamental.      Figs.   176  and   177  represent   frag- 
ments from  Illinois  with   the   same   character  of  marking.     One  of 


POTIKRY. 


183 


the  prominences  has  been  worn  ofT,  thus  perforating  the  side  of  the 
vessel. 

Fig.  1 78  represents  a  style  of  ornamentation  of  rare  occurrence. 


FiGfi.  176  and  177.  — Illinois. 


In  this  case  a  hollow  tube  has  been  pushed  deeply  into  the  soft  clay, 
and  a  mass  removed  equal  to  the  calil)re  of  the  tube,  and  the  depth 
to  which  it  penetrated.     This  is  nearly  to  one-half  the  thickness  of 


Fig.  173.  — New  Jersey. 


Fig.  179.  —  New  Jersey,     -j . 


the  vessel,  so  that  the  sides  were  necessarily  much  weakened.  The 
inside  of  the  vessel  has  not  been  bulged  or  at  all  atTected  by  this 
method  of  marking  the  exterior  surface ;  but  the  spaces  are  too  thin 


I 


184 


J'KIMIIIVK   INDUSTRY. 


where  tlie  depressions  nre  opposite  to  l)c  durable,  and  possiblv  for  this 
reason,  vessels  were  so  rarely  ornamented  in  this  manner. 

Fig.  179  represents  a  very  jilain  and  jirosaic  manner  of  decorating 
pottery.  Tlie  semilunar  lines  are  merely  tiie  impress  of  the  tliumb- 
nail  u])on  the  clay  while  it  was  yet  soft.  It  would,  indeed,  be  ])ossil)le 
to  make  such  lines  by  other  methods,  but  the  general  impression  tliis 
style  of  ornamentation  gives  us,  is  doubtless  the  true  one ;  that  in  lieu 


Fig.  jSo.  —  New  Jersey. 


of  a  cord  or  pointed  stick,  the  potter  utilized  her  thumb-nail,  and  gave  a 
multiplicity  of  "new  moons"  to  the  dish  or  jiot  that  she  had  fashioned. 
Another  'id  very  common  method  of  relieving  the  ])lain  surfaces 
of  brown  earthenware,  was  by  wrapping  a  cord  about  the  \essel  before 
it  was  burnt,  which  gave  linear  impressions  of  a  nule  pattern,  as  is 
shown  in  the  two  right  hand  specimens  of  the  group  forming  fig.  180 ; 
or  by  covering  the  vessel  with  coarse  (loth,  whic-h  i)roduced  the  more 
elaborate  marking,  seen  in  the  other  si)ecimens  of  the  grouj).  These 
styles  of  ornamentation,  known  as  "cord-marked"  and  "cloth- 
marked,"  are  found  wherever  pottery  occurs  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 


CHAPTER     XII, 


STEATITK    l-OOIl-VKSSEr.S. 


Throughout  the  eastern  and  middle  states,  wiicrever  otlier  traces  of 
the  former  occui)anls  of  tliis  country  are  foimd,  there  will  'isnally  be 
amcjng  ll-.em  fragments  of  steatite  or  soapstone  tiiat  ha\e  l)een  shaped 
and  smootlied  artificially.  These  fragments,  wiiich  are  as  readily  rec- 
ognized as  the  sherds  that  often  cover  the  ground  on  tJie  foniKr  sites 
of  Indian  villages,  are  jjortions  of  steatite  vessels  that  were  in  common 
use  among  the  Indians,  from  Maine  to  Maryland.  "They  are,  gener- 
ally, more  oi  less  oblong  in  shai)e,  rather  sliallow,  and  pro\ideil  with 
two  knobs,  or  handles.  In  fact,  the  term  di.di  would  probably  convey 
a  better  idea  of  their  shape  than  the  term/c/',  though  the  latter  is  ap- 
jjlicable,  as  they  often  bear  evidence  of  having  been  in  contai  t  witii 
fire  and  were  undoubtedly  used  for  the  preparation  and  couking  of 
food.  The  .accompanying  illustr.ation,  fig.  i8i,  rejjresenting  a  i)or- 
tion  of  one  of  these  vessels  from  Massachusetts,  illustrates  the  common 
form  of  these  pots,  though  there  are  numerous  variations  in  size  and 
shape."  (F.  W.  Putnam  in  the  P'.Ieventh  /Vnnual  Report  of  the  Mu- 
seum of  ,\rch;v:ology,  at  Cambridge,  Mass.)  Peter  Kalm,  the  Swede, 
who  visited  New  Jersey  in  i  748,  refers  to  the  dishes  in  use  by  the 
Indians  as  "made  sometimes  of  a  greenish,  and  sometimes  of  a  grey 
pot-stone,  and  some  are  made  of  another  species  of  apyrous  stone ; 
the  bottom  and  the  margin  are  frecjuently  above  an  inch  thick.  The 
Indians,  notwithstanding  their  being  unacquainted  with  iron,  steel,  and 
other  metals,  have  learnt  to  hollow  out  very  ingeniously  these  pots  or 
kettles  of  jrat-stone."  The  niunber  of  i)erfect  vessels  that  have  been 
found,  and  the  immense  (juantities  of  fragments,  bear  evidence  that 
almost  as  many  vessels  of  steatite,  as  of  clay,  were  in  use. 

(185) 


1 86 


PRIMinVK    INDCSTKV. 


'I'lu'  nutliod  of  working  steatite,  both  in  procuring  suitable  masses 
of  the  mineral  from  the  <iuarry.  and  in  subseciucntly  shaping  it  into 
vessels  of  the  general  ( haracier  found  along  the  Atlantic  (oast,  has 
been  so  fully  described  by  Messrs.  S(  humacher  and  Putnam,  tliat  the 
sum  of  tlieir  observations  will  be  liere  given,  as  tlie  best  explanation 
of  this  early  industry  of  our  nati\  e  races. 

Mr.  Schumai'her-'''  disco\ered  on  Santa  Catalina  island,  off  tiie  coast 
of  California,  "jiits  and  ([uarries"  wjiere  so;ipst()ne  vessels  had  been 
made,  ami  also  the  tools  used  in  the  several  processes,  'i'lie  vessels 
((///us),  which  in  California  are  globular  or  somewhat  pear-shaped, 


Fig.  i8i. — Massncluistlls.     \, 

are  roughly  blocked  out  in  the  living  rock  by  the  use  of  rude  slate 
chisels,  some  of  which  bear  a  marked  resemlilance  to  the  Muropean 
palaeolithic  implements.  "  .\fter  the  pot-form  had  been  worked  out, 
it  was  broken  from  the  living  rock  by  working  under  it  and  by  gradual 
pressure  of  the  ciiisel  around  the  base.  The  detaclied  i)ot-bowlder 
was  next  rounded  into  proper  form  ;  it  was  then  hollowed  out  until  a 
certain  thickness  of  the  pot  was  reached  ;  and  finally,  carefully  finished 
with  the  scraper.  As  the  thickness  of  the  i>//<i  increases  towards  the 
bottom — it  usually  thickens  from  about  iialf  an  inch  at  the  rim  to  one 


5*  Schiiiii.ichur.     Klevcnth  Annual  RcjHjrt  of  the  I'uabotly  Museum  of  .Archatology,  p.  358, 
Cambridge,  Mass, 


Slf-ATI IK    t< >()I)-VKSSF.L.S. 


187 


and  a  half  at  the  l)Ottom  —  it  ruiiuircs  skill  to  attain  this  evenly.  No 
nieihanical  apijaratiis  was  used  for  this  purpose  (as  shown  by  certain 
irregularities  in  the  form  of  the  ]iot)  but  simply  the  toiurh  of  both 
hands  in  anteposition,  one  gliding,'  outside  the  already  finished  surface 
while  the  other  worked  inside  towards  tiie  guiding  hand.  In  this  wise, 
with  some  pra(  tiial  experience,  a  greater  accuracy  is  attainable  than  at 
first  might  be  supposed,  especially  if  the  work  proceeds  from  a  known 
thickness  to  which  reference  can  be  taken,  which  is  here  the  case  as 
it  progressed  from  the  rim. 

".\  new  pot  is  without  jjolish,  and  has  only  the  smooth  surface  im- 
parted by  the  scraper;  while  those  which  had  been  in  use  attained 
frequently  a  i)olished  surface  by  wear,  which  the  scjft  antl  greasy  nature 
of  the  potstone  is  inclined  to  adopt." 

As  the  forms  of  pots  or  fo(Kl-vessels  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast  are 
flatter  and  more  dish-like,  the  li  •  ,kill  was  not  re(|uired  in  their  pro- 
duction ;  but  the  finish  and  occasionally  the  ornamentation  make  the 
ware,  that  was  prodm:ed  by  the  Indians  of  the  .\tlantic  coast,  no  less 
artistic  and  desirable  for  all  culinary  purposes.  The  same  method  o£ 
working  the  rock,  while  in  jjlace,  was  practised  by  the  Atlantic  coast 
tribes,  as  was  adopted  by  the  f<jrmer  occupants  of  Santa  Catalina  island. 
.\  ledge  of  steatite  has  been  examined  and  is  thus  described  by  Mr. 
Putnam  ;''2  ".\t  the  time  of  my  visit,  many  »  •  *  •  rude  chisels 
(roughly  i)ointed  stones  that  were  lying  about  and  bearing  evidence  of 
having  been  used)  had  been  carted  a  few  hundred  yards  distant  to  fill 
up  a  low  piece  of  ground  and  otiiers  had  been  thrown  in  a  pile  on  the 
ledge.  .\  careful  estimate  of  the  number  convinced  me  that  at  least 
two  thousand  of  these  rude  stone  chisels  had  been  found  on  the  ledge, 
or  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  They  were  all  nearly  the  same  size, 
rudely  (hipped  to  a  blunt  i)oint  at  one  end,  and  roughly  rounded  to 
fit  the  hand  at  the  other.  Those  brought  to  the  museum  vary  in  length 
from  five  to  eight  and  one-half  inches,  and  in  weight  from  one  to  four 
pounds  ;    the  majority  being  about  seven  inches  in  length  and  from 


"Putmim,  I.  c,  p.  273. 


iS8 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


two  to  tliree  pounds  in  weiglit.  'Phese  chisels  were  made  from  the  hard 
stone  of  adjoinin.:,'  ledges,  and  their  manufacture  must  have  required 
consiilerable  labor.  A  short  trial  of  the  chisels  upon  the  soapstone 
showeil  the  facility  with  wliich  the  steatite  could  be  pecked  by  tliese 
rough  iiuplements,  and  what  patience  combined  with  muscle  would 
accomjilish. 

"Associated  witii  the  stone  picks,  or  chisels,  were  between  seventy- 
five  and  a  iiundretl  large  rounded  stones,  weighing  from  twenty-five  to 
a  hundred  or  more  ])ounds  each,  wliic  h  might  have  been  used  as  ham- 
mers for  tlie  purpose  of  breaking  off  large  masses  of  the  soajistone. 

"'I'lie  lied  of  steatite  had  been  excavated  its  full  width,  and  nearly 
all  its  length  and  depth  as  far  as  at  ])resent  exposed.  Tlie  remains  ol 
the  circular  and  o\al  masses,  that  had  been  broken  off  from  the  sides 
of  tlie  ledge,  showed  that  the  seam  of  steatite  was  fonnedy  from  six  to 
twelve  feet  deep  ;  the  wliole  of  this  mass  of  rock  having  been  worked 
out  and  jirobably  made  into  utensils. 

"Several  fragments  of  jiots  were  found  in  the  di'l)ris  of  the  ledge, 
evidently  broken  during  manufiuture,  and  also  several  unfinished  ])ot- 
forms  just  as  detpched  from  the  matrix ;  while  on  the  ledge  itself  the 
pot-forms  could  be  followed  out  through  their  various  stages  of  devel- 
opment. 

"Tlic  fact  that  soajistone  vessels,  of  the  peculiar  shape  and  char- 
acter of  tliose  made  at  this  ancient  New  England  manufactory,  are 
widely  distributed  east  of  the  Mississippi  river,  though  more  common 
in  the  New  l^ngland  states  than  elsewhere,  may  be  one  of  the  many 
indications  of  aboriginal  trade." 

Fl>^  182  represents  a  second  and  more  nearly  jierfect  example  of 
the  average  soapstone  vessels  that  are  common  to  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board. Judging  from  the  character  of  the  innumerable  fragments  that 
have  been  gathered,  the  great  majority  of  these  vessels  were  less  than 
one  foot  in  length  and  comparatively  few  were  circular  or  globular  in 
shape.  Of  a  large  series  in  the  (lilbert  museum  at  Amherst  College, 
the  majority  have  a  capacity  of  several  quarts,  and  one,  of  unusual 
size,  a  capacity  of  about  sixteen  (juarts ;  but  these  are  exceptional. 


STEATITK    FOOI  )-VKSSF.LS. 


189 


■\\hile  tiie  New  l-'ngland  examples  of  steatite  vessels  as  a  rule,  have 
perfectly  plain  exterior  surfoces,  those  found  in  New  Jersey  were  fre- 
quently quite  elaborately  ornamented  with  deeply  incised  lines,  similar 
to  much  of  the  aboriginal  pottery  found  in  that  state,  and  this  resem- 
blance was  increased  by  exposing  them  to  the  fire. 

Unfinished  steatite  vessels  have  fretjuently  been  found  in  New 
Jerse)-.  at  considerable  distances  from  any  known  ledge  of  soajislone, 
worked  by  the  Indians,  and  it  is  sujiposed  that  they  were  carried'  to 
tribes  not  having  access  to  the  mineral,  and  bartered  in  this  unfinished 
condition,  in  order  that  the  imrchaser  might  finish  them  to  suit  himself, 
or  rather  herself,  as  it  is  probable  that  this  kind  of  work  fell  to  the  lot 
of  the  women.     However   this   may  be,  it   is   difficult  otherwise  to 


Fig.  182.  — New  Jersey.    {, 

explain  the  occurrence  of  these  scarcely  more  than  blocked-out  sjieci- 
mens  of  steatite  pots  and  dishes. 

It  has  been  fre(iuently  noticed  by  collec-tors  and  others  that,  in 
limited  localities,  many  fragments  of  steatite  vessels  are  found,  and 
while  ordinary  forms  of  stone  implements  may  be  abundant,  there  is 
no  trace  of  potter)'.  This  absence  of  pottery,  where  steatite  was 
abundant,  has  been  commented  upon,  and  some  very  questionable 
assertions  made  concerning  the  use  of  the  two  materials.  The  absence 
of  fragments  of  pottery  is,  of  itself,  but  negative  evidence  that  the 
peoi)le  who  used  stone  vessels  did  not  use  pottery  also.  'When  we 
consider  that  pottery  occurs  in  tlie  middle  shellheap  jjcriod,  and  no 
steatite  is  found  referable  to  so  early  a  period,  it  is  more  than  i)robabIc 


I  go 


PRIMITIVE  IN'DUSTRV. 


that  the  use  of  soapstone  is  of  a  comparatively  recent  date,  and  in  no 
locaHty  east  of  the  Mississippi  river  had  it  wholly  replaced  the  more 
convenient  and  more  fragile  vessels  of  clay. 

It  can  scarcelv  be  held,  on  the  other  hand,  that  where  there  occurs 
an  abundance  of  potter)-,  no  steatite  vessels  were  ever  used,  because 
no  traces  of  them  are  found.  Stone  vessels  of  the  character  of  tlie 
average  soapstone  pots  of  the  Atlantic  coast  Indians  were  not  readily 
broken,  and  scores  of  them  might  have  been  in  use  for  weeks  or  months, 
and  yet  all  escaped  destruction,  and  be  carried  away  by  the  peojile 
occupying  the  site  whereon  the  pottery  fragments  were  found.  In 
New  Jersev,  no  village  site  that  has  been  carefully  examined  has 
failed  to  jiroduce  a  few  fragiuents  of  soapstone,  and  many  of  pottery  ; 
but  often,  so  worn,  'liscolored  anil  i)ebble-like  were  the  fragments  of 
steatite,  that  it  is  ven,-  jjossible  that  pieces  of  vessels  made  of  this 
material  have  been  overlooked,  and  there  is  abundant  evidence  to 
show  that  fragments  of  these  soapstone  vessels  were  frequendy  used 
by  the  Indians  as  available  crude  material  for  small  pendants  and 
other  objects.  In  some  cases,  the  fragments  have  been  perforated  in 
one  corner,  and  the  broken  edges  simply  worn  smooth. 

Eariy  unpublished  records  of  the  customs  of  the  Indians  that 
lingered  in  New  Jersey,  after  the  English  settlers  had  firmly  established 
the  city  of  Philadeljjhia.  refer  to  the  cooking  vessels  of  stone  made 
by  the  savages,  and  mention  the  great  abundance  of  them  found  by 
the  farmers  when  ploughing,  for  the  first  few  times,  their  newly  occupied 
fields.  These  steatite  pots,  that  the  Indians  had  discarded,  were  gen- 
erally preserved  and  were  found  "  exceedingly  useful  in  the  kitchen." 


CHAPTER    XIII. 


PITTED    STONKS. 


Among  the  many  stone  objects  lliat  are  to  be  classed  strictly  as 
domestic  utensils,  left  by  the  former  occupants  of  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board of  North  America,  are  certain  slabs  of  hard  stone,  that  have 
been  deeply  pitted  in  one  or  more  places.  While  no  one  shape  or 
size  can  be  considered  as  typical,  the  majority  are  slabs  measuring 
about  one  foot  stjuare,  with  from  three  to  ten  pits,  usually  upon  one 
side  only,  though  occasionally  they  are  found  ui)on  both.  Like  the 
slabs  themselves,  these  hollows  or  pits  vary  considerably  in  size,  the 
largest  measuring  nearly  two  inches  in  diameter,  the  smallest  about 
half  an  inch. 

As  is  usually  the  case  with  domestic  utensils,  these  implements  are 
of  common  occurrence  on  village  sites,  but  are  rarely  found  singly 
in  out-of-the-way  places.  .So  far  as  the  series  gathered  in  New  Jersey 
bears  upon  this  matter,  it  may  be  stated  that  nearly  one  hundred  were 
found  where  the  ground  was  literally  covered  with  fragments  of  pottery 
and  steatite  pots,  mixed  with  charcoal  and  other  eviilences  of  fires. 
Whatever  ma)-  have  been  the  purpose  of  these  pitted  stones,  it  is  evi- 
dent that  they  were  closely  connected  with  household,  and  probably, 
culinary  occupations. 

Fig.  183  represents  an  excellent  example  of  these  stones,  although 
it  exhibits  more  traces  of  artificial  shaping  in  the  slab  itself,  than  is 
usual.  This  specimen  is  nearly  square  in  section.  On  one  side  is  a 
series  of  the  i)its  which  characterize  these  implements.  They  have 
been  carefully  pecked  out,  and  are  (juite  rough.  In  no  specimen 
found  in  New  Jersey  is  there  any  trace  of  rubbing,  or  of  polish.  This 
characteristic  roughness  in  the  pits  seems  to  show  that  they  were  not 

(191) 


H   ^\ 


192 


I'UIMiriVE    INUUSTRV. 


used  in  any  way  connected  witli  a  revolving  object,  as  lias  been  sug- 
geste('  with  reference  to  similar  stones  found  in  ( )!ii(),  and  wiiich  have 

been  considered  as  spin dlc-sockct 
sfoiirs.-''^  'I'liese  pitted  slal)s  are  ecinaliy 
al)un<lant  in  tiie  soutliern  states,  and 
Col.  ('.('.  Jones,  jr.,"''  has  given  many 
reasons  for  helie\ing  that  tiiey  were 
\ised  as  nut-cracking  stones.  He  re- 
marks, '"tiieir  cavities  are  so  located 
tliat  one,  two,  tiiree,  four,  five,  and 
sometimes  more  nuts  could  l)e  cracked 
at  a  single  blow  ; "  and  as  it  is  well 
known  tiiat  our  walnuts,  chestnuts,  shell- 
barks  and  even  acorns  were  largely  used 
as  food,  it  is  more  than  jirobable  tiiat 
this  suggestion  correctly  explains  the 
use  of  these  implements. 

Unless  tile}-  1;  \e  been  overlooked  by 
collectors  generally,  tliroughout  New 
I'jigland.  these  implements  are  not  <-om- 
mon,  or  it  may  be  that  they  are  entirely 
wanting.  None  ap[)ear  to  have  been 
recei\ed  at  the  museum  at  ('aml)ridge 
from  any  New  luigland  locality. 

If  used  as  slabs  upon  which  to  crack 
nuts,  ma_\-  it  not  be  that  in  some  localities, 
le\el  surfaces  of  rocks  in  place  were  used, 
instead  of  i)ortal)le  slabs,  and  thus  the  ab- 
sen(  e  of  the  latter  may  be  accounted  for? 
The  depressions  in  these  slabs  of  stone  vary  greatly  in  outline,  some 
being  oval ;  and  also  in  the  degree  of  smoothness  of  the  surface  both  of 


Kio.  183.  —  New  Jersey.     J. 


"Whiilltsey,  Ancient  Earth  Forts  of  the  Cuyahoga  Valley,  Ohio,  pp.  33-33,  pi.  viii.     Cleve- 
land, 1871. 

"*  Jones,  I.  £-.,  p.  319, 


riTTED    STONES. 


193 


the  depressions  and  the  surrounding  li;\el  portion  of  the  slalj.  Dr. 
Chas.  Ran  (Smithson.  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  No.  287)  considers 
it  improbable  that  those  of  fme  finish,  with  almost  polished  cup-like 
depressions  should  have  been  used  merely  for  nut-cracking,  and 
suggests  that  they  were  used  as  receptacles  for  paint.  A  flict  that  has 
some  bearing  upon  this  i)oint  is  that  of  the  occurrence  occasionally  of 
small  specimens  of  these  pitted  stones  in  graves.  It  is  (luite  in  accord- 
ance with  what  we  know  of  the  burial  customs  of  the  Indians,  to 
find  among  the  various  articles  inhumed  with  the  dead,  such  objects 
as  related  to  their  toilet,  which  during  life,  were  almost  as  valuable  as 
their  weapons.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  extremely  improbable  that  a 
mere  household  article,  used,  it  may  be,  only  by  the  women,  should  be 
placed  in  a  grave.  The  division,  therefore,  of  these  i)itted  slabs  into 
nut-stones  and  paint  cups  is  warranted ;  Init  it  must  be  borne  in  mind, 
that  unquestionable  stone  cujjs  were  in  common  use,  anil  the  use  of 
these  for  toilet  purposes  was  the  rule,  that  of  the  small  pitted  slabs, 
the  exception. 


. 


CHAPTER     XIV. 


CHIPPED  FLINT  IMPLEMENTS. 


Although  the  term  "flint  implement"  has  acquired  a  meaning  too 
comprehensive  to  justify  its  employment  as  a  descriptive  term,  yet  it 
still  seems  necessary,  with  our  present  limited  knowledge  of  the  various 
uses  of  certain  objects  of  Indian  make,  to  apply  it  to  some  forms  of 
stone  objects.  We  can  feel  well  assured,  on  examining  the  specimens 
referred  to,  that  they  are  finished  implements,  and  that  they  have  been 
made  by  chipping.     Beyond  this,  all  is  conjecture. 

Guided  by  the  study  of  other  forms,  there  is  but  little  doubt  that 
these  roughly  cliipped,  and  indefinitely  shaped  flint  implements,  of 
the  several  different  patterns  and  sizes,  were  intended  for  widely  differ- 
ent purposes.  As  the  use  or  uses  of  any  one  of  them  is  not  known, 
and  as  they  have  many  points  in  common,  it  is  better  to  treat  them 
collectively,  rather  than  to  consider  them  solely  with  reference  to  such 
differences  as  are  suggestive  of  vari'xl,  but  undetermined  uses. 

Of  the  larger  objects  treated  in  the  present  chajjter,  there  has 
bcv-n  much  written  ;  and  some  evidence  has  been  adduced  to  show 
that  they  were  agricultural  implements,  or  "spades;"  but  of  those 
found  in  New  Jersey,  but  very  few  bear  trace  of  use,  such  as  digging 
in  sandy  soil  would  inevitably  produce,  and  spades  of  a  different 
pattern,  that  do  bear  the  marks  of  such  use,  are  quite  co  union.  Of 
the  smaller  sizes,  little  can  be  said,  as  their  form  is  essentially  indei- 
nite.  There  are  jKissibly  a  score  of  uses  to  which  tiiey  are  adapted, 
but  there  is  no  evidence  that  any  one  of  tiiem  was  really  that  of  the 
implement. 

Fig.  184  represents  a  good  typical  specimen  of  one  of  the 
indefinite    implements    of    chipped    flint,    to   which    reference    has 

(ins) 


iq6  rRiMinvK  industry. 

been  made.    The  character  of  tlie  cliipping  shows  that  the  speci- 


FiG.  184.  — New  Jersey.    \. 


up  II II  lUUii.ffVi 


CHIPPED   FLINT  I.MI'LE.MEVl^, 


197 


men  was  unquestionably  finished,  and  not  a  "l.locked-out"  example 
of  some  other  form. 

The  implement  most  nearly  allied  to  this  s])ecimen  is  the  "shovel" 
described  by  Dr.  Chas.  Ran,-"  as  an  '-oval  j.late  of  flint,  flat  on 
one  side  and  slij;htly  convex  on  the  other,  the  outline  beins,'  chipped 
to  a  sharp  edge."  Fig.  184,  on  the  contrar>-,  is  identically  chipped 
upon  both  sides,  and  this  is  true  of  nearly  two  hundred  tliat  ha\e  been 
found.  As  the  evidence  that  the  Illinois  specimens  were  spades  or 
shovels,  found  in  "the  peculiar  traces  of  wear  which  they  exhiljit."  or 
the  "glaze"  and  striai  extending  "in  the  direction  in  which  the  imjile- 
ment  jjcnetrated  the  ground,"  is  almost  wholly  absent  in  all  cases  that 
have  come  under  my  ol)seiTation,  there  is  of  course  no  reason  for 
pronouncing  these  New  Jersey  specimens  to  be  spades. 

Fig.  185  represents  a  second  example  of  these  large,  broad  imple- 
ments of  undetermined  use.  Tiiis  specimen  varies  but  little  from  the 
preceding.  l?oth  belong  to  a  series  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  .vhich 
were  discovered  in  ploughing.  They  were  carefully  packed  together 
in  the  smallest  jiossible  compass,  about  two-thirds  of  the  number  being 
placed  on  one  end,  and  walled  about  with  the  remaining  third,  lying 
on  their  sides,  and  overlapping  each  other.  Had  these  specimens  been 
alike,  or  had  they  even  resembled  each  other  as  much  as  do  figs.  184 
and  185,  it  might  have  been  maintained  that  they  were  a  deposit  of 
unused  shovels  ;  but  many  of  the  series  were  considerably  shorter,  some 
being  scarcely  more  than  half  the  size,  and  quite  acutely  pointed.  As 
there  was  a  gradation  in  size,  there  was  evidently  a  mixture  of  differ- 
ent implements,  and  how  are  we  to  detemiine  the  limits  of  shovel 
measurements  and  the  maximum  size  of  the  nearest  allied  implement  ? 
Setting  aside  tlie  fact,  that  unquestionable  shovels  and  hoes  of  very 
different  patterns  are  of  common  occurrence,  there  is  nothing  to  war- 
rant the  conclusion  that  these  implements,  so  essentially  unlike  the 
undoubted  western  shovels  described  by  Dr.  Rau,  belong  to  that  class 
of  agricultural  implements. 

""Rail.     Smithsonian  Annual  Report  for  i86S,  p.  401,  fig.  i,  Waihington,  D.  C. 


I 


M 


igS  PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 

While  it  is  undoubtedly  tnie  that  the  majority  of  "deposits"  of  flint 
implements  have  consisted  of  these  large  forms  of  uncertain  uses,  there 


Fig.  185.  — New  Jersey,    \. 

seems  to  be  nothing  in  this  fact,  that  throws  any  light  upon  the  nature 


CHIPPED   FLINT   JMPM-.MKNTS. 


199 


of  the  implements  themselves.  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder,  of  Virginia,  Illinois, 
has  given  us  a  very  interesting  account  of  a  number  of  these  deposits, 
discovered  in  the  west,  but  as  he  refers  to  the  <leposits  of  other  forms 
also,  it  is  evident  that  the  fact  of  their  concealment  in  the  ground  has 
nothing  to  do  with  their  character.  Already  reference  has  been  made 
to  extensive  deposits  of  spearpoints  and  arrowheads  in  New  Jersey. 
Two  otlier  instances,  one  of  grooved  axes,  and  the  other  of  polished 
celts,  were  mentioned  when  these  implements  were  described.  Dr. 
Snyder,''"  in  liis  article  on  "  I  )eposits  of  Flint  Imiilements,"  already 
mentioned,  (piotes  from  Strachey,  as  follows,  and  it  appears  to  exjjlain 
the  whole  subject  of  buried  implements — "Their  come,  and  (indeed) 
their  copper,  hatchetts,  howses,  beades,  perle,  and  most  things  with 
them  of  value,  according  to  their  estymacion,  they  hide,  one  from  the 
knowledge  of  another,  in  the  grownd  within  the  woods,  and  so  keepe 
them  all  the  yeare,  or  until!  tiiey  have  fitt  use  for  them." 

Fig.  186  represents  a  chijjped  implement  similar  to  the  ])receding, 
but  much  smaller.  While  the  larger  examples  of  this  pattern  are  but 
very  rarely  found  singly  upon  the  surface,  tliose  of  tliis  reduced  size 
are  by  no  means  uncommon.  Tiiis  would  seem  to  afford  some  reason 
for  supposing  that  they  had  been  used  in  an  essentially  different  man- 
ner, or  why  should  we  not  find  the  larger  si/e  also?  F'ig.  1S6  bears  a 
very  marked  resemblance  to  one  of  a  large  series  figured  by  Dr.  Chas. 
Rau,  and  described  as  "  roughly  edged  fragments,  which  were  destined 
to  be  made  into  arrow  and  spearheads  at  some  future  time."  As  such 
objects  have  not  been  found  in  the  chips  on  the  sites  of  arrowmakers' 
workshops,  but  are  scattered  singly  about,  as  is  the  case  with  other 
forms,  and  as  some  of  this  size  were  associated  with  the  larger  speci- 
mens here  figured,  the  assumption  that  they  are  raw  material,  from 
which  other  forms  of  implements  were  chipped,  is  hardly  warranted 
by  the  facts. 

Assuming  that  they  are  finished  implements,  it  has  been  suggested 


s»Snyilcr.     Annual   Report,  Smithsonian   Inst,  for   1876,   p.  433.      Washington,  D.  C.     The 
History  of  Travaile  in  Virginia;  by  William  Strachey,  printed  for  the  Hakluyt  Society. 


200 


I'UI.MinVK    INUUSTRV. 


thai  they  were  used  to  sonic  cNteiit  as  l)la(lcs  or  jxiints  to  war-clubs. 
In  (k'scribing  the  several  forms  of  war-(liit)s  formerly  used  by  tlie 
Iro(i\ii<is,  nu'ntion  is  made  of  (me  armed  witli  deer's  horn."''^  It  was 
made  of  hard  wood,  elaborately  carved,  jiainted  and  ornamented  witii 
feathers  at  tiie  ends.  In  the  lower  edge,  a  sharp  i)ointed  deer's  horn, 
about  four  inches  in  length,  was  inserted.     It  was  tluis  rendered  a 

dangerous  weapon  in 
close  combat,  and  would 
inflict  a  deeper  wound 
than  the  former  (one 
with  a  ball) .  'J'hey  wore 
it  in  the  girdle.  At  a 
later  jieriod,  they  used 
the  same  sjiccies  of  club, 
substituting  a  steel  or 
iron  blade  resembling  a 
spearhead."  May  it  not 
be,  tiiat  many  of  these 
short,  lliick,  pointed  jas- 
^yfV'  WM  A      per  objects,  such  as  fig. 

1 86,  were  used,  in  the 
manner  described  by  Mr. 
Morgan?  Stone,  as  a 
ball,  was  used  to  weight 
a  club,  anil  Schoolcraft''''^ 
has  figured  a  series  of 
war-clubs  of  various  fin- 
ish, some  of  which  are 
mounted  with  distinctly  pointed  hatchets  of  stone.  Strongly  made  as 
all  such  si)ecimens  as  fig.  i86  are,  they  are  now  frequently  found  with 
their  points  broken  off;  showing  they  had  been  exposed  to  violent 


Fig.  i86.  —  New  Jersey.    \- 


*'  Morg.in.     League  of  tlie  Iroquois,  p.  363.     New  York,  1850. 
"  Schoolcraft.     Hist,  and  Condit.  Ind.  Tribes,  pt,  II,  plates  73-74. 


fllll'I'M)    FLINT    I.Ml'I.KMKNTS, 


201 


usage.  While  the  i)iir])ose  of  these  "dints"  may  he  very  dilTerent 
from  that  suggested,  lliure  is  cvidenre  tliat,  occasionally,  snch  use  was 
made  of  them.  In  the  aiUumn  of  1875,'''!'  three  chii)]iL'(l  jasper  speci- 
mens of  short  flints  were  found  in  three  graves,  ea(  h  of  which  had 
been  inserted  in  one  end  of  the  fenuirof  an  elk  (?).  The  bones  had 
so  far  decayed,  that  they  were  destroyed  utterly,  in  attempting  to  re- 
move them.  Two  of  these  flints  were  similar  to  fig.  1S6,  but  the  other 
was  apparently  the  i)ointed  half  of  such  an  implement  as  fig.  185. 


Fig.  187.  —  New  Jersey,     j. 

Figs.  1S7  and  iSS  represent  specimens  of  very  indefinite  patterns, 
having  no  feature  that  is  suggestive  of  use.  They  are  almost  too  blunt 
to  be  considered  as  possible  points  to  a  war-club.  Certainly  this  is 
the  case  with  the  foriuer.  The  edges  a])i)ear  to  be  in  their  original 
chi|)pecl  condition,  and  if  so,  they  are  not  sufficiently  shar])  to  warrant 
us  in  classing  the  imiilement  as  a  cutting  t(">i.  Neither  do  they  bear 
any  resemblance  to  the  larger  scrapers. 


"  Abbott.     American  Naturalist,  vol.  x,  p.  ii6.     Boston,  Mass.,  1S76. 


202 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


The  association  of  these  forms,  with  all  the  others,  especially  on  village 
sites,  gives  us  evidence  that  tliey  are  finished  implements,  and  beyond 
this,  it  seems  difficult  to  proceed.  Thev  bear  considerable  resem- 
blance to  many  of  the  pakeolithic  implements  found  in  Europe,  but  as 
the  puri)ose  of  these  latter  is  unknown,  the  similarity  throws  no  light 
upon  the  use  of  those  found  in  New  Jersey. 

Fig.  1 89  represents  a  beautiful  specimen  of  a  chipped  jasper  imple- 
ment, from  Massachusetts,  so  marked  in  every  feature,  tliat  its  associa- 
tion with  the  preceding  forms  is  apparently  an  error.     It  is,  however, 


Fic.  iS3. —  New  Jersey.     ]. 

simjily  the  maximum  size  of  the  narrow  and  jjointed  kind  of  imple- 
ments, and  from  it  a  series  witliout  a  break  can  be  made  down  to 
those  witlv  such  an  indefinite  outline,  that  no  use  can  be  imagined  for 
them.  ]'"ig.  189  may  or  may  not  be  a  spcarpoint,  lancehead,  or  dagger. 
Undoubted  objects  of  this  character,  of  a  very  different  i)attern,  are  of 
frequent  occurrence,  but  it  is  very  seldom  tliat  a  specimen  of  chiijped 
jasper  implement  of  this  form  is  met  witji. 

This  sjjecimcn  measures  eight  imches  in  length,  by  two  and  five- 
eighths  inches  in  width ;  is  very  thin  and  acutely  pointed.     That  it 


CHIPPED   FLINT  IMPLEMENTS. 


203 


was  not  an  implement  o*"  every-day  use  is  sho\vn  by  their  great  scarcity, 
and  also  by  the  fact  that  it  is  so  delicate  that  the  slightest  rough  usage 
would  break  it.  In  this,  it  closely  resembles  the  long,  thin,  dagger-like 
implements  found  in  southern 
California  and  Tennessee. 

Fig.   190  is  an  example  of 
flint  implement  which,  in  size 


Fig.  189.  —  Massachusetts.     J. 


Flo.  J90.  —  New  Jersey,     ]• 


and  character  of  chipping,  might  readily  be  used  as  a  knife,  spear  or 
dagger ;  although,  as  it  has  neither  a  notched  nor  a  stemmed  base,  the 


204 


PRlMirrVE  INDUSTRY. 


difficulty  of  attaching  it  to  a  handle,  renders  it  somewhat  doubtful, 
whether  it  has  been  used  as  such  an  imiilenient  or  as  a  weapon. 

Other  fonns  of  these  chipped  jasper  implements  are  found  occa- 
sionally, but  none  that  differ  in  any  important  manner  from  those  that 
have  been  here  figured;  unless  we  except  such  as  are  distinctly 
pointed  at  both  ends.  These  are  not  so  common  as  those  that  have  a 
blunt  base. 

Mr.  S.  L.  Frey*"'  has  figured  a  specimen  of  this  kind,  found  in  New 
York  ;  one  of  three  taken  from  a  grave.  \\'hen  of  sufficient  length  to 
be  used  as  the  "head"  of  a  war-club,  might  not  these  doubly  pointed 
imiilements  have  been  passed  through  the  club  handle,  and  so  make  a 
doubly  armed  weapon?  The  edges  of  all  these  implements  are  too 
sharp  or  jagged  to  have  boon  held  in  the  unprotected  hand,  even  if 
only  used  as  knives.  This  fact  suggests  the  probability  of  a  handle  of 
some  kind. 

In  a  IMS.  notice  of  the  antiquities  of  Onondaga  County,  New  York, 
to  which  reference  has  alrea.ly  been  made,  there  are  drawings  of 
several  flint  "hnce-heads"  of  large  sizes.  Fig.  8  of  the  MS.  measures 
nine  and  one-half  inches  in  length,  by  two  and  one-half  inches  in 
width  for  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  length,  when  the  blade  rapidly 
narrows  to  an  acute  point.  This  specimen,  'hile  of  unusual  length, 
is  not  finelv  worked  nor  svmmetrical  in  its  oi  t\  ue. 


•»  Frcy.    American  Naturalist,  vol.  xiii,  p.  641. 


G^  Tf^ 


'^<:m^' 


CHAPTER     XV. 


liONK    IMPI.KMKNTS. 


To  a  certain  extent,  bone,  instead  of  stone  was  habitually  used  for 
marking  many  forms  of  domestic  utensils  and  weapons ;  but  exactly 
how  far  it  replaced  stone  is  questionable.  Still,  it  must  be  remembered 
that  bone,  being  far  more  jjerishable  than  stone,  may  have  been  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  many  kinds  of  implements  that  have  long  since 
crumbled  into  dust.  Hence,  the  absence  of  implements  of  this  ma- 
terial cannot  always  be  taken  as  evidence  that  they  were  not  used. 
After  making  due  allowance  for  all  possible  conditions,  it  is  probable 
that  implements  of  bone  are  exceptional.  In  no  known  inland  local- 
ity do  they  outnumber  those  of  stone,  and  only  in  the  New  England 
shellheaps  can  they  be  considered  as  more  common. 

In  New  Jersey  the  occurrence  of  single  objects  made  of  bone,  with 
here  and  there  an  occasional  bead,  is  quite  unusual.  Less  than  half 
a  dozen  specimens  of  handiwork  in  this  material  are  among  a  series 
of  nearly  twenty  thousand  stone  imijlemcnts  from  this  state. 

In  the  Mohawk  valley,  New  York,  I\Ir.  Prey'"  found  bone  imple- 
ments to  be  "nnich  more  rare  than  those  of  stone,"  and  also  remarks 
that  "the  sites  of  villages  that  are  uncleared  and  micultivated,  and 
where  these  bone  tools  alone  are  found,  are  very  few." 

I'rof.  ^Vyman,'''-  on  the  other  hand,  speaks  of  bone  implements  in 
the  Massachusetts  shellheaps  as  "(luile  abundant." 

Fig.  191  represents  a  bone  spoon,  of  a  ])eculiar  pattern.     It  is  care- 


•*  Frey.     Ainer.  Nat.,  vol.  xii,  p.  752,  fiRs.  15  am!   16.     Pliilad.,  1879. 
"Wymaii.    Amcr.  Nal.,  vol.  i,  p.  581,  plalcs  14  ami  13.     Salem,  Mass.,  1868. 


(i.'05) 


2o6 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


fully  shaped  from  a  portion  of  the  bone  of  the  jaw  of  a  porpoise. 
The  handle  has  been  quite  elaborately  ornamented  with  incised  lines, 
placed  at  regular  distances,  which  produce  a  pleasing  effect. 

This  specimen  is  one  of  four,  now  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the 

Academy  of  Science,  at  Salem,  Mass. 
The  other  specimens  vary  somewhat  from 
this  in  shape,  being  all  of  them  shorter, 
and  in  two  instances  much  broader.  The 
four  specimens  were  found  in  an  Indian 
grave  in  Lagrange  street,  Salem,  Mass. 

In  the  same  museum  is  a  fifth  example, 
varying  in  no  imjiortant  ])articular,  which 
was  found  also  in  an  Indian  grave  at 
Eagle  Hill,  Ipswich,  Essex  Co.,  Mass. 

It  is  not  probable  that  many  lione 
spoons  of  this  pattern  were  ever  in  use, 
as  they  certainly  were  in  nowise  as 
serviceable  as  many  natural  productions  ; 
especially  portions  of  many  of  the  larger 
marine  shells,  and  of  some  of  the  fresh 
water  bivalves,  which,  without  any  alter- 
ation, could  readily  be  used  for  the  same 
purpose.  Indeed,  Holnv'^  speaks  of  such 
shells  as  being  in  use  among  the  Delaware 
Indians;  remarking  that  "their  spoons 
were  muscle  shells,"  which  shells  they 
also  used  in  boat  building.  (See  Chapter 
XVIII.) 

Fig.  192  represents  a  spoon  or  paddle- 
shaped  bone  implement,  made  from  a 
portion  of  a  rib  of  some  large  mammal,  probably  an  elk.  To  what 
extent  the  specimen  is  fragmentary  cannot  be  determined,  but  while 


Fig.  191.  —  Massachusetts 


w  Holm,  /.  c.   p.  124. 


BONE   IMPLEMENTS. 


207 


apparently  a  portion  of  some  implement,  it  is  not  evident  what  was 
its  character.  It  certainly  bears  no  resemblance  to  the  bone  spoons 
made  of  the  jaw  of  the  porpoise,  as  represented  in  fig.  191.  The 
narrower  jjortion  has  been  cut  or 
ground  away  to  some  extent,  and  the 
edges  are  quite  smoothly  polished. 
Near  the  end  of  this  handle-like 
portion,  there  is  a  countersunk  per- 
foration, and  upon  the  concave  side 
of  the  wider  part  there  are  rudely 
outlined  the  heads  of  two  birds. 

In  the  collections  of  domestic  im- 
plements and  weapons  of  the  Alaskan 
and  northwest  coast  Indians,  in  the 
museum  at  Cambridge,  are  large 
series  if  wooden  implements,  many 
of  which  are  known  to  be  wooden 
spoons,  while  others  are  considered 
as  "models  of  paddles."  Many  of 
the  fonner  have  no  greater  resem- 
blance to  a  spoon  than  the  exami)le 
of  supposed  bone  spoon,  here  figured, 
but  all  are  highly  decorated,  either 
by  painting  or  elaborate  carving.  A 
series  of  seventeen,  in  a  cylindrical 
basket,  of  Haidah  Indian  manu- 
facture (P.M.  No.  17,021),  are  all 
ornamented  in  either  one  or  both 
ways,  as  mentioned.  If  used  as 
domestic  implements,  as  is  probable, 
they  are  no  doubt  represented,  in 
the  implements  of  the  Atlantic  coast  tribes,  by  objects  of  the  general 
character  of  fig.  192. 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  the  resemblance  between  these  birds'  heads, 


Flo.  igj.  —  New  Jersey.    \, 


ui     ■■■  I  iMm^^Hifiin 


ao8 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


and  those  that  occur  on  the  semilunar  slate  knife   (f;-.  43,  chap,  v) 
and  uijon  the  shell  disks  found  in  the  stone  graves  of  Tennessee. 

Fig.  193  represents  an  interesting  specimen  of  a  bone  fish-hook, 
from  Long  Island.  'Die  illustration  so  clearly  shows  the  character 
of  the  implement,  that  a  detailed  description  of  it  is  unnecessary. 
Objects  of  this  character  are  exceedingly  rare,  either  as  found  on  the 
surface,  or  in  shellheai)s.  AVhile  of  so  simple  a 
form,  bone  fish-hooks  of  this  i)attern  do  not  ap- 
pear to  be  common  in  any  locality  in  eastern 
North  America,  although  Peter  Kalm,  in  his 
"Travels  in  North  America,"  writes  of  the 
Delaware  Indians,  that  they  "employ  hooks 
made  of  bone,  or  birds'  claws,  instead  o{  fish- 
ing hooks.  .Some  of  the  oldest  Sicu'dcs  here 
told  me,  that  when  they  were  yoimg,  a  great 
number  of  Iiuiians  had  been  in  this  part  of 
the  country,  whicli  was  then  called  Nan  S7i.iC(icm 
and  had  caught  fishes  in  the  river  Dc/azoarc, 
with  these  hooks." 

Col.  C.  C.  Jones,  jr.,  remarks  of  the  southern 
Indians,  that  with  them  "  fishing  with  hook  and 
line  seems  to  have  obtained  to  a  very  limited 
extent,  if  we  may  judge  from  the  remarkable 
absence  of  anything  like  bone,  flint  and  shell 
hooks  in  the  mountls  and  refuse  piles.  Very 
few  hooks  have  been  found,  so  far  as  our  in- 
formation extends,  and  they  were  of  bone." 
On  the  Pacific  coast,  bone  hooks  of  a  more  complicated  pattern 
are  not  uncommon.  They  are  made  of  bone  and  shell,  and  differ 
from  the  plain  hooks,  like  fig.  193,  in  having  the  stem  short  and 
curved  towards  the  point  of  the  hook,  and  also,  in  having  a  well 
defined  barb,  on  the  outer  side  of  the  hook,  some  distance  from  the 
point.  Generally  they  are  notched  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  stem,  for 
the  more  secure  attachment  of  the  line,  which,  after  being  wrapped 


Flc.  193, — New  York,    \, 


BONE   IMPLEMENTS. 


209 


about   the  hook,  was  covered  with  asphalt.     (See  pi.  xi,  of  vol.  vii, 
Archeology,  U.  S.  Geog.  Survey  West  of  looth  Meridian.) 

In  northern  pAirope,  this  pattern  of  bone  fish-hook  is  more  common. 
Nilss(jn,  in  his  admirable  Stone  Age  in  Scandinavia,  figures  a  specimen 
differing  only  in  having  a  very  slight  barb-like  projection,  very  near 
the  point. 

Fig.  193  was  found  in  a  shellheap,  near  .Sag  Harbor,  Long  Island, 
New  York,  by  Mr.  W.  W.  'looker  of  that  i)lace,  to  whom  I  am  in- 
debted for  an  oi)portunity  of  describing  it.  The  shellheap  from  which 
this  specimen  was  taken  has  yielded  "many  objects  of  Indian  work- 
manship," but  no  other  specimen,  I  believe,  of  similar  fish-hooks. 

P^ig.  194  rei)resents  an  interesting  bone  implement,  which,  it  has 
been  suggested  by  the  late  Professor  Haldeman,  was  used  for  orna- 
menting pottery.  This  implement  is  made  from  one  of  the  long  bones 
of  a  deer,  and  its  entire  surface  has  been  worked  over. 

The  broad  sides  of  this  specimen  are  not  uniform,  level  surfaces, 
but  are  cut  or  ground  off,  so  that  they  slope  irregularly  towards  the 
edges.  As  seen  in  the  illustration,  fig.  194/;,  the  implement  is  slightly 
cur\ed,  and  on  the  convex  face  of  the  lower  and  narrower  end,  fig. 
194^,  are  the  two  grooves,  which  have  been  used,  it  is  believed,  to 
make  the  parallel  lines  so  commonly  found  on  the  pottery  of  the 
Atlantic  seaboard. 

The  upper,  broader  end,  fig.  194,  it  will  be  noticed,  has  five  similar 
grooves ;  these  being  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  implement,  and  thus 
on  the  convex  face  of  this  end. 

This  decorating  stick  or  "ebauchoir"  measures  seven  and  three- 
fourths  inches  in  length,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  widtii  and  one- 
fourth  in  thickness. 

An  examination  of  thousands  of  fragments  of  pottery,  on  which 
were  series  of  lines,  such  as  this  implement  woukl  produce,  clearly 
showed  that  some  such  object  as  this  was  generally  usetl  to  make  these 
linear  impressions,  as  there  was  such  a  imiformity  in  the  width  of  these 
lines,  and  in  their  distances  apart,  that  it  can  scarcely  be  conceived 
14 


2IO 


PRIMITIVE    INDUSTRY. 


that  each  line  was  separately  produced.  Experiment  with  soft  or  raw 
clay  sliowed  further  that  an  implement  of  this  kind  produced  the 
identical  lines  in  earthen  vessels,  that  are  found  to  be  characteristic  of 
the  majority  of  the  fragments  that  bestrew  the  ground  in  so  many 
localities,  along  the  northern  Atlantic  seaboard. 

This  interesting  bone  instrument,  which  is  supposed  to  be  a  unique 
specimen,  was  discovered  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Galbraith,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Susquehanna,  in  Lancaster  Co.,  Penn.,  and  by  him  presented  to  the 


late  Prof.  S.  S.  Haldeman,  to  whom  the  author  is  indebted  for  the 
excellent  wood-cuts  representing  it. 

Professor  Haldeman,  believing  this  specimen  to  have  been  used  in 
decorating  pottery,  has  suggested  the  name  of  ehatichoir  for  it,  which 
is  a  proper  one  to  adopt,  if  it  is  necessary  to  go  beyond  our  own  lan- 
guage for  terms  that  shall  correctly  convey  a  lucid  idea  of  the  purposes 
of  such  objects  as  were  in  ordinary  use  among  the  Indians. 

Fig.  195  represents  r.n  implement  which  "is  ten  inches  long,  two 
and  a  half  broad  at  the  top,  and  one  at  the  point.  It  is  made  of  a 
branch  of  the  antler  of  a  moose  or  elk.  The  breadth  of  the  upper 
portion  is  not  seen  in  the  figure,  as  the  piece  is  represented  edgewise. 


HONK    I.MPI.KMK.VTS. 


9IZ 


It  is  ol)li(]uely  truncated  at  the  lower  end,  so  as  to  give  it  a  cliisel- 
ohaped  edge,  and  sliows  the  effect  of  liaving  been  hacked  by  some 
dull  t(jol.  Attached  to  a  handle  it  might  he  used 
to  dig  with,  or  might  ser\'e  as  a  head-breaker,  or 
'casse-tete,'  as  described  by  Father  Rasles."'' 
From  Frenchman's  Bay." 

Fig.  196  represents  "a  flat  pointed  instniment, 
three  and  three-fiuarters  inches  long,  and  one 
and  one-(iuarter  wide.     It  is  made  of  the  dense 

exterior  portion  of 
an  antler  and  the 
lower  end  has  been 
ground  down  to  a 
thin  shaqi  edge  as 
in  fig.  igCa."''^ 


J 


?'•:'  ' 


v 


Fig.  195.  —  Mass.    \.  Fig.  196.  —  Mass.ichusetts.    \.  tg6it> 

F'ig.  197  represents  "a  piece  of  one  of  the  branches  of  the  antler 


"*  I^ettres  Kdifiantes  et  Curieusc.     Paris,  1838.     Vol.  i.  p.  670. 

""Wyman.     Amer.  Nat.,  vol.  i,  p.  580.     The  cuts  here  given,  figs.  195  to  203  inclusive,  with 
the  descriptions,  are  from  this  article, 


212 


I'RIMITIVK    INDUSTRY. 


of  a  (k'cr,  from  which  tlie  ti])  lias  l)een  cut  off.     The  skies  near  the 
pointed  end  have  been  worked  down  so  as  to  present  four  foces,  two 
of  the  angles  uniting  them  being  (juite  acute.     The  detached  ])iece 
having  a  deep  notch  would  be  provided  with  two  points 
or  barbs  and  would  be  adajjted  to  serve  as  the  jjoint  of 
an  arrow.     Suih  ])oints  were  used  by  the  aborigines, 
and  we  are  informed  by  Winslow,*"" 
that  when  the  Pilgrims  were  making 
their  first  explorations  on  the  shore 
at  Cape  Cod,  previously  to  landing 
at  riymouth,  some  of  the  arrt)ws 
shot  at  them  had  the  kind  of  point 
just  described.    From  Cotuit  Port." 
Fig.   19S    represents   "an  arti- 
ficially  pointed    fragment.      From 
Crouch's  Cove." 
Fig.  199  represents  "an  artificially  pointed  frag- 
ment of  bone,  suitable  for  use  as  an  awl.     From 
Crouch's  Cove." 

While  bone  awls,  of  the  same  general  pattern 
as  fig.  199,  are  only  of  occasional  occurrence  in 
some  inland  localities,  of  New  Jersey  and  New 
York,  they  are  comparatively  common  in  Ohio  and 
other  western  anil  southern  stales.  Inasmuch  as 
prehistoric  jiumnn  bones  are  freciuently  found  in  a 
good  state  of  jireservation,  it  is  not  improbable,  to 
say  the  least,  that  bone  awls  also  might  have  es- 
caped destruction  in  many  instances,  and  hence 
that  they  would  be  far  more  common  than  they 
now  are,  had  they  ever  been  in  general  use  among 
the  Indians  of  the  Delaware  valley. 

Fi".  200  represents  "one  of  the  lower  incisors  of  a  l)eaver,  ground 


Fir..  jyB.  — Mass.    \- 


oo  Young':,  Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrims,  p.  158.     Boston,  1841. 


BONE    IMPl.FMr.N'IS.  213 

to   a   thin,   sharp   edge.     From    Crouc:h's   Cove."     Mr.    Frcy"^   has 


Fig.  199. — Mass.    \,  Fu,.  300. — Mass.    \.  Fig.  aoi. — Mass.    \, 

figured  a  somewhat  similar  imiJJement  made  from  a  beaver's  tooth, 

fountl  in  a  grave  in  the  Mohawk  valley, 
New  York. 

Fig.  201  represents  "  a  fragment  of  a  bone 
of  a  bird,  obli(Hiely  truncated  and  artificially 
sharpened.     From  Crouch's  Cove." 

Fig.  202  represents  "a  well  wrought  and 
polished  spindle-shajied  instrument,  the 
lower  end  of  which  is  flattened,  and  has  a 
sharp  edge  :  the  upper  portion  is  rounded 
with  the  end  broken  off,  but  ajjpears  to 
have  been  worketl  to  a  sharp  point.  F>om 
Frenchman's  Bay." 

Fig.  203  represents  "a  slender  piece  of 
bone,  smoothly  wrought  and  pointed. 
From  Frenchman's  Bay." 

Figs.  204  and  205  represent  other 
forms  of  bone  implements,  both  of  which 
are  "made  of  flattened  pieces,  each  be- 
ing cut  from  the  walls  of  one  of  the  long 


FiGR.  202  and  203.  —  Mass.    -|-. 


«'  Frcy,  /  <r.,  p.  782,  fig.  13. 


214 


rRIMIIIVI-,  INDUSTRY. 


bones, 
From  1 
rigs. 


and 

'rem 

206 


showing  the  cancellated  structure  on  one  of  tlie   sides. 

hnuin's  Hay." 

and  207  represent  two  other  examples  of  l)one  implements 
made  in  the  same  manner  as  the  preceding. 
From  Crouch's  Cove. 

Those  bone  implements  here  described, 
with  lateral  notches,  and  barb-like  i)rojec- 
tions,  bear  a  marked  resemblance  to  the 
bone  "dartheads"  figured  and  described 
by  Major  W.  H.  l)all,«8  {„ 
his  admirable  work  on  the 
hhellheaps  of  tlie  Aleutian 
Islands ;  and  also  to  har- 
poons figured  by  Nilsson,*"''-* 


Figs. 


I  ami 


.  —  Mass.    \. 


in  his  volume  on  Scandinavia.  It 
is  evident  that  these  bone  imple- 
ments, from  the  Massachusetts 
shellheaps,  were  put  to  the  same 
use  as  those  from  the  Pacific  coast 
of  this  c(^ntinent  and  from  other 
parts  of  the  globe. 

Fig.  208  represents  a  split  frag- 
ment of  a  long  bone,  pointed  at 
one  end.  There  is  notliing  in  the 
specimen  in  its  present  condition, 
to  give  any  intimation  of  its  use. 


Figs.  206  and  207.  —  Mass.    -j-. 

Exact  locality  not  recorded. 


•"Dall.    Tribes  of  the  Extreme  Northwest,  p.  76  and  plate  opiHjsite  (no  number).    Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  1877. 

"Nilsson.     Stone  Age  in  Scandinavi.i,  pi.  iv,  London,  1868. 


HONK    IMl'I.K.MF.NIS, 


am 


Fig.  209  rc[)resents  a  somewhat  similarly  shaped  object,  Itut  it  has 
no  jjoint,  and  there  is  no  indication  tiiat  it  ever  had  one.  One  edge 
is  serrated,  and  "is  ([iiite  sharp,  l)iit  from  this  [serration]  tlic  bone 
rapidly  increases  to  one-thinl  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  so  as  to  render 
it  wholly  nnsuitabie  to  be  used  as  a  saw.     From  Kagle  Hill." 

Figs.  210  and  21 1  represent  implements  that  are  ([iiite  like  the  bone 
"sewing-awls"  figured  by  Mr.  Dalk'^in  the  volume  already  (juoted. 


!'!'»1 


Figs.  208  and  209.  —  Mass.    \. 


Kic;s.  210,  2ioa,  and  211. —  Mass,    \, 


These  specimens  "are  flat,  scraped  very  thin,  as  seen  in  fig.  210a. 
One  of  these  is  made  from  the  bone  of  a  bird.     From  Eagle  Hill." 

The  implements  here  described  will  ])robably  cover  the  range  of 
patterns  in  common  use  among  the  Indians,  who  formed  the  shell- 
heaps  along  the  entire  Atlantic  coast,  as  even  the  forms  of  bone  imple- 
ments from  the  fresh  water  shellheaps  of  Florida"'  do  not  vary  in  any 
important  particular. 


'"Dall,  /.  (T.,  plalc  opposite  p.  79. 

"Wyman.     Frcsh-Watcr  Shell  Mounds  uf  Florida,  p.  51 ;  plates  3  and  4.     Salem,  M.ass.,  1875. 


. 


CHAPTER    XVI. 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 


Although  the  method  of  cultivating  maize,  the  plant  most  inti- 
mately associated  with  the  native  races  of  America,  was  practically  the 
same,  there  yet  appears  to  be  a  considerable  difference  in  the  patterns 
of  the  implements,  used  in  preparing  the  soil  for  the  seed,  and  in 
its  subsequent  care  and  culture. 

Over  a  limited  extent  of  western  territory,  chipped  flint  hoes  of  a 
peculiar  pattern  are  fretiuently  met  with,  'I'hey  are  broad  bh'des,  with 
deep,  lateral  notches,  near  one  end,  by  which  they  can  oe  readily 
fastened  to  a  wooden  handle.  Of  these,  it  has  been  remarked  by 
Dr.  Rau,''2  who  first  described  them,  that  "  if  the  shape  of  the  described 
implements  (shovels  antl  hoes)  did  not  indicate  their  original  use,  the 
peculiar  traces  of  wear  whii  h  they  exhibit  would  furnish  almost  con- 
clusive eviden  e  of  t  le  manner  in  which  they  have  been  employed ; 
f  jr  that  part  with  wlvich  tiie  digging  was  done  appears,  notwithstanding 
the  hardness  of  the  aiaterial,  perfectly  smooth,  as  if  glazed,  and  slighdy 
striated  in  the  direction  in  which  the  implement  penetrated  the 
ground." 

This  form  is  not  found  in  New  Jersey,  but  its  place  is  taken  by  a 
"pecked"  and  grooved  implement,  in  man}-  respects  similar  to  the 
gouges,  already  described.  That  liiey  were  ever  very  numerous  is 
doubtful,  as  comparatively  few  have  been  foiuKi ;  but  llieir  widespr<"id 
use  is  indicated  by  their  occurrence  thri)ughout  the  middle  and 
southern  states."''  They  have  been  four.d  in  Connecticut,  and  are 
'  scribed  aniong  the  implements  met  with  in  (leorgia. 


"  Raw.     SmilVisdn.  Aniual  Kcpurt  fur  -.RfiS,  p.  379,  fn;.  i.     Washinntcm,  D.  C. 
"Jones.    Anliiiuities  of  .Soulhem  Indians,  p.  301,  pi.  xvii,  lig.  1.     Nuw  Vurk,  1873. 


2l8 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


Implements  known  as  "hoes,"  both  of  stone  and  elk-horn,  not 
altogether  unlike  these  in  the  more  important  features,  have  been 
figured  and  desciibed  by  Professor  Nilsson."^  They  differ  principally 
from  the  New  Jersey  specimens  in  being  perforated  for  the  insertion 
of  a  handle.  Of  the  use  of  such  "hoes,"  Professor  Nilsson  says,  "It 
must  be  acknowledged  that  if  agriculture,  as  seems  most  prol)able, 
consisted  originally  in  burning  tracts  of  forest,  and  then  sowing  among 
the  ashes,  these  nide  hoes  must  have  been  very  suitable  for  such 
operations." 

Hoe-like  imijlements.  however,  even  those  used  by  the  Atlantic 
coast  Indians,  were  not  always  of  this  pattern.  In  numerous  references 
to  the  cultivation  of  maize,  in  the  early  histories,  mention  is  made  of 
bone  implements,  antl  of  certain  bones,  which  were  thus  used  without 
alteration. 

Of  the  Delaware  and  Iroijuois  Indians  Loskiel"^  mentions  that 
"they  used  formerly  the  shoulderblade  of  a  deer,  or  a  tortoise-shell 
sharpened  upon  a  stone,  and  flister.ed  to  a  thick  stick,  instead  of  a 
hoe;"  anil  we  readily  see,  on  comparing  such  "hoes"  with  those  of 
stone,  here  figured,  that  the  latter  are  fully  capable  of  doing  the  same 
work,  and  of  doing  it  well. 

A  second  cl.i.si  of  ag.icultural  implements,  common  in  the 
west  and  south,  but  of  rare  oi  rurrence  in  New  Jersey  and  almost 
unknown  in  New  Kngland,  are  known  as  "spades."  They  are 
"oval  plates  of  flint,  tlat  on  one  side  and  slightly  convex  on  the 
c*'-  ••,  the  outline  being  chipped  into  a  sharp  eilge."  These  im- 
j.!'-  't  ts  are  of  such  a  marked  character  that  they  never  can 
be  ■  iistaken  for  any  other  form.  Tlic  convex  "backs"  (jf  these 
.imt  spades,  and  their  large  size  and  thickness,  make  them  a  very 
ilistinit  and  well-designed  implement.  .As  they  are  generally 
marked  by  fine  stri;c.  and  often  iiolished  as  if  by  digging  in  loose 
soil,    their  use   as  spades  seems  to   be   beyond   doubt.     \'erv  often 


"Nilsson.     Sione  .Arc  in  Si.in.linavia,  p.  74,  pi.  viii,  (1^,.  180  .mil  i3i.     I.,mdun,  1868, 
'"Loskicl.     Mission  u  N.  A.  Indi.tn9,  p.  ii6.     London,  lyj-i. 


AGRICULTURAL   LMPLF.MF.XTS. 


219 


objects  are  found  associated  with  tliese  true  spades,  which  bear 
a  general  resemblance  to  them,  and  hence  have  been  improp- 
erly classed  with  them.  That  all  the  large,  disk-shaped  and 
oval  chipped  jasper  implements  were  spades  or  even  hoe-l)lades, 
is  not  probable.  What  they  really  were  will,  in  ail  probability, 
never  be  l-;'')wn. 

The  agricultural  implements  found  on  the  .Atlantic  seaboard,  about 
which  there  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt,  are  hues  and  spades,  of 
cer'  'in  well-defined  shapes.  Of  greater  abundance  than  these,  is  a 
series  of  slate  implements,  that  may  or 
nir.)  "nijf  be  hoe-blades.  There  are  many 
K:;'Sf,  '^r  considering  these  latter  as 
a.'iicui.iiial  implements  of  the  character 
named,  and  yet  if  they  are  so,  t'..ere  is  no 
reason  why  the  jasper  specimens  of  the 
same  size  and  sha])e  should  not  be  in- 
cluiled  in  the  same  class.  To  call  one  an 
agricultural  implement  and  the  other  some- 
thing else  is  certainly  unwarranted. 

Fig.  2 1 2  rejiresents  an  average  specimen 
of  these  long,  slender,  fine-edged  slates, 
which  we  have  designated  lance-heads. 
They  vary  little  f  )ia  five  to  seven  antl 
one-half  inches  '■'  Viig'.!i  by  from  two  to 
three  and  r:j  li  If  '::.l-cs  in  widtli  ;  the 
longer  spec  nc.  "r  usually  the  more 
slender  ones,  su.k  >iing  die  iiossibilit}-  of 
the  bioader  and  shon  ■.  -.pecimens  having  had  a  different  use  from  the 
others.  Of  course,  the  same  degree  of  probability  <  btains  in  this  case, 
as  in  all  others,  that  a  difference  in  size,  and  slight  \ariation  in  otuline, 
may  be  indicative  of  diffL-renl  purposes.  From  the  vmy  nature  of  the 
case,  it  is  obviously  impossil)le  to  do  more  than  conjecture,  and  wikl 
guesses  are  neither  scientific  nor  commenilable. 


Vm.  213.  —  New  Jersey.     \. 


220 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


Of  a  series  of  fifty-eight  of  tlicse  possible  hoe-blades,"«  al.out 
twenty-five  are  made  of  argillite,  and  in  their  weathered  surfaces,  iiave 
all  tiie  appearance  of  age  that  characterizes  the  true  palaiolitiiic  im- 
plements. The  others  are  of  sla'e  and  slate-like  material,  anil  the 
surface  appears  as  if  comparatively  freshly  chipped.  In  size,  they 
vary  from  four  and  one-half  to  seven  inches  in  length,  by  two  and 
one-half  to  three  inches  in  greatest  width.  One  half  of  them  have 
distinctly  straight  bases,  and  are  obtusely  pointed  at  tiie  opposite  end. 
In  but  one  instance  is  there  a  .'Iv  sliarp  jioint.  While  in  some 
specimens  there  has  been  a  weaui  vr  of  the  pointed  end,  the 

general  appearance  of  a  large  series  ;  s  the  imjjression  that  the 
points  were  never  sufficiently  sliarp,  to  have  been  used  as  a  lance  or 
speari)oint.  A  few  specimens  are  the  same  at  each  end,  and  look  a.- 
if  they  had  been  originally  chipped  in  this  shape.  An  iuteresting 
feature  is  seen  in  the  well-defined  notch  that  is  found  only  on  one 
side.  This  occurs  in  fully  twenty  per  cent,  of  all  found.  In  some  speci- 
mens, this  single  notch  on  one  side  is  very  broad  and  deep,  measuring 
in  one  example  half  an  incii  in  depth,  and  an  inch  in  width.  This  is, 
of  course,  exceptional,  but  from  one  of  this  size  there  is  a  gradation 
down  to  the  slight,  but  readily  discernible  notcli,  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
deep.  That  these  were  in  some  way  utilized  in  fastening  the  imple- 
ment t(j  a  handle  is  probable. 

Chipped  slate  implements  of  this  i)attern  are  found  scattered  along 
the  whole  Atlantic  seaboard,  liut  in  v.irying  numbers,  in  the  several 
states.  As  they  are  found  singly  more  frequently  than  tiie  jasper 
implements  of  the  same  general  pattern,  it  would  appear  as  if  they 
outnumbered  the  latter ;  but  if  we  take  into  consideration  the  great 


T*In  the  imisciim  of  the  Academy  of  SciclKc,  at  Salciii,  Mass.,  is  a  larj^c  series  of  these 
ohjects,  all  gathered  from  a  few  adjoining  fiehls.  So  lunneroiis  were  they,  and  beini;  found  asso- 
ciated witli  an  even  greater  nunilier  of  fragments,  it  was  supjiosed  lliat  they  were  weapons,  possibly 
used  and  broken,  here,  in  some  great  battle.  'I'he  snpiM)sili(jn  tliat  they  are  lance-heads,  and  in- 
dicative, fliroagh  their  numbers,  of  a  battle  field,  is  njw  believed  to  be  an  error.  (Sec  Smithso- 
nian Annual  Report,  1875,  p.  21 '9). 


AGRICULTURAL   IMPLEMENTS. 


221 


numbers  of  the  jasper  specimens  found  in  "deposits,"  tliey  really  are 
less  abtmilant. 

A  few  fa(  ts  that  seem  to  have  some  bearing  upon  the  question  of 
the  use  of  tlicse  slate  implements  will  now  be  briefly  mentioned. 
There  are  still  to  be  seen,  in  various  parts  of  New  Jersey,  c:ertain 
barren,  weed-grown  tracts,  or  "  .tarings,"  as  they  are  called,  if  still 
surrounded  by  a  forest  ^'.owth,  known  as  old  Indian  fields.  At  the 
time  of  the  settlement  of  tlic  country  by  the  Europeans,  these  tracts 
were  under  native  cultivation.  In  many,  the  cropping  seems  to  have 
been  so  persistent,  year  after  year,  that  the  fertility  of  the  soil  was 
finally  exhausted  ;  and  to  this  day,  it  shows  the  ill  effects  of  improper 
treatment.  On  such  sjjots,  there  are  found  a  larger  number  of  these 
rude  "hoe-blades"  than  elsewhere  ;  and  associated  with  them,  are  the 
true  hoes,  which  will  be  subsequently  described.  It  must  not,  of 
course,  be  understood  that  these  implements  are  really  rare  in  localities 
where  maize  could  not  have  been  cultivated.  Such  is  not  the  case. 
All  agricultural  tools  of  native  make  are  found  in  essentially  iin- 
agricultural  localities.  Their  aliundance  on  these  old  Indian  fields  is 
certainly  suggestive,  aichough  why  they  should  have  been  mostly  left 
in  the  corn-fields  does  not  appear. 

If  it  were  true  that  these  slate  imi)!ements  are  "hoe-blades,"  ought 
we  not  to  find  u])on  them  the  ])eculiar  scratches  that  are  supi)osed  to 
mark  all  agricultural  implements  that  have  been  used?  The  un(|ues- 
tioned  hoes,  and  the  "spade's"  that  are  found  in  New  Jersey  do 
present  these  traces  of  use  ;  though  llie  Jasprr  imi)lenieiUs,  such  as 
figs.  1 84  and  185,  never  do.  The  few  flint  spades  we  possess  of  the 
w'estern  form  show  them,  and  so,  too,  does  a  small  proportion  of  the 
slate  hoes.  On  the  others  it  is  believed  that  they  have  been  oiditerated 
by  the  weathering  of  two  centuries.  Occasionally,  also,  there  occurs 
a  specimen  which  is  chipped  flat  upon  the  under  side,  con\ex  upon 
the  uiiper,  and  with  a  slight  cur\e  extending  the  whole  length  of  the 
implement.  These  invariably  have  a  single  notch  upon  one  side.  In 
such  specimens,  we  have  a  "link"  between  the  western  flint  spades 


222 


PRIMITIVE   INBUSTRY. 


as  dcscril)ccl  by  Dr.  Ran,"  aii<l  tlic  "hoc-Madcs"  fomid  in  such  great 
almndaiu'c  in  New  Jersey.  No  similar  inii)lcnicnt  of  jasper  has  as 
yet  been  found. 

I'lg.  213  represents"'^  an  excellent  average  specimen  of  a  hoe,  such 
as  is  found  in  New  Jersey.  It  has  been  "pecked"  into  shape,  and 
subse(]uently  ground  until  nearly  all  trace  of  the  original  i)ecking  has 
been  oljlilerated.  The  outer  or  uppe*-  su.face  (tiiat  siiown  in  the 
illustration)  is  ridged,  the  height  decreasing  as  it  ajjproaches  the  edge 

of  tlie  implement,  thus  making  the  greatest 
thickness  at  tiie  heatl,  wiiere  it  measures 
an  inch  and  a  lialf.  This  liead,  oval  in 
shaj)e,  is  sejiarated  from  the  blade  of  the 
implement  liy  two  deep  grooves  or  notciies, 
wl.ich  do  not  extend  over  any  jiortion  of 
tlie  under  surl^ice,  and  scarcely  meet  upon 
the  upper.  Tiiis  specimen  now  measures 
five  and  one-fourth  inches  in  length,  by  a 
little  over  two  and  one-half  inches  in  width. 
It  evidently  was  originally  much  longer,  and 
has  been  worn  away  by  long  continued  use. 
The  fa(  t  iliat  these  hoes  generally  show 
such  evident  marks  of  use,  and  tiiat  the 
sujiposed  "  iioe-l)]ades"  do  not,  may  be 
explained  on  the  supposition  that  the  latter 
do  not  ])ossess  the  strength  and  durability 
of  the  former,  and  readily  break  wlien  smardy  struck  upon  a  stone. 
They  would  probably  be  broken  long  before  they  would  become 
striated,  and  worn  by  use.  Probably  the  enormous  number  of  halves 
of  tliese  blades,  found  scattere<l  over  small  areas,  is  due  to  this  cause. 


Fu;.  213.  —  New  Jersey.    J. 


"  Rnii.     Sinitlisoni.in  Annual  Report  for  i368,  ji.  379. 

•"The  illustration  is  defective  in  the  representation  of  these  short  lateral,  and  partially  dorsal 
giooves.  « 


AGRICULTURAL   IMPI.KMENTS. 


223 


From  experiments  made  witli  these  blades  as  they  nmv  are,  it  is 
l)rol)al)le  that  a  new  lot  would  have  to  be  made  at  every  seedtime. 

Fig.  214  rei)resents  a  second  example  of  these  heavy  stone  hoes, 
This  sjjecimen,  like  the  preceding  one,  was  originally  much  longer, 
but  seems  to  have  been 
worn  down  so  much,  that 
it  was  probably  dis- 
carded. In  one  jjarticu- 
lar,  it  varies  from  tlie 
preceding:  the  under 
side  is  concave,  while 
in  fig.  213  it  is  flat. 
This  cur\ature  of  the 
blade  might  be  supposed 
to  indicate  that  imple- 
ments of  this  character 
were  really  gouges,  and 
as  such  referal)le  to  tlie 
class  of  objects  described 
in  Cha])ter  III ;  Init  the 
l)resence  (jf  the  strina  and 
the  general  appearance 
of  the  surface,  show 
clearly  that,  like  the  pre- 
ceding, this  specimen 
also  is  a  hoe. 

Fig.  215   represents  a 
stone  spade,  such  as  is 

^  ,      .  -Ill  Fig.  314.  — New  Jersey.    \. 

found    in    considerable 

numbers  in  Mercer  Co.,  New  Jersey,  but  which  is  not  known  in  other 
localities.  These  spades  are  all  of  the  general  shape  and  character  of 
chipping  shown  in  fig.  215,  which  sufficiently  explains  itself  .\\\  of 
those  collected  show  distinctly  the  stria;,  and  jjolish  amounting,  in 
bome,  to  a  glaze,  which  characterize  the  western  spades,  of  an  elongated 


224 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSinV. 


oval,  or   quae 


Irangular  outline.     The   material  of  which  these   New 


Fig.  sis.— New  Jersey.    {> 


ACKKLI-lTkAL    IM1'I.EXIKN-I"S. 


225 


Jersey  spades  are  made  varies.  l)iit  none  are  of  jasper.  Slate,  argillite, 
and  otlier  material  of  tiiis  chanuter,  have  been  used.  While  the 
narrowed  "handle,"  and  broad  blade  are  well- marked  features  in  all 
these  specimens,  they  merge  into  each  otlier,  and  are  not  ilistinctly 
separate,  as  in  the  spade-like  implement  figured  by  Col.  C.  C.  Jones.*'' 
In  some,  however,  tiie  jum  tion  of  the  two  portions  is  more  abrupt  than 
in  tile  specimen  figured. 

Ail  of  these  chipped  spades  were  found  on  a  limited  area  of  some 
three  or  four  hundred  acres  ;  and  were  associated  with  the  supposed 
"hoe-blades"  and  tlie  grooved  hoes,  jjreviously  describeil.  It  is 
possible  that  they  may  be  a  loc  al  form,  but  the  pattern  is  so  sim])le  in 
design,  and  so  well  adapted  for  digging  in  loose,  san<Iy  soils,  thai 
similar  objects  ma\'  be  confidently  looked  fir  in  otheT  localities. 

A\'heii  the  extent  to  wlii(  h  mai/e  was  rai^ed  is  considered,  it  is 
evident,  that  e\en  willi  the  supposed  "hoe-blades,"  the  number  of 
stone  agricultural  implements  is  too  small  to  have  met  the  re(iuirements 
of  that  cultivation,  and  hence  it  is  more  than  probable,  that  the  hoes 
made  of  the  shoulderblades  t)f  deer,  and  of  tortoise  shell,  mentioned 
by  sever,:. 1  early  writers,  greatl}'  outnumbered  those  of  stone. 


"•  Jimcs,     Anti'iiiiliKs  of  tlic  Stmtlicrn  IntlLms,  p.  yj2,  plale  xvii,  f)^.  2.     New  Vurli,  1873. 

15 


Ill 
h; 

& 

n 

* 

t( 
11 
c 
1^ 
r 
r 
( 
\ 


CHAl'TKR     XV  IT. 


I'l.l'MMKTS, 


As  has  been  done  in  ])rovic)us  chapters,  a  series  of  objects,  uniform 
in  the  more  clianu'teristic  features,  but  inluiitely  varietl  in  minor  details, 
have  been  grouped  to^ellier  under  one  title.     While  the  general  name 
given  to  the  group  is  convenient,  and  in  a  measure  descriptive  of  their 
api)earance,  it  has  but  little  reference  to  their  uses.     It  has  been  re- 
marked,'"" that  "their  principal  use  *  *  *  *  as  'plummets'  maybe 
*  *  *  *  ([ueslioned,  as  there  are  far  too  many  of  them  found,  and  of 
too  great  a  variation  in  si/.e,  to  lead  us  to  infer  that  they  were  used 
mainly  for  that  i)urpose.     Though  if  it  were  necessary,  in  ancient  ar- 
chitecture, to  establish  a  jjcrpendicular  line,  the  implements  were  at 
hand,  as  'weights' with  lines  attached."     The  same  author  has  also 
remarked  of  these  phunmets,  that  they  "are  of  (juite  common  occur- 
rence in  the  vicinity  of  Salem,  Mass.,"  and  there  are  "in  the  collection 
of  the  I'ealxjdy  Academy  of  Science,  a  large  number  of  si)ecimens 
varying  in  size  from  an  ounce  or  two  to  several  i)ounds  in  weight,  but 
all  made  on  the    general    pear-shapeil    ])attern,  though    they  exhibit 
about  as  many  modit'icatious  within  that  shajje  as  are  shown  by  the 
hundreds  of  varieties  of  the  pear  itself.     Local  archivologists  in  New 
lav'land  generally  consider  them  as  'sinkers,'  from  their  shape  and 
from  the  fact  that  they  are  mori'  t)ften  found  along  the  seashore  than 
in  the  interior." 

"The  very  large  si/e  of  some  specimens  would  jierhaps  indicate 
some  different  use  from  any  proposed"  for  the  western  specimens, 
which,  as  a  whole,  are  smaller.     '•'  In  fact,  some  of  them  run  so  decid- 


*"rnln;im.     .\mcrii.an  Natur.ilist,  vi>l.  vi,  p.  649,  fool-noles.     Salcin,  Mass  ,  1S72. 


2  28 


rUIMMIVK   INItUSTUV, 


cilly  into  llio  (lass  i>f  •  ])cstk's,'  tluit  it  is  almost  inipossiljle  to  draw  the 
liiu'  lirtuctii  till.'  two,  tlioiiyli  tlic  (.xtriMiR's  are  well  marked.  Tlie 
pel  iiliar  shape  of  these  implements  has  also  caused  them  to  l.e  re- 
garded as  weights,  used  to  stretch  the  threail  in  spinning.  This  sup- 
position is  rendered  very  probahle  l)y  the  fact  that  stone  weights  have 

been  used  in  s[>inning,  and  from  the 
statement  (made  to  me  in  conver- 
sation iiy  Dr.  I'Mward  I'almcr),  thr.t 
stones  are  still  in  use  among  the 
Indians  of  the  northwest  for  a  simi- 
lar puriiose.  As  it  is  generally  ad- 
milted  that  the  motmdhiiilders  tm- 
derstood  spinning  <lifferent  kinds  of 
fihre,  and  /Vi '/.*//// j,'  certain  materials 
into  threads  whit  h  they,  hv  some 
process  akin  to  weaving,  siihse- 
()!iently  manufactured  into  a  kind 
of  cloth,  the  use  of  these  imple- 
ments as  weights  seems  \cvy  ])rol)a- 
ble,  and  as  household  implements 
they  would  often  he  more  or  less 
elaborately  finished  (jr  car\ed.  l'"or 
my  own  ]iart,  I  have  for  some  time 
considered  them  as  rejiresenting,  ac- 
coriling  to  si/e,  material,  sha])e 
and  finish,  either  ist,  jiestles,  2nd, 
sinkers,  3rd.  spinning  •  -'ights,  or  4th, 
ornaments." 

rig.  216  represents  a  characteristic  specimen  of  the  New  F.ngland 
plmnmets  of  about  the  maximtmi  size.  Whether  it  should  be  cl.issed 
as  a  "pestle"  or  not,  cannot  be  readily  detennined  ;  but  the  fact  that 
uiniuestionable  pestles  are  by  no  means  infre(|uent  in  the  same 
localities,  would  seem  to  throw  doubt  upon  their  use  as  ])estles.  although 
'"inany  of  them  •  »  •  •  would  serve  well  for  use  as  such,  provided 


Fig.  316.  —  Massachiisctu.    \. 


I'LfMMI  IS, 


3  29 


grit  was  no  ol)jc'c'!uii  as  a  comijuiiunt  of  'Indian  cake;'  though  the 
grit  would  he  avoided  if  sue  ii  ])cstks  were  used  in  wooden  mortars 
similar  to  those  in  use  by  the  early  white  settlers  iu  this  country,  'i'hc 
extreme  softness  of  the  stone  of  which  tliese  largo  jjear-shaped 
implements  were  nuule,  combined  with  the  fact  that  they  seldom  ex- 
hibit signs  of  use  at  their  rounded  end,  was  *  *  *  *  (one)  argument 
against  their  use  as  pestles,"  but  not  the  t>>i/y  one,  as  that  author  con- 
sitlered.*''  There  does  not  seem  to  be  any 
objection  to  the  use  of  these  larger  speci- 
mens as  sinkers,  from  the  mere  fact  of 
their  size  and  weight.  In  Kimparntively 
deep  waters,  or  in  strong  (  urrents,  speci- 
mens as  heavy  as  this  wtiuld  often  be 
re(iuired.  I'earing  on  the  sulije(  t  of  their 
use  as  pestles,  however,  it  should  be  stated 
tha^  re  is  a  specimen  in  the  Salem 
co1  that  is  said  to  ha\e  been  fouiil 

iu  a  stone  mortar,  and  another  in  the 
cabinet  of  the  Ameslniry  Nat.  History 
Society.  Fig.  216  was  found  near  Ames- 
bury,  Mass. 

I'Mg.  2 1 7  represents  a  much  smaller 
sj)ecimeu  of  a  plummet,  which  was  ])rob- 
ably  used  as  a  sinker  for  a  fishing  line  ; 
at  least,  it  is  well  ada])ted  for  this  purpose. 
The  original  was  long  ago  described  and 
figured  by  Schoolcraft,  as  "a  fisherman's  sinker,  of  the  Penacook 
tribe,  accurately  wrought  in  stone."  Objects  of  this  size  are  not 
confined  to  fishing  stations,  however,  and  it  is  quite  as  possible,  that 
similar  specimens  had  different  uses  in  different  localities.  Of  a  very 
large  series  of  these  j)lummets  in  the  collections  of  the  Museum  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  bt\t  few  are  highly  polished  and  possessed  of  that 


Fig.  aiy.  —  Maine.    \- 


'*'  Putnam.     UuUctia  of  Ksscx  ln.>lilutc,  vol.  v,  June,  187J.     Salcm,  Mass. 


aao 


PRIMri'IVr,    INDL'SIRV. 


accurafy  of  outline  so  cliaracterislii:  of  many  fouiici  in  Ohio  anil  otiier 
western  states.  Of  the  larger  cxain])les  found  so  frequently  in  the 
neij,'lilii)riioo(l  of  S.ilfni,  Mass..  a  lari,'e  majority  are  merely  pecked 
into  sluipe  and  have  no  otlier  fmish.  Tiiese  ha\e  an  added  interest, 
from  the  fact  that  in  llie  sanv  neii.;liI)orlio()d,  are  found  in  like  iiro- 
fnsion,  the  stone  gou!,'es  that  are  supposed  to  have  been  principally 
used  in  making  the  '•dug-out"  canoes.  If  such  was  the  onlinary  use 
of  these  impleinents,  their  occurrence  ir.  unusual  numbers,  associated 
with  a  like  abundance  of  plununets,  wcmIiI  (  ertainiy  seem  t(<  indicate 

that  the  latter  were  used  as  "sinkers," 
as  we  know  the  canoes  were  made 
.  .ore  tor  ii>lung  purjioses,  tnan  for  the 
mere  (unvenience  of  travelling  by 
water. 

1-^ig.  2t.S  rejjresents  a  still  smaller 
s])ecimeii  cf  the>e  plumniets,  which 
certaini}'  is  nuiNt  .idmirably  designed  as 
a  sinker,  for  fisjiing  in  ( omparatively 
(piiet  water-;.  It  does  not  weigh  so 
nuK  h,  ami  is  imt  little  longer  than  lead 
sinkers  tlial  are  nuw  used  in  trolling 
for  ro(  k  lisli  ;  and  it  is  a  matter  of  as- 
t'lnishmcnt  that  su(  h  an  admirable  im- 
)ilement  slmuld  h.ive  been  foimd  so 
very  seldom  in  New  Jersey.  As  in  the  southern  states,  an  occasional 
sj)ecimen,  liki:  fig.  21S,  may  be  fouml  ;  but  all  such  as  h.ive  been 
examined,  puqiorting  to  be  from  the  valley  of  the  I'jiaware  river, 
are  ingenious  frauds,  copies  in  steatite  of  New  iutgland  spi-cimcns, 
r.ianuf.ii  tured  fur  "th.e  trade"  by  imsirupulous  dealers.  The  simpler 
form  (if  the  grooved  globular  peltble  may,  in  New  Jersey,  replace  the 
l)lummel.  as  it  is  believed  by  Col.  ('.  ('.  Jones,*"-'  to  d  >,  in  (Jeorgia. 
That  author  ;^'roups  notched  and   perforated   pebbles,  and  grooved 


Fir..  2t3.  —  M'lrisachiisctts. 


>  Junes.     Amii|uitiL-,  ..f  Soiitlierii  Indians,  p.  ^yj,  |»1-  xix,  lii;.  i  j.     New  York,  1873. 


PLUMME'l'S. 


231 


globular  peljljles  as  alike,  siiikLts,  an<l  figures  a  rudely  fashioned 
plummet,  wliit  Ii  is  of  rare  ore  urrcnce,  and  suggests  that  it  was 
"employed  to  \vei,L;lU  the  hand-line 
in  fishing  with  a  hook,'' 

Fig.  2i<)  represents  a  pluminet- 
shaped  implement,  four  and  one- 
half  indies  in  length,  and  one  inch 
and  threeijuarteis  in  its  greatest 
breadth.  'I'he  material  is  a  very 
fine-grained  sandstone,  and  the 
whole  surface  has  been  worked 
down,  until  its  smoothness  almost 
amounts  to  a  polish. 

While  the  resembkuK  e  of  thi> 
spei  imen  to  the  conunon  fornix  of 
plummets  is  mark^'d,  it  varies  from 
all  the  New  luiglaud  specimens 
that  have  been  examined,  in  not 
ha\ing  a  groove  near  the  upper  or 
^inalle'"  end,  tor  its  su.-^i)L'nsion. 
I'iiis,  howe.er.  doi's  not  indi(';Ut' 
that  the  pnrjiosc  of  tiie  implemeiit 
may  not  have  been  one  of  the 
several  suggested  by  I'lolessor 
Putnam,  on  page  22^'.  I'lunimets 
of  botii  stone  and  hematite  are 
frei|uentl\' found  in  (  )liio.  \\  heilur 
used  as  |iluinuu'ls,  sinkers,  or  or- 
naments, this  want  of  a  groo\e  or 

other  means  of  fastening  it  to  a  cird,  renders  the  ol)je<t  of  the  )liio 
si)ecimens.  as  well  as  of  fig.  J19.  a  diffi(  ult  matter  to  determine.  Mr. 
1  (endersi-n,"''   from    \\h(»e    interoting    ai  (ounl  of   ]iluunnets.    much 


Fi., 


31').  —  New  Jersey.      |, 


''•■'  UciuIltshii.     Am*;rit:;iii  N.itiiriilist,  \nl.  \i,  p.  t.44,  t1^^,.  i  ja-ijS.     Sitlcni,  M.tss.,  187,!. 


232 


I'RIMirrV'F.  IXPUSTRY. 


information  has  been  derived,  conM(lers  the  grooves  \i])on  such  speci- 
mens even  as  figs.  220  ami  221,100  small  to  ha\e  insiiieii  a  secure 
atta(  hment  to  a  fishing  line. 

We  are  therefore  <iiiite  in  tlie  dark  as  to  the  ])re(ise  belongings  of 
this  N'tw  Jersey  s])eeline!i.  as  it.  like  so  many  ohjei'ts  that  are  found  of 
I'^.diaii  ;','..'.k-..  is  so  unlike  an\thing  in  nse  at  liie  ])reseiit  time,  that  it 
is  (|uite  impossible  to  identify  it. 

.\s  an  interesting  instance  u(  the  identity  of  form  of  certain  )iatterns 


----c 


Km.s,  32'i  ar.il  221 .  ■ 


.  nth 


(if  Stone  implements  that  are  found  in  ,\11  jiarts  of  tlie  c  onntiy,  and 
nse<i  bv  people  as  dissimilar  in  their  modes  nf  life  as  the  native  races 
of  the  Pacific  and  of  the  .\llantic  ( oasts,  and  also  the  moundlHiilders, 
of  whiiin  it  may  be  saitl  that  tlieir  sep.irate  origin  and  distimt  racial 
(  har.u  teristii  s  h.ive  not  yet  been  proven,  notwithstanding  the  laborious 
investigations   of  many  laborers   in   Aincritan   archieology,  and   the 


ri.l'MMKTS. 


233 


ingenious  liieorizing  that  swells  the  pages  of  so  many  volumes  ;  illus- 
trations of  a  series  of  the  western  forms  are  here  introduced  which, 
while  made  of  many  different  materials,  are  practically  the  same  as 
the  sjjecimens  from  Maine  and  Massachusetts,  figs.  217  and  2i8.*^'' 

Kig.  220  '•rei)rcscnts  wiiat  may  1)e  styled  the  typical  form  of  these  im- 
plements. It  is  made  of  iron  ore,  gnjund  down  and  jxjlished,  until  it  is 
almost  as  smooth  as  glass."  It  is  (Mie  of  eight  found  near  Quincy,  Illinois, 
embedded  in  solid  clay. 

Fig.  221  rejjresents  a 
second  examjjle,  and 
varies  from  the  preced- 
ing, in  being  much 
broader  at  its  widest 
l)art.  Tiiis  speciinen  is 
also  from  Illinois  ;  and 
is  "mad.'  of  a  whiiisii 
limestone  (ontaining 
numerous  small  j(.>ints 
of  ( rinoids." 

I'ii,'.  222  re])resents 
a  mm  li  smaller  speci- 
men, of  the  same  class 
of  implements,  and  is  of        '•■'-"•-Ohio.   \.  f,g.  .._,.- im„oi,.   -j. 

unusu.d  interest  from  the  fa(  t  tluit  it  w.i-,  found  at  a  ileptii  of  "sixteen 
feet  below  the  surlace  of  the  earth."  "  It  is  made  of  green  stone. 
AN'ilii  it  were  found  a  small  stone  ^(  raper  and  a  sione  dl>,k." 

Fig.  223  re])rest.'nts  still  anoliur,  maile  of  <  opper.  "It  is  (  om- 
posed  of  small  pic  es  of  native  (opjier  pounded  together;  and  in  the 
cracks  between  the  i)ieces,  are  stuck  several  jjieces  of  silver,  one 
nearly  the  si/e  of  a  half  dime."''-'  'I'his  sjiccimen  is  from  a  mound 
near  Marietta,  Ohio. 


"Henderson,  /.  f.,  pp.  (^i-ftt:). 

""SijiiiiT,     Ahiiriyiii;il   Mittitiinrnts  of   New  \'urk,  p. 
s/^nian  Cfinlribtiliuns  li>  Kituwleiigt;,  vol.  ii'. 


W.ishinjioii,  l>.  C.    1S56  (Siniih- 


234 


I'UIMITIVK    INr)USTKV. 


CoiisidcrinL;  tlio  small  size  of  some  of  these  specimens,  particularly 
fig.  222,  it  may  be  thought  that  the  small  trinkets,  or  cyiinilrical  j)elil)les 
with  an  en(  ircling  groove,  desc  rihed  in  Chapter  XXVIi,  belong  to  the 
same  class.  'I'iiey  certain))-  ajijiroac  h  \ery  near  to  lliem,  though  they 
are  so  small  that  they  would  be  nearly  worthless  as  sinkers.  This, 
however,  is  not  true  of  fig.  222,  \vlii(  h  is  ]irobably  a  sinker  of  the 
minimum  si/e. 

While  pkanmets,  as  a  class,  seem  t<j  lia\e  been  polisheiA  and  sym- 


Fui**.  ^J4  :nnl  2.'5. 


nliiv.i 


iiHtrically  shaped,  they  were  imt  generally  ornamented  in  any  other 
m.nmer.  I'ig-,.  224  and  225.  howe\er,  represent  one  of  a  small  series, 
that  is  a  marked  e\<eptiou  in  this  re->iiect.  This  spec  imen  has  already 
been  described  and  figured  by  Mr.  Henderson,  .ind  the  illn  trations, 
as  well  as  several  of  the  prei  eiliiig,  are  those  given  m  his  valiiaule 


PLUMMETS. 


235 


paper,  already  referreil  to.  I'ig.  224  is  made  of  dark  limestone,  and 
the  top  of  the  implement  has  been  car\ed  to  represent  an  Indian's 
head.  'I'lie  ( arving  is  successful  certainly,  so  far  as  "presenting  the 
characteristic  features  of  the  Red  Indian."  "I'he  streaks  of  black 
paint  al)o\e  and  below  the  eyes,  the  black  eye-balls  and  scalp-lock, 
give  it  a  hideous  appearance  which,  pcrhai)s,  caused  it  to  be  looked 
upon  with  reverential  awe  by  its  superstitious  aboriginal  owner."  "A 
glance  at  fig.  225,  which  is  a  ba(  k  view  of  fig.  224,  shows  that  the 
l>rimitive  artist  preserved,  as  fu-  as  his  design  would  a.lmit,  the  general 
plummet  form  shown  in  the  other  implements  figured,  while  the  slight 
groove  around  the  small  end  shows  plainly  that  it  was  to  be  suspended 
by  a  string,  and  I  think  fully  warrants  the  conclusioi\  tliat  this  imple- 
ment is  but  a  modification  of  the  plummet." 

There  is  in  this  carved  sp.'(  imen  an  instance  of  that  taste  for 
realistic  carvings,  whidi  is  more  artistically  exhibited  on  some  of  the 
New  I'.ngland  pestles,  than  on  this  plummet  ;  and  considering  also  that 
"the  characteristic  features  of  tiie  Red  Indian"  arc  shown  on  this 
plummet,  it  is  evident  that  the  In.li.ms  nsed  and  made  a  large  number 
of  tiiese  implements  in  the  west,  as  well  as  along  the  .\tlantic.  seaboard. 
If  it  ( (.uld  be  shown  that  this  carving  on  fig.  224  was  the  handiwork 
of  the  moundbuilders,  then  why  h.ive  we  not  an  indication  that  they 
and  the  Indians  were  closely  related?  CYrtaialy  there  is  little  that  is 
peculiar  in  the  representations  of  the  human  face,  as  exhibited  on 
stone  carvings  taken  from  mounds;  and  in  that  little,  there  is  a 
resemblance  to  the  later  (?)  Red  Indian.  I'ntil  tiie  origin  of  the 
known  races  of  North  .America  is  umiuestionably  determined,  it  will 
clearly  be  unsafe  to  designate  this  nr  tiiat  implement  as  the  production 
of  another  people,  of  a  supposed  dirferenl  ongm. 


CHAl'l'  i:  R    XVIII. 


NKT-SINKKKS. 


Amonc  tlic    many   familiar   f(irms   of  primitive   stone   implements 
rommon  to  tlie  \aiieys  of  tlie  I )elaware  and  Sus(iuehanna  rivers,  are 
those  small,  flat,  notched  ])el)l)les,  usually  nearly  square,  hut  not  unfre- 
(juently  of  the  most  irrei^ular  shapes,  which  are  universally  known  as 
net-sinkers.     The  fact  that  the  tise  imjilied  by  this  name  is  suggested 
at  once  bv  the  very  apjiearance  of  this  implement  is  not  perhaps  a 
safe  guide  in  determining  such  ([uestions,  although,  in  this  rase,  it  is 
almost  certainlv  true.      If  used  as  net-sinkers,  then,  it  is  evident,  that 
occasionally  a  series  of  these  ohji'cts  should  he  found  together,  as 
numbers  of  them,  placed  al  short  distan(-es  along  the  lower  margin   of 
the  net  would  be  re(iuired  to  keep  it  in  place  wlien   in  the  water.     Tf 
they    could    be    found  so  situated,  that  their  position    was   evidence 
that    they    had    bien    attached  to  a  siu'  le  net,  all  doubt  as  to   this 
form  of  fi>hing  tackle  having  been  used  by  the    Indians    would    be 
dispelled,  even   though  they  alone  remained    to    testify  to  the   fact. 
While  no  direct  refe-encc  to  nets  is  made  by  Ilolm,^"  in  his  history  of 
the  Delaware  luilians.  he  does  alhule  to  other  productions  of  a  char- 
acter that,  at  least,  renders  the  weaving  of  a  net  a  jjrobability.      Tn 
detailing  the  several  duties  of  the  women,  he  remarks;  "they  make 
much  use  of  ])aiuted  feathers,  with  whii  h  they  ai'orn  skins  and  bed- 
covers, binding  them  with  •'  kiiui  <>/  net  70ork  which  is  very  handsome, 
and  fastens  the  feathers  very  s  ell."     .Attention  has  also  been  called  to 
the  fact  that  they  made  "  thread  and  yarn,  from  nettles  and  hemp." 
Peter  Kalm  also  refers  to  fishing  tackle  made  of  hempen  conl.     (See 


•"•  Holm.  /.  ('.p.  1  29. 


(ujr) 


238 


I'KlMinVi',   INIHSIKV. 


J).  147.)     'Ihc'se  facts  are  suffu  ii'iit  to  identify  the  notched  i)cl)l)Ies  as 
net-\veij,'hls  or  sii  kcrs,  but  otiier  esidcnce  is  not  wanting. 

In  tiie  summer  of  1X78,  a  series  of  these  notciied  i)el)l)les  was  found 
in  tiie  wasting  northern  shore  of  (rosswick's  creek,  al)OMt  two  miles 
from  its  mouth,  at  IJordentown,  New  Jersey.  'I'iiey  were  in  an  irreg 
ularlieaj),  in  some  instances  one  just  al)o\e  the  otlier,  l.ut  in  contact. 
'J'hey  were  twenty-two  indies  below  the  surface  of  the  meadow,  which 
is  com])osed  of  a  fine  sandy  mud,  that  has  been  slowly  ac(  umulating, 
at  this  i)oint,  for  centuries.  There  were  seventy-three  in  the  series, 
and  supposing  them  to  have  been  placed  at  a  distance  of  a  foot 
apart,  tliey  would  have  supplied  a  net  just  long  enough  to  stretch 
across  the  creek  at  this  point.  It  is  not  improbable,  however,  thai 
these  noli  hed  jtebbles  were  left  long  anterior  to  the  formation  of  the 
present  channel  of  the  creek,  and  hence  are  of  a  remote  anti(|uity ; 
for  recent  as  are  the  alltu  ial  deposits  in  our  river  valleys,  some  of  them 
are  not  to  be  counted  by  scores  of  years  more  or  less.*" 

"Kishing-nets  may  be  counted  among  the  utensils  invented  at  very 
early  ])eriods,  on  the  spur  of  necessity,  by  men  in  various  ])arts  of  the 
world.  That  they  were  already  in  use  in  Mumpe  at  a  remote  anticiuity 
is  ])roved  by  their  remnants  jireser\ed  in  an  almost  marvellous  manner 
in  the  .Swiss  pile-constructions  of  the  stone  age,  as,  for  instance,  those 
of  Rol)enhausen  and  Wangen.  In  the  earliest  wcjrks  on  North 
America  the  fishing-nets  of  tiie  Indians  are  mentioned  but  not  de- 
scribed. Cabeca  de  \'aca,'"*  the  first  J'-urojiean  v.ho  gave  an  account 
of  the  interior  of  North  .\merica,  refers  in  varii^us  jilaces,  though  in  a 
transient  manner,  to  the  nets  of  the  natives  whom  he  met  during  his 
long  w.mderings.  (iarcilasso  de  la  ^'ega'"•*  and  the  anonymous  I'ortu- 
guese  gentleman,  called  tiie  Knight  of  I'.lvas,  the  two  ])rin<  ipal  authors 
who  lia\e  left  accounts  of  1  )e  Soto's  exijcdition  (  1539-43)  are  likewise 


^'AhhoH.     Ainrricali  N;iluriilisl,  \til.  x,  p.  71. 

'"  KcLitioii  ft  N.Mifra^i:?;  iI'Alv.ir  Nunc/  Ctlict/a  <Ic  \'ai  a  (Ttrnaiix  ('iMnp.uis),  Paris,  iSj7, 
pp.  34,  142,  177.  i7y.     Original  prmlcfl  at  Willad.iliil  in  i^^S' 

^'*  Narralix cs  of  tlic  Cart-cr  4jf  llLTliandi)  dc  Suto,  etc.,  translated  liy  lluLkiti^li.uil  Smith,  New 
York,  i860,  p.  112. 


NET-SINK  FRS. 


839 


deficient  in  all  such  details  as  might  sen'c  to  illustrate  the  original 
character  of  Indian  nets.  'J"he  latter  relates,  ho\vc\er,  that  the  Sjjan- 
iards,  while  at  a  jilai  e  ni'ar  the  Mississipiii.  (■alli.-<l  l'a<  aha  ((lanilasso 
has  it  '('ai)aha'),  taught  fish  in  a  lake  with  nets  furnished  by  the 
Indians.  This  establishes  at  least  the  fact  that  the  tril)cs  of  the  Mis- 
sissijipi  valley  enijiloyed  fishing-nets,  when  first  seen  by  Europeans. 
The  Indians  of  tiie  ])resent  New  I-amland  states  made  strong  nets  of 
henij).  l''or  this  we  have  the  authority  of  Roger  Williams,'"'  wiu)  gives 
also  the  word  ashi>]i,  whi(  h  signifies  a  net  in  the  language  of  the 
Narragansetts.  \'et  it  apja-ars  that  the  Indians  of  the  Atlantic  coast 
(and  others)  were  ratlier  in  the  habit  of  'si>earing'  fish  than  taking 
them  in  nets.  .Some  were  also  killed  by  arrow-shots.  .\(  cording  to 
Van  der  Donck,  tlie  Indians  in  tiie  neighborh(Jod  of  New  .Amsterdam 
(now  New  York)  employed,  during  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  various  kinds  of  nets  ;  but  this  author  does  not  state  whether 
these  nets  were  original  Indian  inventions,  or  adojUed  from  the  Dutch 
colonists.  The  Nat<hez,  on  the  lower  Mississi])pi,  made  their  nets 
from  the  liark  of  the  linden  tree,  and  knitteil  them  i|uite  in  the 
European  fashion."  (('has.  Kau,  in  .Vmerican  Naturalist,  vol.  vii, 
]>]).  145  and  146.) 

Fig.  226  represents  an  ordinary  s]ie<  imen.  such  as  occurs  liy  the 
luinilreds  in  the  valley  of  every  creek,  and  along  the  river  shores,  in 
New  Jersey,  and  other  eastern  states. 

IJeyond  determining  their  use,  there  is  nothing  in  their  variety, 
shape,  or  method  of  manufacture,  but  is  so  simjile  and  evident,  that 
there  is  little  inteiest  attached  to  them  ;  unless  it  be  to  wonder  why  it 
was,  if  these  jjriinitive  sinkers  were  used  in  the  manner  described,  as 
their  numbers  and  circumstxinces  under  which  many  are  found  cer- 


•"  Roger  Williams.  A  Kry  inlt»  thr  I.anj:ua(;c  nf  Amrrica,  I.oiHlon,  1643;  Providence,  K.  I., 
1827,  p.  I  >2,  'i'he  prat  luc  likewise  prevailed  of  ereitinn  in  ihc  water  larpe  laliyrinlh-iike  eiirlo- 
Stires  of  lattice-work,  flankeil  hy  lonj;  weirs,  the  whole  forming  .1  <«rt  "f  gi>;antic  trap,  into  which 
the  fish  were  ilriven,  Stu  li  a  contnvaiu  e  of  the  \'iri;inia  Indians  is  figliretl  and  described  in  the 
first  voliintc  of  Pe  liry's  "  Pere^;rinationes  "'  i  Frankfort  tm  the  Main.  1590). 

Hcschryvin^;e  Van  Nieiiw-Nederhuidt.     Anistenlam,  if'S't,  p.  70. 

Du  I'ratjc,     Mistoire  de  la  Loiiisiane.     J'aris,  1758,  vol.  ii,  p.  179. 


340 


rKiMinvi-.  iNnusikv. 


Ku..   31»6. —  New     K-rsi-y. 


taiiily  indicate  was  the  <"isc,  tliat  so  carefully  wrought  an  imi)k'inent  as 

tile  '•iiluinniet"  of  New  Mnjjland,  should  have  been  used  for  tlie  same 

inupose.  If  lliey 
wi  re  used  only  as 
siniscrs  for  fislnng 
line>,  it  i-^  not  a 
matter  of  surprise  ; 
liiit  certainly  if 
these  small  tlal 
peiililes  were  all 
tliat  were  ri'i|uire(l 
to  ueiyht  tile  nets 
usi-d  in  the  risers, 
tlu'n  lari^er  i)el)l)les 
of  the  same  siiai)0 

would  ha\e  answtied  the  nnds  of  the  fishennen  of  the  New  linglaiKl 

coast   just   as   well,   and    it    is 

stran.ue  tiial  so  sini]ile  a  form 

uf  wei.L;ht    siiouid   not    ha\e 

lieeii   u->eil.   if  indeed,    it    was 

not. 

Fi^s.  227  and  22S  represent 

examples  (if  tliese  sinkers  from 

the  shores  of  the  Susiiuehann.i 

ri\er.     'I'hey  are  of  the  same 

jiattern   as   those  found   in  all 

other  ri\er  valleys  ol'  that  re- 
gion ;    as  a  (lass,    however, 

those    found     in    the    Susijue- 

h.mna    valle\'    are    .-.omewhat 

larijcr  than  tluise  of  the  Dela- 
ware.    Ir.  Ran'''  writes  of  the  specimens,  .iliove  figure(l,  "'the  material 


Fir,.  22;.  —  Pennsylvania.    \. 


"'  Rail.     American  N:iturnlisl,  vol.  vil,  p.  140,  figs,  yi  ami  31. 


NET-SINK  K.RS. 


241 


is  almnsl  i'\(  liisi\  (.■!>•  a  flat -breaking,  silic  o-argillarfous  stoiK- of  gray 
or  brownish  rolor,  soini-tiiucs  containing  (liniinutivc  partic  lis  of  mica, 
and  consiMincntly  bearing  the  distinct   <  harai  tcr  of  graywar  kc." 

'riic  nctsinkcrs  foumi  in  the  Delaware  valley  are  made  of  every 
sort  of  st(jne,  ancl  even  tliin  pieces  of  coral  rock  have  been  ntiliztd. 
Some  are  even  halves  of  "hoe-blades."  No  one  fonn  of  implement 
l)resents  a  imii  h  greater  range  of  minerals,  than  tiiese  sinkers,  althougii 
the  majoritN'  are  made  of  llat  ri\er  pebbles  of  sandstone. 

Fig.  229  represents  an  a\erage  spe<  imen  of  net->inker  fri/in  the 
shores  of  the  Delaware  river.  Itiit  few  are  of  this  pointeii  shape, 
however,  and  a  great  many  do  not  have  the  notches  so  deeply  cut. 

Not  all  of  these  notched  pebbles 
need  necessarily  be  (lasted  as  net- 
sinkers,  in  the  ordin.iry  acceptation 
of  that  term.  Some  are  found  that 
are  too  (  umbersome  to  have  been 
used  in  th  it  way,  but  were  probably 
anchors  or  set-weights  for  fishing 
ajiparatus  of  a  different  kind.  In 
June,  t^~'),  \vhile  relic  Inmiing  in 
the  Delaware  valley,  with  I'rof.  F. 
W.  Putnam,  of  the  Museum  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  the  author  found 

a  very  large  notched  pebble  on  the  shore  of  the  river,  a  shoit  dis- 
tanre  above  the  Water  (;a|i.  in  Monroe  Co.,  Pennsylvania,  \.hich, 
judging  from  the  size,  and  the  f  u  t  of  iis  h.uing  lour  notches,  was 
used  as  an  anchor  or  set-weight.  'I'liis  exam])le  measures  eight 
inihes  si|uare,  and  weigiis  nearl\-  fi\e  pnuuds.  To  sec  ure  a  net, 
which  was  placed  in  the  stream,  as  gilling  lu  ts  and  fykes  are  now  set, 
su(  h  a  weight  would  have  been  frei|uently  a  nece^^sitv,  especially 
where  there  was  a  swift  current,  as  there  is  in  the  ri\er,  at  the  point 
where  this  specimen  was  found;  but  it  is  e.  idently  im|io>sible  that 
such  a  stone  could  have  been  used,  as  one  of  a  hundrt.d  or  more,  in 
draggiPi^  a  sweep  net  through  the  water,  .\side  from  their  weight, 
IG 


Fig.  S28.  — Pennsylvania.    \- 


2.J2 


I'KIMl  ri\  i:  INIH'SIRV. 


stoiusdf  such  si/c  would  i()iistaiitl\  lie  ( ;iiij;lil  li\  ol)>lriii  lions  iullic  hcil 

of  tlic  sticau),  ;mil  llms  rcniK-r  tlic  Irii'  movciiu'iit  of.i  iKl  iiiiiir.u  ti(  able. 

Oil  tlic  uiIrt  liaml,  tin-  I'ai  I  of  finiliiij,'  ai>  implement  <jf  practically 

the  same  ( luiracltT,  Imt  of 
niticli  f,'rcatcr  si/e,  in  a 
lisliinj;  lo(  ality,  asso(  iatcd 
Willi  liiimlrcds  of  Miiallcr 
OIK'S,  siigm'sls  that  it,  too, 
was  Used  hy  ihc  Jiiilians, 
in  fishing,  and  is  ( orroho- 
rali\c  of  the  belief,  that 
the  smaller  siieciniens 
Were  used  in  the  same 
manner. 

These  lar^^e  notched 
stones  may  lia\e  been 
used  also  as  an<  hors. 

I,arj,'e  an},nilar  pebbles 
i)T  bowlders,  with  deep 
encin  ling  groo\es,  have 
also  been  iVeiiuently  found 
in  the  Delaware  river  as 
well  as  in  many  of  the 
larj:er  <  reeks  ilowing 
into  it.  These  grooved 
bowlders,  I  believe,  were 
used  also  as  anchoring 
stones. 

One  of  these  so-called 
anchors,  found  in  the  bed  of  Crosswicks  Creek,  near  llordentown, 
New  lersey,  is  a  conij)act  sandstone  bowlder,  nearly  a  (  ube  in  shape, 
and  weighs  forty  ]>ounds.  The  groo\e  divides  the  stone  into  ecinal 
parts,  is  evenlv  worked,  and  measures  uniformly  one  imh  in  width  and 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  depth. 


Fig.  221). —  New  Jcr^ty. 


NCT-SINKKRS. 


343 


This  s|)eciincn  was  fouiiil  iinl)i.(l.li(l  in  imul,  at  a  dupili  of  nearly 
three  feet  from  tin;  preMiit  surfate.  Near  it  were  foinul  a  do/.en 
notcheil  i)cl)l)les,  siu  h  as  fig.  22S,  a  grooveil  stone  axe,  and  several 
fragments  of  jjottery. 

The  cin  umstances  under  wliicli  tliis  grooveil  l>owlder  was  foimd 
dearly  indicate  that  it  was  used  as  an  anchor ;  and  its  l)eing  associated 
with  a  small  siTies  of  the  notrlied  peljliles,  desc  riiied  in  liie  iiresenl 
chapter,  is  as  interesting  as  it  is  suggestive.  Unlike  the  large  noK  hed 
pebbles,  referreil  '■•  from  tlie  Water  (;aii,  this  s|)ecimen  could  not  have 
been  used  as  an  attaciiuienl  to  a  net  ;  but  at  on(  e  suggests  the  use  of  a 
boat,  and  as  we  know  that  tliese  l)oats  were  in  almost  daily  use,  it  i-.  not 
probable  that  they  were  always  drawn  from  the  water,  when  not  in  use. 
Holm''-'  rem.'fks  of  the  Delaware  Indians,  that  "their  boats  are  made 
of  the  bark  of  (  edar,  ami  l)iri  Ii  irees,  bouml  together  and  lasheo  very 
strongly;  they  carry  tlu'm  along  wherever  tliey  go;  and  when  they 
come  to  some  1  reek  thai  they  want  to  get  over,  they  laimch  them  and 
go  whither  they  pleas.-,  'i'hey  also  used  to  make  boats  out  of  (edar 
trees  whi(  h  they  N  rnt  inside,  and  scraped  uff  the  coals  with  sharp 
stones,  bones,  or  mus(  le  shells." 

Su(  h  a  stone  ''aiK  hor,"  as  the  one  mentioned,  would  readilv  hold, 
even  in  a  swift  <  urrent,  the  <  uioes  and  dug-outs.  Holm  describes. 

I-'ig.  2,50  represents  a  large,  oval,  Hat  p(  bble,  with  a  perforation,  that 
has  been  drilled  with  great  accuracy.  ( )bje<  ts  of  this  kind,  so  far  as 
met  with  in  New  Jersey,  are  comparatively  rare,  and  their  purpose  is 
not  positively  known.  'I'lu  y  mv  here  classed  as  sinkers,  because  the 
localities  where  most  of  tlu  lu  are  found  suggest  th..U  thev  were  useil  as 
net-weights  or,  in  some  mamur.  were  (()nne(  ted  with  the  >)c(  upalion  of 
fishing.  Kig.  330,  which  is  the  largest  of  a  series  of  fourteen  speci- 
mens ( olle(  ted,  is  nearly  one  am!  one-half  inches  in  thickness,  and 
was  found  in  a  field,  within  a  short  ilistance  of  a  navigable  <reek,  ami 
one  mu(  h  freiiueiited  by  Imlians,  e\en  so  l.itely  as  historic  times. 
The    other    thirteen    were    found    in    the    immediate    \i(inil)-   of   Jiig 


•'Holm,  /.  I.,  p.  ijo. 


344 


I'Ki.Mrnvi;  indl'siks-. 


'I'imhir  Creek,  ( ilouctster  Co.,  New  Jersey,  and  are  but  a  small  portion 


Fig.  3^0.  —  New  Jcncy.     j. 


if  ;i  l.ir^'c  ninnl)i-r  that  wire  giilluTcd  ;U  i)ne  time.      \11  that  have  been 


NKI-SINKKKS. 


»4S 


exciiiincd  arc  made  of  i mnpai  I  sa.uUtont.',  ami  vru  vtry  licavv.      Mn^i 
of  tlu'in  lia\c  liocii  drillcil  t'ncn  (.ai  h  >iiK',  aiii'i  tlic  opciiinj,',  near  liie 


middle  of  the  sloi 


If,   IS     ll)l|(  II     MlM 


llcr  tliap.  the  (iril'icc  at  the  surface. 


th 


e  sides 


I'ij,'.  230  has  |)r()l)al)ly  been  ]icrfi)i:Ufd  with  a  luillow  dr 

of  the  perforation  l)iin:j  as  <.wn.  smooth,  ami  re^nilarly  striated,  as  tiie 

finest  e: 


,k 


drilled  (  rrniionial  ohjec  ts. 


A  nuiiiher  I'f  thesf  perforatLi!  ll.'t  |iel)lili-s  ha\e  lieeii  riM  cnllv  toiind 
on  the  shores  and  la  the  hed.  of  l,.ike  Ilopati  ung,  Morris  Co.,  New 
Jersey.     'I'hosc  tl.at  I  have  seen  varied  in  no  essential  features  fn 


o,  except  m 


the  in 


)ft 


le  ilnllin 


llir 


om 


This  was  similar  to  that 


of  the  spec  iinens  from  (  Hoik  ester  Co.,  New  Ier>e' 


Col.  C.  C.  Joiu'^ 
net-sinkers,  of  wliic 


IKl.-v  li;;illed  aiK 


II,  lie  reman 


1  (I 


escril >(.■(!  a  series  ot  | 


lerforateil 


•all  of  the  jierlnr.iti-d  sort  that  I 
have  seen,  with  one  exreptini),  were  fnrined  either  of  soapslime  or  of 
clay.  ConMistinL;  !;enerally  of  fl.it  or  rounded  piei  es  of  snapstone, 
irregular  in  shape,  they  var\'  in  weight  from  sian  ely  more  th.ui  an 
ounce  to  a  i)ound  and  ujiw.ird.  'I'he  perfoiations  are  from  a  ipiarter 
■)f  an  imh  to  an  im  h   ir.  dianu  ter.  .iml  .ne  mdiffereiUly  loc  ,Ued,  either 

the  (  eiitre  or  near  the  edj^e  of  tin-  stone." 

None  of  ^o,i])-.tone   ha\e    Ikcu    noticed,  among    the    New    Jersey 


M 


ipl 


examples,  jior    anv  so    smal 


tho^e  of   hut 


an  oMiK  e    in   «ei 


lit. 


While  in  all  prolialiility  used  a^  net  siiikiTs,  the  .New  JerM'y  spe.  iiiieiis 
were  iloubtiessly  limited  to  particular  kinds  of  nets  or  traps. 


**  Jttlif*..  .'...,  p.  ti7,  pi.  MX.Iiu-..  1  t'Mt  in.  h'*i\t:. 


CIIAl'TI-.R     \IX. 


I'l.AKI'OlN  l>  AND  AkRdWUKAIiS. 


WiiiN  uv  ((iiiio  to  ixainiiH'  any  loii^idcraljlc  hc-rics  oli  lii|i])C(l  stone 
implcmcnls.  and  iiotii  c  Iiow  variid  an-  ti  •  pattcnis  of  what  is  practi- 
cally tlif  same  ol)ji-i  t.  \vc  arc  Inn  cd  tu  'lie  lontlusinn  tliai  tlicso 
several  pattirus  were  desii^Mkd  not  I'^r  one,  imt  for  nunn-  iiuiposes. 

In  tin-  study  of  these  \arii<l  I'onns,  we  rannnt  rcNt  (  onteiit  with  tlio 
knowledge  that  they  are  s|iearpoints.  When,  where,  ho'  were  they 
used?  Have  we  no  (lew  to  their  ineaiiin);?  'I'lie  niea^'re  reiords  of 
those  early  \<>yaf,'ers,  who  fir^t  eiiaiiced  upon  our  shores,  tell  us  hut 
little  more  than  the  diNt  aided  implements  themselves. 

I'erhaps  the  elTorts  to  diterniine  the  ohjec  I  of  various  stone  imple- 
ments liv  the  1  harai  ter  of  tlie  loc  alilies  where  they  are  iisuallv  found 
have  not  been  altoj,'ether  vain.  With  referem  e  to  some  of  the 
simpler  forms,  tiiis  is  not  an  import. mt  matter,  as  their  \erv  sini- 
pli<  ity  and  tmiformity  hespeak  the  use,  as  in  the  iioti  hed  jiehbles 
iisefl  as  iK't-vveij,'iits  ;  and  yet  even  here,  the  I'.k  t  that  thev  are  found 
in  aliundani  e  aloni;  our  rivers  and  larL;er  <  reeks,  an<l  th.it  olten  si  ores 
are  <lis< overed  assoi  iated  toj^rtiur,  in  the  very  hetls  of  the  stri..\ms,  is 
tertainlv  an  additional  assurance  that  their  purjuisc  is  known. 

\\'hile  the  objects  tre.ited  of  in  the  present  ch.ipter  are  jierhaps 
\vitho\il  warrant  ( l.issific<l  as  sjiearpoints  and  arrowheads,  it  is  not 
intended  to  <<invey  the  impression,  that  all  the  lafi,'er  sjiei  imens 
belonj^eil  to  the  lormer  cl.iss,  and  that  the  entire  series  of  smaller  tlints 
were  Used  to  tip  the  siialts  of  arrow>.  'This  (  annot  be  proven,  though 
the  shape,  si/e  ami  the  rd.itive  abun<!ance  of  the  tv\o  series  render  it 
cvidint  th.it  siK  h  w.is  usually  the  case. 

^\ilether  the  one  type  or  jiattern  llutt  is  here  tonsidtred  as  having 

(247) 


!4.S 


I'KI.MinVK  INDIMKV. 


hi'i-ti  r.-nl  iTinciiially  for  caiituriiiL,'  fisli  was  L'lMUTally  sn  usid,  future 
iincitij^alioii  mav  iiossilil)  <!'.IiTmin(.'.  At  jircM'tit,  tluTi'  is  <  mi^idcralilc 
cvidciuc   ill  favor  of  tin-  \  icw  here  e.\])ressetl. 

Sclu)i)l(  rafi'"  lias  referred  to  ilie  larger  of  tlu>e  sipear|Joiiits  as 
".\iiti(|tie  ja\elins,  or  Iiulian  Sliei  lai^oii  or  spear."  "Ilii-.  aiuiijiie 
iini)leiiR  lit  w.is  one  of  tlie  iiio^t  etfn  a(  ions  in  <  lose  eneoiinter^,  before 
the  introilui  tion  of  iron  weaimns.  .\  fine  s;ie(  inien  is  seven  inriies 
long  and  one  ami  a  half  wide  at  the  lower  eiwl,  \vhi(  h  is  (  hijiped  thin 
to  admit  the  splints  hy  whii  h  it  \va^  tastiMud  to  the  lower  t.  nd.  The 
length  of  the  pole  or  staff  loiild  only  he  ( (  iije<  t'lreij,  and  was  ]irol)al)ly 
fixe  teet.  The  (  hief  said,  on  presenting  it,  dial  it  was  one  of  the  old 
inipliiiunti  of  his  aiu  i-.lors.'' 

W  hen  we  ronsider  how  proinini'iU  and  <(iniparati\ely  aliiindaiit  are 
these  large  sjiearpoiiils  among  the  rein  s  of  tlie  Indians,  it  is  not  a 
little  strange  that  the  early  writers  <.;.:  ;••'••  to  the  Indiaii^  liefore 
they  h.id  wholly  tlisearded  stone  imiileineni--,  or  very  soon  al'ierwards, 
.should  so  gener.illy  have  i)\erlooked  this  form,  while  tlu'y  lVei|iiently 
mention  th.'ir  axes  aiul  air.iwhr.ids.  Ni-illur  Holm  nor  Kilm  refer  to 
the  large  -pe.irpoinls  a>  a  we.ipon  of  the  l>el.iware  Indi.iiis,  or  let'er 
to  the  use  of  the  >pear  or  l.met-.  in  desc  riliing  theinnethods  of  w.irfarc  ; 
yet  the  niimlier  of  the>e  oljetts  found  is,  of  itself,  siiftieient  to  indicate 
that,  at  one  time,  they  were  in  very  i ommon  nse.  Is  it  jiroo.iMe  that 
they  h. id  lieen  di>('ariled  in  gre.it  ine,i-,iire.  at  some  remote  jieriod.  ,ind 
weie  verit.ilile  relii  s  <•!  a  dhtaiil  \i.\>\.  wlini  tin'  I'.iirope.in  sittler-^  ("irst 
reai  hed  our  shores?  'I'he  ah-'eiii  e  of  direi  t  referenre  to  lhe>e  (  h.ir- 
aeteristic  implements  seein^  indi<.iti\e  o'   th  s. 

I''ig.  2.?i  represents  a  pirfei  t  spe(  imen  of  wh.it  may  lie  considered 
a  typit  .il  spearpoint.  The  <  hipjiing  is  six  i  essful,  so  far  as  |)reser\ing 
a  imitorin  thii  kness  of  the  M.tde,  and  the  eilges  are  straight,  and  taper 
gr.iilu.ilK  to  the  niodt-r.itely  .i>  ule  point.  The  stem  is  a  jierfeetly 
straight  jirojei  lion  from  tlu-  ii.i->e  of  the  lil.ide.  of  .i  little  more  than 
ont'  it.ilf  its  width.      The  material  is  a  Miiish  gr.iy  j.i>i)er,  \ery  i om- 


MS.  h^K.I.  i.ifi.     llisl.  .iixt  C.iii.l.  iif  tmliiii  T'IIh:*,  |i|.  i,  (..  87,  y).  jfi. 


SPKAkl'DlNls    AM)    AUKCI\M11.A1).>. 


849 


nionly  n^cii  liy  the  1  )cl;i\vari' 
Indians  lur  niakin),'  inipli.'- 
mcnts  (if  this  c liarar lor 
Wliili'  (»  rasinna!  s|)i'<  iinitis 
of  this  anil  allidl  iiatliins 
of  s|)(.-ir|" lints  arr  I  on  nil 
that  arc  (  unsi<l(.Tal)ly  lonj^cr 
it  may  be  said  of  tluni  as 
a  class,  that  t!u-y  vary  in 
si/e,  from  those  that  are  as 
large  as  fi,:,'.  2,^1  down  to 
those  til  It  are  on  tiie  honn- 
ilary  line  iHtueiii  sju-ar- 
jioinls  and  arrowiieads.  So 
far  as  sin-arpoinls  oicur  \u 
New  Ursey.  less  than  one 
))er  (  ent.  e\i  eed  six  inches 
in  lenj,'th,  ami  of  these,  hut 
ver)'  feu  ex(  eed  that  meas- 
nrcment  by  more  t'.ian  an 
ini  h. 

In  tlie  arc  ha'ological  col- 
lertions  of  tiie  Anterii  an 
Mnseumof  Natural  1  Iistory, 
at  Central  I'aik,  New  Nork, 
there  is  an  t Aample  of  larj;e 
si)ear))oint,  somewhat  rndel)' 
(hipiied,  \vhi<  h  greatly  ex 
eeetls  in  length  any  known 
s])e(  iiuins  froni  Niw  br- 
sey,  or  tiie  N'rw  j-.n,i;ian<l 
states.  'I"his  s|nMr|.oint 
measures  eleven  int  lies  in 
length,    ami    three    int  lies 


Fl'i-  Jii.  — N<:*  JerMV,    •}■ 


I'KlMiriVI,    IMASIKV. 


lii 


in  greatest  widtli.     It  luis  a  notched  base  and  sliort  stem,  of  ahotit 

one-half  tlie  width 
of  tlie  Made.  'I'he 
material  of  which  it 
is  made  is  j^rein  jas- 
per. It  was  found 
near  l.r.a-  l.ii/erne, 
in  New  \'(irk.  A 
somewhat  larger 
specimen,  fmirteen 
in(  lies  in  length,  is 
mentioned  1>\-  i\>\. 
IJ.  ('.  Jones,  jr.,  as 
taken  from  a  grave 
nionnd  in  (leorgia. 
Me  remarks  of  tliis 
,^^\  unnsualh  large  ^pee- 
7  \  imen. '"no  ^iie.irhead 
W(  ,  -,J  of  su<  h  m.ignitude, 
so  far  as  n;y  knowl- 
edge extend-,,  has 
been  found  within 
the  limits  of  the 
.soulhcrn  states." 

While  it  is  thus 
shown  that  >pear- 
points  of  a  foot  in 
length  or  longer  do 
occasionally  occur, 
they  (an  scan  ely 
t»c  ( (in'-idercd  as  ex- 
am pies  of  such 
spe.nrs  as  were  in  common  nse,  anil  therefore  the  statemrnl  of  the 
maximum  si/e  being  about  six  inches  is  substantially  * orrect. 


Fir..  212.  —  New  Jersey.     \ . 


SriARI'OINTS    AVn    ARROWriF.ADS. 


»5» 


This  pattern  of  spcarpoint  is  foiiiKl  in  ( onsidcrahle  niimhcrs  in  the 
valley  of  tile  SuMiiielianna,  I'.i.  Tliose  in  the  (■ai)inet  of  the  late 
Professor  Haldeman  .'.re  made  ))rin(ipall\-  of  limestone,  and  are  of 
neat  workmanship.  In  the  western  states,  east  of  tiie  Mississippi 
river,  these  implements  are  found  freiiuently,  and,  as  a  rule,  exhibit  a 
higher  degree  of  fini.sh  than  .similar  objects  found  along  the  .Atlantic 
seaboard. 

In  many  hx  ajilies  in  .New  Jersey,  there  are  found  great  numbers  of 
halves  of  these  imjiiements.  ( )f  these  fragments,  the  great  majority 
are  bases.  \\  hy  so  many  were  overlooked,  if  the  custom  ever  pre- 
vailed of  gatiiering  any  of  them  for  conversion  into  steumied  scrapers, 
does  not  appear.  Indeed,  it  seems  more  probable  that  the  ])oints  of 
tliese  s])i-ars  were  g.itjiered.  and  not  tiu-  bases.  In  all  cases  within 
my  own  (olleiting  eviKriem  e.  1  have  noticed  a  marked  ab.sence  of 
j)oints  of  spears  and  arrowhe.ids. 

Fig.  2,^2  represents  .i  second  example  of  these  large  speari)oints, 
differing  only  in  having  a  more  ronve.x  outline,  and  in  being  a  trifle 
shorter.  This  spe(  imen  is  made  of  (  hert,  and,  considering  the  material, 
is  handviuiely  worked.  !t  lias  so  f.ir  been  the  case  in  .New  Jersey, 
that  these  largi'  >i>earpoints.  usually  broken,  h.ive  occurred  in  mnubers, 
in  very  limited  areas,  and  no  others  have  been  found  within  si'vera! 
miles.  This  fa<t  has  been  so  frei[uently  n<ili(  eil  as  to  give  rise  to  the 
impression,  that  where  these  were  foimd.  a  battle  had  been  fought,  and 
these  broken  weapons  were  lost  and  destroyed  during  the  contest. 
How  lar  this  m.iy  be  true  i'  i  matter  of  ojjinion.  That  it  possesses  .m 
elemenl  of  probabilit)'  is  un<leniable. 

A  large  number  of  these  implements  of  this  jialtern  and  ni.iterial 
have  been  found  in  the  valley  of  the  Delaware,  from  Maston,  I'a., 
as  far  south  as  .>^alem  (  o..  New  Jersey.  'I'hey  are  less  common  in  the 
Susquehanna  valley.  I  judge,  than  the  narrower  examples,  like  fig.  251. 
In  the  (  omie<  li<ut  \alley  many  ha\e  been  found,  some  of  them  even 
longer  .mcl  more  deli(ately  (hi|)peil.  In  eastern  Massarhusetts  there 
are  but  few  found.  T!ie  loi  al  collections  made  in  New  York,  of  whii  h 
I   have  knowledge,  contain  comparali\ely  few  examples  of  flint  spear- 


25^ 


I'KiMrnvi:  imu'sikv. 


points.  ;is  l;iri,^c  as  tliis.  1  am  iiK  lined  to  think,  liowcvcr,  tliat  tlic 
rarity  of  liu'sc  iniplenK-nts  is  niori'  aiip.uiiit  than  real,  and  has  arisen 
from  the  ui\rorlMnatc  liahit  of  not  preserving  tlic  halves,  or  even  smaller 
fragments  of  them,  when  fonnd.  Spear|)oints  conld  nowhere  he  con- 
sidered as  « oniinon,  if  their  nimihers  were  judged  only  hy  tile  perfect 

spe(  imens  whii  ii  have  bien  preserveil. 
l'"ig.  2^5  repnseiits  a  good  example 
of  a  \tr\  c  omnion  spearpoint,  sue  ii  as  is 
fonnd  in  e\er\  lieM,  and  wherever  the 
ordinar)  arrowheads  and  oilier  objects 
of  Indian  manufacture  o(  c  ur. 

I  Ills  spei  inun  is  chijiped  from  yel- 
low. i|uart/-\eined  ja-'iier.  .i  mineral  that 
is  shown  to  i)a\e  been  in  gre.it  demand 
with  tile  arrowmaliers,  b\  the  l.irge  mass- 
es i>(  it  found  on  their  workshop  sites. 
Fig.  23,5  is  a  well-wrought  implement, 
and  has  been  finished  more  with  lefereiK  e 
to  strengdi  ami  durability,  than  appear- 
am  e.  The  p(iint  and  sides  are  slil!  (|uite 
sharji.  and  the  we.ipon  is  a  gooil  one 
whether  u>ed  as  a  spearpoint  or  a  knife. 
1  lejiosits  of  from  twenty  to  one  hun- 
dred sjiears  identical  with  this  have  oc- 
ca^ionallv  been  found.  i;spc<  i.illv'  vv.is 
thi^  the  <  i^e  in  soullurn  New  jersey. 
Willi  ihe  oiijei  t  I  ould  have  lueii  of  thus 
(iinie.iling  impleiiK'nts  supposed  lo  be 
in  consiant  use  is,  and  probably  nlu^t  remain,  a  mystery. 

Spear|i(iiiits  of  this  si/e  are  comparatively  common  throughout  the 
New  l'.ni,'lind  stales.  Professor  Ilaldeman  received  many  spe(  imens. 
from  sever.il  careful  collec  tors  in  the  Susciuelianna  valley,  and  a 
few  weiT  found  in  the  rock-relreal  discovereil  by  him,  in  the  Chickies 
Rcjck,  nea.r  t'oliimbia,  I'a. 


FlCi.  2j) — New  Jersey. 


SPEARPOim^   AND   ARROWfEADS. 


Fig.  234  represents  wli.it  is  jirohably  tlic  minimum  size  of  spear- 
points.  Certainly  olijicts  so  large  as  this  <  oiild  not  have  heen  arrow- 
heads, and  tiu-ir  use  as  knives  is  very  j>rol)leinati(  al.  The  interesting 
feature  of  sn<  li  sijecimens  as  t"ig.  234  is  that  they  are  made  of  argil- 
lite,  and  in  the  ainoiuit  of  weathering  and  nide  uorkmanshij)  they 
exhibit  all  the  evideiK  e  of  aj;e  that  <  liara<  teri/es  the  palx'olitliie  im- 
plements of  the  river-drift  gravel.  A\  hat  relationship  they  ni.iy  hear, 
if  any,  to  those  implements,  has  been 
discussed  elsewhere.  Jt  is  only  ne<  es- 
sary  to  remark,  in  this  < onnei  linn, 
that  the  e\iden<e,  whii  h  is  \  civ 
varied,  of  the  gener.il  u>e  of  ar^illile 
prior  t(.  tli.il  (if  i,i-,]]fr  and  iiu.wl/,  is 
almost  un<iiieslional)le. 

This  spear])oint  measures  three 
ini  lies  ill  lell^tll.  and  one  and  a  half 
inciies  in  wi<lih.  h  in,i\-  lie  t.iken  as 
a  fiir  represi'ntaii\e  of  a  1  lass  of 
objei  Is  that  are  found  in  extraordin- 
ary aliundaiK  e  in  (  ential  and  southern 
New  Jersey.  .\s  many  as  one  thou- 
sand have  been  found  in  an  area  of 
fifty  acres.  In  the  northern,  hilly 
portion  of  the  state.  1  ha\e  no  know- 
ledge of  their  abund.mi  e,  and  h.ue 
seen  but  few  s]ie<imens  in  local  ( ol- 

leetions  made  in  that  set  lion  of  the  sf.ito.  In  Pennsylvania,  they 
arc  not  tnu  ommoii,  and  in  the  Chit  kies  rock-retreat,  discovered  by 
Professor  Haldeman.  numerous  specimens  have  l.een  found.  A 
peculiarity  in  their  distribution  is  their  fre(|uent  o< curreni  e  in  the 
most  unexi)e(  ted  localities,  and  ot'ten  at  a  depth  that  suggests  that 
they  were  lost  when  the  tace  of  the  country  was  ditferent  from  what  it 
now  is;  and   ]>ossibly  that  they  were  weapons  used  at  the  same  time, 


254 


ruiMinvi:  indisikv. 


aiiil  liv  iIr-  s.unc  ]nn|ili'   wlii>  r,i>lii<m  ,!   ;I<,-  nidc  aryilliti.-  fishspcars 
thai  (»(  ur  ill  the  alliuial  ik'im^iis  ol'  the  riwr  valley. 

Ari,'illitt.'  ^iH'ar|ioints,  like  fig.  2\4,  miisi  luU  lie  ii<"''.ti!nleil  with  a 
tla>s  ol"  similarly  shaped  inipleinenls  made  o(  slaty  nx  k,  \vlii(  h  has 
underline  considerable  weathering,  and  so  lias  the  same  appearan(  e 
as  the  argillite.     These  slate  spearpoints  and  airowiuads  are  rudely 

mad''  -Mid  iisiiall-  of  lar>;e  si/.e. 
In  many  localities  they  are  ([iiite 
abundant.  I'.specially  is  this  the 
( ase  in  the  ni'i,i;i)l)orluio<l  of  the 
Delaware  Water  (laii.  wi\ere 
thousands  of  slate  spearjioints 
and  arrowheads  have  been 
found.  At  thi->  1()(  alily,  the  slate 
of  \v!ii(  h  they  are  nwule  is  the 
(  hara<  ti'risti<   roi  k. 

I'ij;.  -',^5  represi'nts  a  broad 
;\nd  radur  short  spec  imeii  of  a 
spearpoint.  differiuj,'  liut  little 
Irom  fii,'.  2!,.\.  It  is,  however, 
made  of  jasper,  is  thicker  and 
more  <  arefullx'  chipiied,  so  thai 
lite  edges  are  consider. ibly 
slraighter  .uul  siiarptr.  This 
spec  imen  issup|iosed  to  iia\f  h.id 
;i  straiglit  stem,  .is  other  sjiec  i- 
mens  identic  al  in  si/e  and  shape 
have  been  gatliered,  whic  li  were  furnished  with  sue  h  a  stein  as  in- 
die ated  liy  tin-  dotted  lines,  in  the  illnsir.ition. 

Ias]ier  and  t\uM\/.  -pe.irpoinls  of  this  si/e  and  e\en  larger,  when 
found  otiurwise  than  singly,  are  assoc  ialed  widi  entire  or  fragmentary 
spec  inien>  of  the  v.irious  other  iiatterns,  thus  showing  that,  however 
Used,  these  sever.il  forms,  and   p.irtii  ularly  those  th.il  v.iry  so  imma- 


Flci.  1135.  — New  JiTM-y, 


JlPfO^S— ^P» 


SIM  .\l<l'(i|M-<    .\M>    AkkKWIII  AliS, 


'55 


terially  ;i-.  il"  tin'-'  .iixl  fi^;.   ^  Vv  "I"   ""'    <"<'tir  iii   Irr  i  irtiimslaiux's 
tlial  wnulil  Mit;^i-Nt  that  tlicy  hail  1)i'cm  ,     i  to  <htr(.Tiiil  iisi--.. 

In  tliis  iiinnti  liuii  it  may  l>i'  will  In  say  liiat  s|ifar|)()iiils,  like  the 
alioM'.  arc  imt  i  DiiiiMunly  1011111!  011  \illaj,'c'  sites,  or  ioi  alities  where  the 
Iniliaiis  were  kiiDUii  tn  have  1  on^ri-j^ati'd  ;  liut,  e\ii|jt  umler  the  1  ir- 
I  imisiaiK  I  ^  alreaily  iiieiilioiuil.  aic  funnel  siiij;ly  in  what  i^  ^iill  forest- 
^niwii  land,  nr  .nc  pKingheil  up  in  liejiis  wim  h,  wlu'H  the  hnlians  |ins- 
sesseij  the  land,  were  losereil  with  a  dense  forest  j^rowth.  If  we  (an 
jiidj;e  from  ]ire>ent  appearances,  it  is  proh.ihic  that  tin  .r  implements 
were  used  primipally  in  w.irtare,  and,  to  a  less  extent,  in  hutitiiii;. 

I'ij,'.  2  5'>  represents  a  si(oiiil  exampli-  of  the  !)la<  k.  1  In  rl  spear- 
lioint>,  similar  to  fi^.  j  ;.',  Imt  differing  ni  the  haM',  whii  h  i^  noli  hed, 
iiiste.id  of  ]ilain.  Tiie  aiii>arently  trivial  variation  in  the  linish  of  tlie 
Iiase  \ery  naturally  Mii;^ests  the  possibility  that  the-e  dilfereiK  es  may 
indicate  various  methods  of  attaihin^' handles  or  shafts,  wliii  h,  if  lont;. 
would  convert  tlu'  weajion  into  a  spear  or  lam  e  ;  if  sht  irt,  into  a  dat;j;er. 
as  the  case  mi,L;ht  lie.  'I'heri'  does  not  appear  to  be  an\  e\  ideiit  e  that 
t!u'  natives  of  the  Allantii  siabo.ucl  u-.ed  daL:;.;iiN  of  this  <  hara<  ter  ; 
\et  it  may  be  lli  ii,  in  the  several  patterns  with  varvint;  bases,  \m'  have 
similar  obje<  ts  tint  were  iisetl  for  dissimilar  purposes. 

I''i^.  jjf)  was  found  near  Silem,  Salem  Co.,  New  jiisev,  in  a  neigh- 
borhood remark. lb!  •  for  the  number  and  be.mty  of  the  impleiiu  nts 
that  h.ive  been  left  Jure  bv  the  am  ieiil  mhaliitaiits. 

Speariiniiils  of  the  above  .md  .illied  ii.ittirils,  with  bro.id  bl.ides  and 
short  stems,  do  not  .ipjiear  to  o<  1  nr  in  I  airo|ie.  No  sjn  i  imens  of  thu 
(  har.K  ter  are  f;i\en  by  Nilsson,  as  found  in  S(  andinavi.i  ;  anil  nothinj,' 
similar  to  fit;.  236  is  descriln'il  by  Mvans,  .is  an  I'.nj^lish  pattern  of  these 
im|>lemenls.  The  j.iveliii  heads  mentioned  by  him  are  Usually  sm.iller, 
and  manv  are  more  ne.uly  .illied  to  the  loii^  ov.il  and  tri.myular  flints, 
that  have  alre.idy  been  desi  ribeil  as  knives.  The  longest  stemmed 
spear  rij,'nre<l  bv  Mr.  l-.v.ms  is  one  with  lon^,  <  urveil  b.irbs,  ,iiid  in  this 
respect  verv  different  iVom  the  siieciinens  t'ouml  in  .\meri(  .1. 

l''ij,'.  2_^7  represents  a  i  .iretiilly  <  hippid  spearpoint  of  admirahiL 
jiroportions,  with  a  notched  base.     Implements  of  this  p.iltern,  and 


jsft 


I'KlMllIVl;    IMifSTRV. 


si/i',  .\rc  c|uitc  coinmon,  liiii  ilu\  Ii.im-  lucn  so  {{cniTally  hmkcn  either 
liy  ii-ii'  ur  Mil(sc(|iifnt  i'.\|uisiirc,  tli.it  it  is  viry  scltloin  lliat  a  )irrfc<t 
sin'iinu'i)  (an  l)t;  foiiiul. 

Mvcry  \arit'ly  of  lliiil    lias    ln'cii    iilili/Lil    in    making,'    lliisu   spear- 


P"^--*,  ■■.''■,\X..«  , 


m.. .  Ill  II 


lP!|^;^i'i 


\ 


Kic.  236.  —  New  Jcrwy.     \*  Kiii.  J17. — liuli.tn;!.     |. 

points;    (iiiart/.  ijcrhaps    liavinj,'    l>ocn    least    freipiently  ii^ol.     From 
Maine  to  Mar)laml,  ini|>lenici)ts  like  fig.   237    lia\e    lieiii    galliered, 


M'tAKI-oiMS    AND    Akk«  iWHI  AI'S. 


»57 


and  it  is  ;i  form  wliii  li  is  roiiii<l  .iliiindaiiily  iii  ImiiIi  the  soiillnrii  ami 
wi'sicrii  sl.itfs. 

Ill  soMU'  li»  alilifs,  ijiiitu  a  niimlicr  of  ar;;illiti-  s|a-ar|ii)ints  df  this 
])atti.Tn  arr  fininii,  wliii  i»  vary  iiMitnriiily  Irmii  lig.  2\-;.  Ilicy  arc  thi(  ker 
in  the  niiiMlf  of  tlu-  iiladf,  and  art-  nuirc  rmlily  niitlini-d,  in  ronsc- 
(|iicii(c  (il'tliL'  dftai  iiid  ilaki-.  luiiin  ol' larger  .si/c.  I'Ir'so  pt'i  iiliaritics 
do  not  arise  solely  from  tiie  <  liarac  tcr 
of  the  material,  for  in  tiie  hands  nf 
a  skilful  workman  ar;;il!ite  (an  lie 
very  evenly  <  hiii|H'i!  :  luit  they  have 
every  apjiearam  e  of  hein^  the  result 
of  that  want  of  skill  wimh  is  now 
known  to  he  one  <  harat  teristic  of 
the  ]ieo|ili'  who  antedate  the  neo- 
lithic, or  polished  stone  perio(|. 

l\.  J,?S  represents  a  si)ear|)oint 
whi<  ii  is  well  desij;ned  ami  care- 
fnlly  worked.  The  material  i>  a 
totijjh,  !ni(  ai  eons,  i|uarl/ose  nxk, 
whi(  h,  as  houMers,  is  fri'ipient 
in  the  glacial  drill  of  ilie  <  iiiiral 
jKjrtion  of  the  state.  \\  hetlier  from 
the  peculiarity  of  tiie  miner.il,  or 
•U'sign,  is  MiK  erlain.  Iml  all  similar 
weapons  h.ue  the  hoimdar)  lines  of 
the  flakes,  detached  in  tiie  in.ikiiif,', 
nearly  ohiiterated.  and  thes|)e(imen  tu;.  jis.-nvw  Jersey.    |. 

thus  apjiears  much  like  a  foolish,,!  spearpoint,  an  implement  as  yet 
.scarcely  known  in  the  .\tlantic  states,  for  Iml  few  examples  of  slate 
spearpoints  have  heen  tonnd  whic  1\  have  heen  ,(,'/<'////</ into  shajie,  or 
smoothed  snl)se(|nently  to  (  hippin;;.  The  slight  ••  twist"  in  tliis  speci- 
men is  due  to  tlu'  natural  ilirei  tion  of  the  i  leavage  and  not  to  liesign  ; 
and  the  same  is  in  .ill  prohahility  true  of  the  very  distinctly  twisted 
spearjioints  .ind  .iriow iuads  that  are  made  of  Hint  and  j.isper. 
17 


^5« 


IKIMIIIVI.    INIHSIKV. 


S|ioar|)i)iiits  (if  tliis  pMttiTn  an.-  imt  of  fr«M]iu;nt  o«-ctirrcncu  in  any 
locality.      1  Iuim-  ^ccp.  none  from  tin-  N'l'w  l'.tij:laiiil  stau--.  .mil  liiit  few 

from  i'i-iiii>yi'.  .una.  la  Miti  i-r  Co., 
New  ItT^fV.  11!  wliii  h  IcM  aliiy  this 
;>|n.'<imcii  was  loiind,  a  \\-\\    spfar- 

liil.lltS  C)t    tllil    [UttlTIl,   liut    iii.iiic  of 

a  (lifl'crcrtt  iniru-ral,  win-  rr<  cntly 
(1S79)  fotnid  lyiii;,' toj;<-tlKT  at  tlu' 
foot  of  .1  l.iriif  i-jni  trri',  in  a 
sw.iuiii,  of  Mumv  a<  res  in  i\lcnl. 
'Ihiy  wiTi'  liih  .1  iVw  inr  iu's  In-low 
till'  sinf.ii  1-. 

It  i-i  not  iniprol>,ilile  tli.it  spi-ar- 
points  of  thiH  paltt-rn,  and  <»f  tlu' 
MMr.ii  form-.  .|fsrnlK.-<i,  wi-rr  larj^cly 
iiM-d  lor  liimtinj;  iUtt  and  other 
l.u_;r  'ii.imni.il:^.  |i'"M-!^n  (  \(  1  oiint 
iif  tv\o  \.)\.i^i^  to  \i-n  l.iiLjI.ini!; 
l.iiii. !(iii,  1(1741  Li.-.  j;mMi  a  lon^; 
^  dt'M  ription  of  the  rnethod  of  inmt- 
in^^  the  n)i)o>f  |iiraiii>i-d  liy  the 
M.i.-<^a(  IniMetts  lu»i:Ii.ins,  anil  says, 
'.ii.it  aliiT  a  lonji  ]»UT-.nil  oM-r  ^iiovv- 
I  oMTcil  j^rijunil.  "at  List  thi-y;;et  np 
b>  hnn  on  cai  n  Male  and  transpierce 
him  wnli  tlu-ir  I.wites  which  for- 
merly were  ihi  otJKr  Imt  a  st.iff  of 
a  y.nd  and  j  ii.ilf  pointed  with  a 
ti»i)e"s  lionc  ni.ido  s'lirp  .it  t  iu' 
>iid."  ll.iMiii,'  .suthorilv  for  the 
st.iteiiu'iil.  Muit.  tli.it  l.ini  i-s  \\c  re  ii>id  lor  huminj;  1  y  the  .\i  'v  l'n;;l.ind 
trilies,  it  is  warrantaUle  to  a-Mime  tlie  hidi.ms  o|  liie  middle  slates, 
as  Iiavin^;  a  like  •  nst nn.  varied  only  in  that  spearpoints  1  f  sl.iiie  were 
prim  ipally  used,  instead  dI  Iwrne. 


Fiii.  i-.-i.  —  N 


SI'LAKl'lilNlS    ANIi    AKKi  >\MirAllS. 


aS9 


rig.  J.;9  ri|iri->cnis  a  \cry  Ixaiititul  ]i.itt(rii  of  siiii|>osim1  siicarpoint 
wliiih  is  <  (iiniiaralivfK  l'rci|in.'iit  in  tin-  <  )l>ii)  \alii y,  Imi  is  <|iiitc  rare  in 
New  Jcrsi-y  ur  ihf  New  l''.nglan<l  siatis.  A  fiw  s|>c(iim'ns,  howovi-r, 
arc  kiUAvn  fn>m  I'Vi-ry  slate  frmn  Maine  tn  Marylanil,  'i'hey  appear  to 
have  l)een  inaile  in  some  one  !>)(  aliiy,  ami  siil)se(|nently  (listril)Ute<l  Iiy 
liarter  or  utiu  i«ise  oser  liio  seaboard  states;  as  they  arc  ail  nia  'e,  :o 
far  as  exainineii.  ol' 
the  same  dull, 
l)luisli-gray  jasper 
(.■rhornstnne.  I'liey 
are  all  alike,  ami 
(anneit  he  distin- 
gnishecl  Ironi  tho^e 


tiiiind  in 
1  ndian, 


ol 


HO  aiii 
lln 


shaiK-  of  the    base 


anr 


I  ste 


ni,  of  itself, 


:i\es  no  Hlea   how 


th 


esc  smipIio-xc 


spearpoinl--     were 
hatleil.  it  1^  not  iin- 


irohal 


1 
that 


lie,  ho«e\  er. 


X  short  h.nulle 


Fi'. 


and  not  ,i  shaft  was 

,itta<  lied,    .mil    the 

spei  imen,    tluTe- 

fori',  is  not  .1  spear- 

]>()int  hut  a  d.igger.      This,  however,  is  wholly  conjeetnr.il.  tlioiigh  its 

prohaliility  is  imriMsed  hy  the  f.u  t  th.it  there  are  o<'(  asionally  found 


.  —  New  Jcrney.    \, 


flint  implements 


h.l 


esiyn,  a- 


I  )  jiroM-  tli.it  sontetinu'S  ilaggers. 


as  wi'   now   umlersl.md   lint  term,  were  m.ide  ,uid  u,ed  hy  the  Indiatts 
of  the  All.mlic  se.ilio.ird. 

I''it;.  ^40  represents  ,m  unusually  large  exaniiiK'  of  a  form  of  spcar- 
point  whi(  h  is  not  very  <  omnion,  p.irtii  ul.ul) nf  so  Urge  a  si/e.     Those 


36o 


I'KiMriiVf;  isnr^iKV. 


^t^.•ll)1lu•l!  tri.m^iil.ir  >iK.-ar]M  illt^  N.iry  xmu-wh.il  in  sli.tpc.  Nmntinus 
the  shIcs  arc  >li};htly  t  i>ii\i\,  .init  ;ii;:iin,  tin  sliuri  sttiiis  no  iii'l<lu'»|, 
;unl  ii'it  i>iain,  as  in  U\i.  :.\o.  i  lu-y  an-  alw  i\s  nia.ir  ->l  ja>|iir  and 
(piart/  ;  an<!  thv  Mnalli-r  >i/»n  an-,  as  a  <  lass,  mmc  il>  In  aliK  rhijuicfl, 
tlwii  ino^t  tif  the  oihcr  i>atU'riis  df  iIk-si'  ini|ili'iiKiit-.. 

'I'hiN  t'orni  of  spcarptiint  Is  so  diHVri-nl  limn,  aii\  nf  ilx'  ]«n<  (•ilinjr, 
aivl  is  sii  lar  a  wnli-ly  <iisiri!>iit(  d  p.illi'-ii,  that  ii  sii-ins  |iri>l»alik'  that  it 
was  iiM'il  IK  snmi.-  [lartic  ular  nianiiiT,  wIv.-iIkt  I'nr  Imntiiin  nr  hi  warlarc. 
Tlii'  lali-  i'ri>l<sM)r  I  lalMi'iiian  t.niml  tlu-m  c|iiili-  <  ommoii  in  the  \alU-y  of 
ihr  Sus<|iuliamia.aiul  caiUil  i!u-m  "hsh  j;ip."  in  thi  MS.  .  alalouuc  of 
his  roll»(  lion  froin  lliat  Im  ahlv.  Tluil  tluv  may  luvi-  Ikh-ii  usnl  for 
sprarinj:  fi^h  is  i>i)t  iinpro'iahlr  ;  ami.  intli-nl,  lor  <  .i|ituiiiij;  ri->h  so  l.irm' 
as  thi-  stnrm-oii.  they  .ire  in't  poorK  .iil.ipiril.  I1i.it  they  wiri'  also  used 
in  spi'ariuf;  liirtk-s  is  aUo  [irohalili-,  tnim  t!ic  In  i  that  a  -xiiii^  nl  rlt  vrn 
ul'  tln^c  -i>fari«iinls  uiTi'  ni  tntly  jound  m  ( iloix  isitr  <><..  N<'W 
JiTM'y,  a.ss<H  iali-il  with  an  inormons  i|n.iiilils  nl  the  Iidh^  ^  nl  tlu' 
sivi-ral  sinxics  «>f  waiir  tnrtli'-',  i-spo  iaily  the  sii,i|.|itr  ((/n/u/ni 
$i'rf<ti;tinit), 

Wliili  s|ii-ari>uints  of  tlii-,  I'astiiii  .in-  so  will  kiMun  In  (nMiflors  in 
Niw  liisty  and  lVnn-\K '.i.i.i,  tiny  do  ii.'t  apjK.u  to  In-  <  ominon 
tliror.f^n   lit  New  I'.Hjii.i'id. 

V'\^.  241  represents  a  rude  arjiillite  ini|ileimnt  .vhi(  h  i^  so  similar 
to  the  si>e;'r|»)ints.  that  it  is  .ilso  d.issed  as  sm<  h,  allhoiii^h  it  i-^  not 
(■enai!>.  '.iiat  it  was  so  used,  t  >f  a  m  r\  lar>;e  series  of  (liis  |iaturii,  not 
one  sei'iiis  to  iiave  l>eep  ai  ntely  iiointed,  allhoiij^li  it  is  jio^-ilile  lli.it 
the  point  inav  have  hem  wmii  ;.«.iv,  or  broke  n.  and  ili.i!  the  iinple- 
nieiit  w.is  sMlisec|iiently  II  vil  as  a  knife.  1  he  <  hipping  is  of  the  rudest 
char.u  ter.  even  more  <  arelessly  done,  th.in  111  iiiaiiv  of  the  juLio- 
lithn   implements  of  tic  river  drift. 

Kude  as  these  >pei  imens  are,  it  mn.i  Ke  reiremheied  tli.it  the 
material  of  whi<  h  they  are  nude  is  very  hn.I  and  sum  epiiMr  of 
hciiif-  l.rouKhl  to  a  very  -h.irp  e.l^e,  and  tluielore,  although  (  are- 
l<  s^ly  sh.ii.ed.  Were  not  the  less  avail.ihle  either  as  spearpoiiit,  or 
knives.      i  i>e  entire  -eries  of  these  arKiHiti'  inipleineiits  .\\y  now  inu.  h 


SPf^.RI'OINIS  AMI   ARKl)WIlKv\lJS. 


:()i 


(IccoiuiM.scd  \ii)(in  iho   surlim.-,  througli  wtailKiiMg,   livil  when  made 
wcri'  i|niit'  >h;iri>. 

A^  111  ill'-  <  .i>i-  I'f  till-  sni.ilkr  ^jiiMriM.i:!!,  Ti.^.  -'.vj,  it  i-^  ninrrljin  ,is 
In  tin-  jini  i-.o  rilalinnslii|i  iIum;  laryc  iiii|ilcii)i.-m.s  1"  ar  to  iIk-  jiaLuo- 
litl'it  iiiiiilt-nuMil--  ..1'  tlie  r-.tT  drill,  and  thf  later  fi^h->|irarM  <>f  the 
alluvial  (1i.-|mimK.      i'ln;  lifgrtv  of  weathering  u(  the  .stirta*  e  u|'  itself 


indu  ali->  i  .iiiMderalilo  anti'iuily,  Iml  a■^tlli^  weailurin);  miN  I"'  <  ompar- 
iitively  rapid  nr  \i  rv  uratliial,  iiiidi  r  i  rrlaiii  i  in  iini^laiK  e>,  it  diu>  not 
afford,  alone,  miIVk  lent  ^a.■<i^  l^r  niikiiij;  .i\\  esiunaie    of  ihc   aj^e  o( 


these  ini|ilinu'iit> ;  sutlu  icn 


It  at  l(a--t,  III  I  art V  them  Imi  k  to  >u remote  a 


l.lv 


time  as  the  dale  of  tlie  rude  ini|ilnnints  of  the  ri\er  gravels,  or  pos^i 
even  that  of  the  fl^h  s|iears,    'I'Ium-  -|h"  muiis  h  i\e.  lim-  l.ir.  I'l  >  n  loiind 
Visually  111  the  uplands  on  an<l  m  ar  llie  Mirfat  e,  lunsily  suij^ly,  .\<\i\  not 


262 


r'Ri.Minvi   ivi»rsinv. 


always  iissix  i.itcil  with  J.l^jKI  aiid  i|ii,irt/,  imiiK  iiu-n!^.  \\  liiU-  litit  liltlu 
m  thi'  I  li, 11.11  iir  iif  till'  liK  .llllK•■^  wliin'  tumiil  iiinl-.  to  srjMr.itc  lln'iii, 
Irnin  till'  l.ilir  iiiiiilnMirk  (if  llu  IihIi.iiin  ;  it  iiin^t  he  iciiu'dilnii'i!  tli.il, 
liki:  till'  Mii.iIltT  s|iL-<iiiuii--,  !iu\  ii(<iir  tn''|tniillv  in  jui.ilitifs  wiurr 
nrdinary  j.l^ll^r  iniiiU-tmiu^  ,iu'  iu-mt  ruiiiul,  an. I  .iiv  lM(iu,:;!\t  to  liuiil, 
tlinni-h  laii<Uli(lt's  atnl  llu-  i;|iri>»iiiii).;  ul'  tn  f^,  irnin  lll■llth^  ^;ri-.iti  r 
than  it  is  Usual  In  (iiiil  i:s],rr  iiui>k'nicnts,  i  in  unistaiK  i-s  whuli 
stiiiiiLiK  su;^,i;tst.  il'  tlu-y  tin  iml  jiium',  tlu'ir  j^rcitir  auiii|uity. 

While  llir  iiii|)Kiiici)ts  <i!  ai>;ilhii'  anil  iIujm'  u(  tin-  saiiii'  pattiTii 
of  ja-.|iii  and  ntlRr  sili<  um-.  nuMvials  arc  Ikti-  i  chiskK  rcil  ( (illi<  ti\rl\, 
lici  auM'  lhi\  an-  now  mi  tri'i|ucntly  loiiiKi  a»(H  laiiii  wluirMr  rilii  s 
(if  tltc  i-irlv  rails  m  c  ur.  it  is  ii;il  iiili-txlt'i!  lo  ihumv  the  iin|tics- 
sinii  that  tlu'V  art'  all  lU'i  issaiiK  ul  thf  same  a^r,  nv  uiilmu  imii.  As  will 
liL'  inculiiiiu-i|  ill  su'isi'i|\icnt  |ia;;is,  whili- llu'  iilaiur  j^t-  •<{-  \'t\-  (luliaii 
origin  111  aiis  sin|ilf  s|n  i  iiufii  >i|  atj;illiii'  im|>lriiiint  lauiaii  In-  jmhI 
ti\t!\  tlrtirniiiKMl,  i\ir|ii  in  the  <  asi-  ul  tlu-  |iaU'i»lithii  .iii|iiiiiu  ills  uf 
the  glaiial  liiii't,  there  is  all  aiiU'UDl  ul' e\  uleiu  e  in  the  i  in  uiustaiii  es 
miller  wiiii  h  main,  il  not  innsi.  ul  ihe  ari^illite  s]iiar|Hiiiits  ami  armw- 
hcads  u<  I  ur  to  warrant  us  in  rrU  rnn:;  taein  tu  .u\  earlier  iienjilr   than 

iIk- jasjH-r  I  hipiHu;;  Ini'iaiis,     W  hen  we  i  uiiie  t iisnier  ihe  i  lass  nf 

fisli  spears,  Ml  '  alli  il,  iiia<!e  ul   art;illite,  the   rai  lal   In  luiij^iiij^s  uC  thii 
Mipiiuseil  pre  Inilian  peuple  will  !.e  i  uiisnleivil. 

I''i,4.  242  represeiii -i  a  wellknuuu  luriu  ul  shuri.  luiiacl  s|H',irpuiiit, 
Hut  .ihuiulant  in  any  Im  .ilit\ .  hut  luuiiil  ui '  asiuualK  umt  a  Kre.il  eMeiU 
ol"  terri!ur\ .  In\i-slij;atiuns  thus  l.ir  sliu»  iheni  lu  he  inure  i  unimnti  in 
Kenttli  kv  titan  elsewhere.  I. ike  liu:.  ;]i),  the\'  seem  lu  he. ill  ni.iile  ut' 
the  pei  iiliar  hlui-  }4r.l\  huilisluiie.  su  iii'ii  h  iiseii  hy  ihe  Iiidl.ill .  u(  th.it 
lui.ihlv.  Im  suiiie  in  t.ini  I  >,  the  pei  nli.ir,  deep,  ii.uruw  iiuti  hi's  .ire 
Iwiie  the  II  n^th  ul'  tin  -e  ul'  11^.  ^.jj,  althuiiuli  the  spei  mien  i-,  iiu 
l.irgei.  Ihe  <  liipjiiiiu;  111  th.se  ^pe.lrpuints  is  .ilw.iys  ()('  the  iinist 
linished  I  li.ir.n  ter,  and  the  clfei  t  is  .is  .irtistii  ,  .is  ii  is  pussihle  In  pro- 
diii  e  with  this  iii.ileii.il.  .\-  'he  i  dj;- s  ,ire  wurkrd  wuh  .ill  die  skill 
and  prei  isiuii  ih.i!  in. irk  liie  he^l  ex.uilples  u(  I  pii.il  knives,  it  is  tint 
iinprulMhle  th,.t  lliese  uhjeits  were  1  utliiiL;  r.ithei  ili.iii  pien m^;  im|ili;- 


Sri'AKI'OIVTs    AM)    AKKuWIII  Ali>i. 


^^? 


iiH'iils  ;  liiit.a:.  was  ( li'aiiy  >li<nMi,  wluii  llif  luniicr  iiniplciiuiits  wt-rc 
Uialiil  111,  tlirtc  \\a^  Mil  |i()-.^iliilil\  111  ilin nmiiialiii^,  in  iiiaiiy  •  ascs, 
l)C'tvvfiii  kiiiM's  .111(1  s|iiars. 

No  s|K(  iiiii'iis  «if  lliis  iiaticrii  liavf  hci'ii  UmuA  ii.  Ncv,  I'.nglaiul, 
ofwliii  h  I  ant  aware,  rxtcpt  a  Uwixaii»|ili->  tnim  tluM  niinji  tinit  valley. 
In  Ni'w  \nik,  ilii'v  a|i|iiar  in  he  (if  rare  m  c  urrciu  c  li  I'liiiisyisania, 
liny  arc  more  i  oimiinii,  aliiuiUj^li  iioiu;  were  roiiiul  hy  the  late  l'rul'cs:ior 


■'«.v' 


a^l.jtA-- 


Kli..  nt  —  \iv»   Icticy.     j, 

Haideiiiaii,  diirin;,;  the  stscnil  \e,ii>  li>'  inlloteil,  with  mu  Ii  •^ureess,  lit 
(he  vailev  nl  I'le  Siisi|uehaiina. 

In  lig.  .vj.i  we  have  a  >c(  niitl  e\ani|ile  nl'  a  i  areliilly  (  l!ii|u|ie(l  im|»lc- 
njcnt,  \\!ii(  Ii  vancN  Imt  iillle  IVilu  the  pro  eiliiii;.  I  he  ii(>t(  lies  .n  the 
sido  are  not  -)  det  j.  nor  .ire  the  li.irlis  so  well  delined,  lui?  it  '  .ui 
siarielv  he  dim'ttfd,  th.it  the  i.'^i's  nl'the  two  were  the  ^.iiiie.  {''ij^.  »4  < 
is  chipfifd  from  M.u  k  honi-itnne.  « im  h  is  I'lnincin  iii  iil*e  sliape  of 
Ixiwlders  .md  jK.'l)l)lf!*  M»  the  nver  4in»vds  ;  hit  n  n  not  j%  drliriUrly 
worked  a--  'He  forw^tr.  It  a  mot  prohalile  ihiit  tins  ■.|ie(  iuw-tj.  was 
(Opicd  from    !i'    III'  -  iliK   Inilshed  s|hm  liueli.  ("ij;.   ;.^2.  .tiid  ttw« 


a64 


rUIMIllM     IMH^IKV, 


it  was  lirouj^lit  from  soim-  \vf-.t('rn  or  soiitlu-m  lixality.  This  would 
Sinn  to  l>o  Inii'  not  only  of  a  v.ri.\a  many  s|H■al|M)int^,  Imt  alxi  of  oilier 
ol)ji'i  Is.  \vlii(  li  \\\w  \\\ni\-  artistit  ally  di'siyiifil  and  rniishcd  in  the 
sontliwi.-'li  III  than  in  lli<   --ralMiard  ^lati's, 

V'Vfi.  2.\  \  Kprisrui^  a  plainir  cxaniiili'  ot'tlit'>i'  liroad  irianj;nlar  |ioints, 
and  one  that  in  >>i/i-  <  onui  \i'!\  luar  the  larj^i  st  si/c  of  arrowlu-ads. 
'I'Ih-sc  sprariKiints  art-  not  vi-ry  ahnnilani,  l.nt  are  uMially  rc'iin-^i  nli-d 
!>)■  one  or  more  sjn-i  iniens,  in  every  local  eolleriion.     In   Ma^^a^■hu- 


Ki.. 


Km.  344.  — New   lirwy.     \ 


•4Ctts,  they  are  oei  asionally  found.  In  ('i)iniei  lii  nt.  tiny  appear  to 
lit"  more  .iliMiidanl.  in  N(  w  |irM\ .  th.v  .ire  fonnd  in  Mime  limited 
Idealities  in  ( onMilir.iMe  numliers,  lint  ne\er,  .iiijiarently,  in  nii.er 
(listiic-ls  of  vvide  an-.i.  Tin'  l.ne  lYofessor  ll.ildeman  foimd  Imi  few 
sperimen-"  in  the  SiiN.|neli.nm  i  \alle\',  am!  1  on^lc|l•Iell  tin  ni  .i^  the 
same  imijlenunl  a--  the  l.n^^i  -^tennnid  lii.iniiiiLn  •-pi'i  iim  n>,  \vhi(  li 
lie  ( .ilird  "  fisll-f4ij,'s." 

Ill  I  oni  hilling  tile  sulijeet  of  spenqtoints,  it  is  well  to  eall  attetitinn 
to  a  class  of  spet  nni-ns,  wliieh,  ihoiij/li  considered  separately  in  eoiise- 
(|ucnct>  of  a  pcLuliariiy  in  their  fniisli,  sliouM  not  in  reality  l)C  so  treated, 


sri.AKl'illNl^    AN1>    AkkiiWlll  AliS. 


265 


.!-<  tlu'tv  i^  11(1  rciiMiii  Id  IkIkm-  ih.ii  iIk   ]ii(  uli.iiitN  li.i~.  ;iiiytliiii,U   «lial- 

i\cr  111  ili>  with  llic  iiiii|.i)>i.-  <ii')lijfi  I  >>l  the  ini|il<.-inciii.     Iliii  iV.itiirf  is 

titi-  twist  or  IkhiI  in  the  M.idi'.  whu  li  lias  liccii  s4|>|mps(.-<1  to  linr  liccii 

intention. ill\   ihihIik  e<l  lor  the  |iur|iose  olj^iviiif^  to  tlie  arrow  oi- spear 

a  rotary  inoiKMi,  ihiriii^   its  ih^ht  tiirouj;h  the  air;    thi^  motion  lieing 

incre.i^eil   liv  liie  in, inner   m   wIik  li   llie 

shall  of  the  weapon  \\as   le.ilhereil.      In 

t  ases    like    lin.    ^45,    wiiere    thi'    entire 

hlaiie    i>   alCec  ted,    lin^    I  .^l^l    ;-    wliollv 

(hie  to  till'   nature  ol'  llie  nuner.il,  and 

is  a  (h'l  ided  oliji'  lion  to  tlie  iiiiiiletnellt 

ll    inlcnded  .11  .Ml  aridwhe.id.       ll.   Iiow- 

eM  I,  ll  w.is  (leM^iuil  lor  use  a^  .1  d.igj^er, 

it  i-i  r.ither  an  .iiK.intage,  .is  the  "■mnd 

made  liysiuii  an  impleinen'  would  ''c 

more    jaj;.:;ed    .md    sevi'ic,   than    ihit 

(aiised    liy   a    siiiiil.ir   impleiiKiil    witli 

Miiooiii,  slrai^iit  edj,'es.. 

h'ij;.  24(1  represents  a  ■-iiialler  and 
mm  !i  incne  nidel)  nnislud  example  of 
the-.e  ••iwisted"  >pe.irp.iillls  from  In- 
di.iiia.  llie  serratid  ed^es,  in  liiis 
ilistaiK  e,  add  to  ihe  ertica(  y  of  tin-,  im- 
plement, .1-.  a  de.idU-  llini>tin^;  we.ipoii, 
and  ils  si/.e,  although  somewh.n  sm.illei 
ih.iii  the  jifei  edini;,  siinj'esls  ils  'isc  as 
a  spe.ir  or  da^'L;ir  rather  ih.in  .111  arrow 
head. 

'i'li.il  the  ju'i  iili.ir  "twist"  of  ihi-  smiiller  e\ami)les  of  these  imple- 
ments e.in  li.ne  no  liearin^,'  upon  the  supposed  roi.iri-  motion  of  the 
arrows  armed  with  them,  is  slmun  ni  the  l.n  1  tli.n  1  hipjieil  km\es  are 
frei|neiiily  foiinil,  iii.it  h.i\i'  the  s.inie  nei  uli.irii)  ;  ,md  certainK  these 
1  ntUn;;  tools  li.nl  no  neeij  ol  atwisi'.o  aid  them  in  a  mosenuni  not 
leijuired  of  ihem.       In  the  few   New    Jersey  spei  imeils  that    1    have 


l-'li..  24s.  -"  New  Jersey.     \, 


;66  I'RIMlllVr,    INDIMRV. 

ciillccti'il,  it  is  isidi'iit  ill  many  ( asrs,  lli.u  tin-  (iri,:;iii.il  ll.ikc  had 
assiniK'il  tliis  lii'iit  sIkijh'  wlicu  di'tai  lu'il,  and  that  it  liail  Ihi'Ii  sul)Sf- 
i|iicntlv  made  inl)  a  s|n'ar  nr  knilc,  notwithstaniiin,;^  tlif  disad\antaK(_' 
of  hiiiij,  <  rooki'd.  In  otlur  (  a>cs,  the  ilii|i|imj,'  aloni;  tlic  i-clj^c  had 
liccn  iiiti'iUional,  and  the  if^iili  was  an  airowla'ail  nr  s|ii'ariii)int  witli 
I)i'\i'l!i'd  i<lj^es  :  tlu- slope  nt'tlie  two  sides  heiiii,'  in  n|i|i<)site  dire(  timis. 
The  olijei  *  (it'  this  is,  nt'  i  nuise.  unkiinwn. 
Tile  |i.O[.,)rtion  dl'  lienl  ti'  sirai;;ht  sia'aijioints  and  aii'ipwhea<ls,  as 
_  tipiind    in   New  Jersi'V,  and   thi(iiiL;iii)iit 

■'■'•'"  New  jjif^land  is  \eiv  small,  and  tar  less 

tli.i'i  obtains  in  (  >hiu  and  the  sonlhwest. 
Ihis  is  |irolial>ly  larL;el_\'  dui'  to  the  al)- 
sj'iK  e  ol'  jasper  whiili  flakes  in  the 
|iei  iiliai'  manner  that  has  hi'eii  (le- 
st rilied.  The  •-n|iiily  lA'  ja-|ier  and 
(|nart/  nsed  |i\  the  Indians  was  deri\ed 
Irom  the  riser  drill,  to  a  j^ieal  (Atent, 
and    iiroliahU    mu-^l    (jI    the    arrow  heads 


irom  tne  riser  iirili.  to  a  j^ieal  (Atent, 
and  |irohahl\  inu-^t  (jI  the  arrowheads 
were    made    Irom    pelilile^,    wliiih    onl)- 


\M   I  I         MI.IUV        IIOIM        |Knillt^      WIIM    II       Olll\ 

\       led   siillii  icnt    malelial  to  make  two 

or  three    imiilrment--.      l.ar.L;e  howMers 

wire   aKo   hrou.nht   Iron)   the    rixtr  and 

iiM'd,  a>  \m1I   lie   mentioned   in   a  siihse- 

/        c|iieni    1  ha|iler.       I  hese    liowllers    arc 

j^eiKralU    ol'   a     <  omiiarati\el\'    slr.iighl 

U.\'  tnre,  and  lew  llake--  are  loiiiid  wlm  h, 

lo  ine  maivci  oi    unii  iiiipii  meilts,  Wiiiiid  miul;i  ^t  the  twisted  s|jearpv>inl 

or  arrowhead. 

We  Ikim'  now  to  consider  a  series  (  (  implement-,  cif  imirorm  pattern, 
whi(  h.  Irom  their  similarity  .nid  a]iparem  iiiadei|ii.i(  y  to  nu  it  other 
plirpo'-<  ■-.  ma\  he  supposed  to  he  Ispiial  spears.  I''ij;.  j.(7  represents 
one,  and  is  ,in  (  \(  elleni  .ivcrai^e  (  \ample  ol  the  i  l.iss.  These  slender 
spe.iriMiiiils,  very  loii^,'  in  proportion  lo  their  width,  .nc  IomimI  in  j;reat 
aliimdani  (•  in  m.in\  loi.ililies,  whie  in  olhers  they  ,ire  wholly  w.mting. 


Kli.,   .*4i.        Ilult.ill.i. 

to  the  m.iker  of  ihnt  impK 
or  arrowhe.id. 


.Sl'IAkl'i|\l>    AM.     VKki.WIII  \1K. 


267 


V 

'9**' 

i 


h 


Althoii^li  imt  imknn.Mi  iliniii^liDiu  ihc  New  I'in^^l.iiul  states,  tlicy  ;irt', 

fxii'|ii   ill  till- ( 'niiiiii  lie   ii   villi') ,  rcl.ilivfK  s(  .in  c  as  ((im|),ihiI   with 

llif  iiiiinhii^  1111111(1  ill  till-  v.iljry  t>r  till-  I  iil.iw.irc  rivi-r.  -.niilli  i<(  I  iciitDii. 

Ill  th.it  iMiiiinn  of  this  \.illi\,  till)  .111-  i\<  fi-iliiinlv  aliiiiiilaiil.     Ollcii 

a   il'i/iii  III-  nmrr  li.ni.-  Inni  Iniiiiil   in  a  \x-ry  limili-il 

s|M(c  ;il.in-   ilu-   shores  111'  ll.it   striMin.      I'Voiii  the 

I.H  t   th.it   ihiy  are  \ery   iiiiiiieniiis  aloiij,'   tlic  liaiiks 

ol   the  ii\er  ami    the   l.ii_;er  1  nek-.,   .mil   ,ire   t'oiiml 

jpiit   selilniii  ,il  .1  i!i-.i,ini  e   lioiM  Mil  h  stre.uii>,  it  lias 

been  Mijiiio^eil,  not  without   iimmhi,  tli.it  thcv  were 

largely,  it"  iMt  esi  |ii-,i\(ly  iimiI  1,1  >,|iiMrin;,'  or  sluioi- 

iiii;  (Kh.     I  iioM   this  iioiiit,  llolin  saiil  ol'  the    !  >eU- 

w.ire  liiili.iiis,''  •■they  t.ike  li-h  111  llie  same   in. inner 

(li\  shooiiii-)  :    when   the  w.iicr-.  .ire   hi  ;li.  the   iKh 

run  ii|i  the   1  reeks  ami   rel'irii  at   elili  tide  ;   ^o  th.it 

ihe  liiih.ms  (.111  e.i-iily  ^.!ioot  iluin  .it  liw  water,  .iml 

lir.ig  then)  .i->hore." 

Thi.  lonii  of  sjiear   i^  ,il,o   .iluiinl.intly   met   with 
.iloiij,'  the  shore  o|'  uml   in  ilu'  manv  i^l.lll(l^  in  the 
Siisi|iu'li.iiiii.i  ri\er,  in  the  lui^hlionvi.i.l  oi'  ( 'olinn- 
lii.i,  l'eim>\K.ini.i.     Ill  Se]iteiii!ier,  I    77,  1:1  1  oiiiiiany 
Willi    the    l.iie    I'loi'.    S.   S.    ll.iMeiii.ia.    the    author 
visiitil    M\ei.il    |ioiiits    ill   the   riser  111  .ir  (hiikies, 
l,am.i>ter  (oiinty,   anil  roniiil  a  t\  |iir.il   sjn-i  inieii  of 
tllise    slemler     s|ie,ir|ioin|s.       .Siilisf.|iicntl\',   seser.il 
s|iei  inieli-    .veie  I  ollei  leil    li\   llo\^   in   the   Iiei^hlior- 
hooil.   ami   the    |iro|jortioii    foiiml   .iIoiil;    the   ri\er 
short',  ill  roiii]i,irisoii  to  those  foMinl  on  the  I'leliU,      in..  347  -  s.-w  irr- 
showeil  1  ihiiik,  if  we  may  jiiil;;e  of  the  usesi>f --lone 
ini|ilenii  111-,  hoin  the  eh  irai  ter  of  the  loc  .iliiy  where  the  m.ijority  of 
them  .ire  loll  111  I,  that  they  IkIoii;;  to  .1  <  ki-^sof  s|ie,ir|  points  thai  were  n>eil 
lirim  i|:,ill\  for  •  .ipliirih^   lisli.     '1  he  l.u  t  tli.it  a  few  spei  iineiis  of  Imno 


\ 


•■'  I  lev  .  iif  I'liiviil.  c  .if  .\i-w  S«t.|i:ii,  l.y   r.  C.iiiiii.iiii.i',  II  .1.11.  |..  iji,  l'liil.i.U'l|.lii.i,  iS^, 


26S 


rKiMiini:  iMiisiuv. 


^lr^h-slll•.lr^,  siK  l\  as  ail'  imw  umiI  liy  tlir  INkiiiKi,  liavf  lutii  fnnivl  in 
till'  Sus'iiii'liaiiii.i  \alli.'\,  ilm-,  iini  iinaliilati'  the  theory,  if  sn  w\;  must 
tiiiisiiliT  it,  tliat  tlifsc  sltiiic  s|KatiMiiiit.s  wcio  uIm-  tiscil  in  Cishinn. 
Till-  i;>kiiiit)  <il'  lali;  tiato  iiiaik-  Mniio  s|n-ars  that  arc  riuUr  titan  t'l^. 
.•);.  ('(iin|>ari'  I.iililioik's  lllu^llatllln  nt'  an  I'.skinin  s|ii'ar  ( l'rLhi'.tiiri< 
I  inn-.,  p.   \<)i,  I'lj;.  -MiS)    with  I'l^    .v|7  'i\  lhi^  Miliinu'. 

l.ii-ikiil,'"'  ilfs(  rilling  iho  i  ii-.iiinis  nl  \\h-  lUlawarc  Indian-.,  says 
'•  I  am  nmv  tu  iiis(  riln-  iiui-  nf  ihi-  niu^t  lavwritf  tli\cTsi(ins  nt  liu-  In- 
dians nest  til  iiuntinn,  nanuly,  lh.it  \\\  fiJiin.;.  i.iltic  tmys  .itv  r\rn 
l'rti|ninlly  .sci'it  wadin;^  \\\  sh.didw  i)nH)k.s,  shoutiny  lishi's  with  their 
luiw^  and  arrows, 

'•'Hie  Indians  .il«,i\s  i  .iir\  honk-,  and  miii//  /i,iiy<iii>iii  with  llu-ni, 
wIk  lUAi  r  tlii-y  an-  m'  a  liinilinn  |i.irl\  ;  hut  .it  i  i-riain  siMsons  nl'  tlir  U'.ir 
ihi*  ^<>  nut  imriiosiK-  tn  ri^ii.  iiiiur  .ilonc  or  in  partii  -..  I'lu'y  ni.ikf 
n>i-  111'  tin-  nc.il  .nid  lij^hl  (.niin-s  nia<i<  nl  liinh  liark,  •  •  •  ,uid 
Miiiuu-  uiti)  ihiin  nitu  sp.K  ions  riMTs." 

While  It  \-y  iMilint  frnni  the  altiMid.uiie  nl  |iliin.ui<  is  nr  \ven;lits  I'nr 
fishing  line>,  luund  in  I'.ssex  (H.,  Massac  h';si'ils  that  shdntiiij^  ii>li  wa^ 
111)1  -.11  ^;ener.ill\  |ira(  lised  as  liihiiiL;  I  \  lines  .md  n;-ls,  theii-  m  i  a-.inn- 
ally  111  1  nr  in  thai  s  ii  inity  --lie  ii|iiiinl-.  ul  the  same  geneial  [laltefn  .i.s 
the  iireiediliji  ;  .md  it  is  at  least  |iriilialile,  tiial  lhe\  were  u.eil  lnr  the 
s;ane  |)nr|iose. 

l-'i};.  J.^.S  represents  .m  implement  nf  ihi-  kind  liuin  S.ilem,  Mass. 
It  is  a  sery  Inn^;,  narrnw  and  ihm  llinl  Made,  whu  h  slriin,Jy  lesein- 
liles  ilici-.e  liiimd  III  I  eiili.il  New  jersiN ,  e\(  ipt  th.it  ii  is  thinner,  fi  ir 
its  width,  th, in  the  ina|iiril\  nl  tlinsc  rmmd  in  the  helawaie  \,illey. 
As  it  is  wilhiiill  a  slemiiKd  li.ise,  it  is  pussiUle  tli.il  it  w.is  ililended 
for  use  .Is  an  awl  or  kniU'.  or  Imth,  ratli.T  than  a  tishmg  spear, 

in  .1  letter  from  the  Lite  I'ml.  lialdeman,  liearinj.;  d.ite  of  Inli.  i  _>, 
1S7S,  I  .1111  inlorined  oi  .111  iniere-.iin|^  "  find,"  .is  follows:  "  Almiii  oiie- 
fiiinih  of  .1  mile  north  of  llie  im  kn  tii  ,ii,  disi  nM-rei,  li\  me  in  i.Syd, 
the  (  hii  kis\valiin^;o  I  nek  enters  the  .Sii-,i|iuhanii,i.      I'arl  of  ilu-  li.mk 


**  Luklitcl,    /.  f'.,  ji.  ty5. 


sri  AKhiiM^  ASH  Ai!Ki(\Mir\iK. 


!6<) 


(if  llu'  I  ri-ik  li.is  lii'cri  >n,i-.1i((|  .i\\.i\  mi  .is  t<i  niuliriuiiu'  .t  Imltimsvuoil 
trir  ( /'/./A/////1 ),  iiiiif  Ini  ivMi  im  111-  in  <  in  uiiiUtiih  c  :il  I'mir  fii't 
fruiii  llif  ^'riinml,  iiiulir  llu-  kmi',-  uf  whii  li,  iiiid  fuiir  Ccct  l'm;n  Uic 
^llr'.lll•,  111)'  ( <illi'<  tih^  liiyi  slinw'd  nu-  :i  ilijinsii  oldfr  lluui  llie  tree, 
in  III. II  k  iiiiild  withiint  gravii,  hut  |>r<ili.ii>U 

ill    |mM     iImi'     til     nil  ;isi(i|)al     IliimU    i>l     till' 

Sii^i|iu  li.iiiii.i.  AiMiiiij;  llu-  (ilijiiii  an- 
tr.if^iiuMit-.  dl'  |iiittfry,  ji.irtN  nC  niu-  \i-mI 
with  ,1  inw  (if  siiiii|K'rt'iir.ili(l  ImK-s  lulnw 
tlic  iii,ir;:iii  (iiit^idf  ;  Imiiics  of  lund  .iiiiiii.ils, 

till-  liiimd   dlU'S    S|illt,    ,1>    U^U.ll  ;    nlU'    ;;iMpd 

t n. 111)^11 1.1  r  airnwlicii!  ;  ,i  i  lii|>|Mil  kiiilV 
(liiiu-tniif  111   the  \u  mil\  )  ;  I'/ii-  liki-    \<>»r 

/l\/l    \/'i,l/  ',    /•!//   Hi'/    ;.'////    <;    li'i'lkii/   /'./!(•  ,• 

mail)  <  liips,  iti  ."      I  hi-.  >|ic(  iiiuM,  wliiiji 

I   li.id  altcrwariU  tin-  pIcaMirc  nf  c\amin- 

ii\j,',  saiiis  ill  111)  iiii|iurtaiit  |iartii  iiiar  from 

till'  sjH(  iiiiiM  tVciiii  S.iliiii.  ^l.l^^.      like  it, 

it  1^  III   llinl  nr  j.l^|l(•|•.  .iiid   iniiii'  ilclii  .iltl)        ''       ^\,.^k 

wnikid   til. Ill   iiiii-.t  (it   the  liiiicstnru' ^iicars        f,  ■-       )^ 

I'liiiiid  III  that  i)('i;;lili(irli(Kid.    'I'lii' aiiti<|iiil)' 

iif  llii'  whnlc  "1111(1"  is  (pf  iiini  h  intrriMt, 

liiim   llir   fa(  t  that  |Miitiiy  w.i->  I'mmd   with 

till'   iiii|ikiiu'iits  ;   as   it    i-,  cxidinif   nf  i|,i' 

anlii|uii\    III'  the    liidiin,   .iiid    nut   iiidir.i- 

ti\i-  if  .iii\  |iri-(Mliiif;  r.uc, 

Thnii^h  tlu-rc  ni.is  Ik-  dmiiit  as  in  tin- 
idcntitv  (if  |iiir|iusc  111  ilii'  in)|il('nK'nt  jiisi 
disi  rilicd,  with  th.it  nf  li^.  ^.(7.  tlicTi-  (an 
III'  nunc  at  ,ill  in  thf  1  ,im'  nf  li^-.  .vjij.  It  is,  imlrcd,  lar  nmif  ^.Taio- 
liilh  sh.i|icd  and  dilli  .iti.ly  i  lii|i|iid  ih.in  the  iniiiiiinii  "  li-h  -|i(ars  " 
111  till-  Itil.iw.in-  \.ill(-\.  and  \it  il  is  mi  \mI!  diM-ii.  i|  Inr  s|i(-.uini;  li^h, 
and  sn  htllc  iik(-l\  tn  Ii.im-  lin-n  iiscd  as  a  v\i-.i|inii,  iImi  it  1,  i  |,isM-d 
aiiiunj;  tiu-m.      I. ike  tin-   im-i  i-diii^,  this  sjn-i  iiikm  i,  mtv  ilun,  .md  ju 


111..    J4').  — M.l\>.i.  |ui,i  :11s.      \, 


i&rvj 


*> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


2l 


1.0 


I.I 


■-IM 


2.5 


1^ 

1.8 


11-25  11.4   ii.6 


VI 


<? 


/2 


m 


A 


/A 


"w%^^ 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  r'.i;  MAIN  STREH 

•^(EBif!?H,N.y.  M580 

(716)  872-4  S03 


^<.f 


<& 


V  C<'x 


%  \#-,^ 
^^,  W 


\\ 


iV 


▲ 


270 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


this  respect  it  shows  an  important  variation  from  those  made  of  argillite, 
or  even  tiie  later  forms  of  siiicious  materials,  in  New  Jersey.  Large 
numiiers  of  this  j)attern  occur  in  the  Connecticut  valley,  hut  the  ma- 
jority (jf  them  have  the  width  more  imiform  along  the  greater  i)ortion  of 
the  lengtli  of  the  blade,  which  tapers  more  suddenly  to  the  ])oint.  As 
a  rule,  spearpoints  of  equal  lengih  do  not  taper  to  the  jioint  directly 

from  the  base,  as  in  this  instance, 
but  preserve  a  uniform  width  for  a 
third  or  half  their  length. 

In  some  localities  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Moimtains,  spearpoints 
of  this  ])attern  and  size  are  (juite 
abundant.  Many  are  made  of 
chalcedt)ny  and  are  very  beautiful 
examples  of  the  skill  acijuired  in 
chipping  flint  by  the  Indians  of  that 
portion  of  the  country  forjiierly  oc- 
cupied by  the  Delaware  or  Lenni 
■  /      LenaiK!  nation. 

Along  the  northern  seaboard  of 
New  Jersey,  where  the  mainland  is 
washetl  by  the  sea,  occasional  speci- 
mens of  these  spearpoints,  made 
of  white  and  rose-colored  (juartz, 
have  been  found,  which  are  equally 
as  well  made  as  any  specimens 
from  western  Pennsylvania,  or  even 
from  the  mound  regions  of  Ohio.  Their  shape  is  such  as  to  suggest 
their  use  in  fishing  rather  than  inland  hunting,  or  as  weapons ;  but 
strangely  enough  no  specimens  have  as  yet  been  found  in  the  shell- 
heaps  of  the  neighborhood,  some  of  which  have  a  large  percentage 
of  fish-bones. 

Fig.  250  represents  a  shorter  and  broader  specimen  of  s\ipposed 
fish-spear,  neatly  chipped  from  a  bluish  rock,  of  flint-like  appearance. 


Fig.  249.  —  Massachusetts.    \. 


SPEARI'OINTS   AN'D   ARROWHEADS. 


271 


Though  found  elsewhere  to  some  extent,  the  majority  occur  .long  the 
river  hanks  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  larger  inland  lakes  and 
creeks.  Many  have  recently  been  found  on  the  Pennsylvania  shore  of 
the  Delaware  river,  opposite  15ordentown,  N.  J.  Here  they  are  mingled 
with  the  ever-siiifting  sands  and  are  brought  to  light  and  then  buried, 
by  the  ciianges  of  every  tide. 

Fish-spears  of  this    pattern   are   not  as  common  as  those   with  a 
notched  base,  though  in  other  respects   there   is 
such  a  general  resemblance  between  them,  that  it 
cannot  be  doubted  that  they  are  two  forms  of  one 
and  the  same  implement. 

This  same  pattern  of  spear  is  (juite  common 
along  the  coast,  and  scores  have  been  gathered 
near  Tuckerton,  and  Barnegat,  in  Burlington 
county,  and  about  Becsle^'s  I'oint,  Cape  ^[ay 
cotmty,  New  Jersey,  and  I  am  informed  that  spear- 
points  of  tliis  and  allied  patterns  have  occasionally 
been  found  in  the  extensive  shell-heaps  on  Long 
Island. 

One  of  those  curious  and  interesting  "dejiosits" 
of  ch'.pped  stone  implements,  which  are  occasion- 
ally discovered  in  various  localities  throughout  the 
United  States,  was  lately  brought  to  light,  in  Bur- 
lington county.  New  Jersey ;  which  consisted  en- 
tirely of  spearpoints  of  this  pattern.  Unfortunate- 
ly, they  were  not  counted  when  first  seen,  so  the 
exact  number  is  not  known,  but  over  four  hundred  were  traced,  and 
the  specimens  compared,  one  with  anotiier.  There  was  no  difference 
of  importance,  either  in  size,  shape  or  finish.  They  were  evidently  all 
made  of  the  same  material,  a  dark,  blue-gray  flint,  and  none  showed 
any  evidence  of  having  been  used,  or,  indeed,  of  having  been  exposed 
at  all  to  the  air.  They  were  remarkably  "  fresh  "  in  ajipearance  and 
had  evidently  been  buried  very  soon  after  they  were  made.  The 
locality,  where  this  deposit  was  found,  is  on  the  south  bank  of  Cross- 


FiG.  230.  —  New  Jer- 


272 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


Avicks  Creek,  about  three  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  proximity  of  good 
fishing  grounds,  tlie  size  and  shape  of  the  imi^lements  themselves,  and 
the  fact  that  sucii  specimens  are  found,  as  a  rule,  near  the  water,  war- 
rant us  in  considering  the  spears  of  this  pattern  as  fishing  implements 
primarily  ;  although  their  frequent  use  in  other  ways  is  highly  probable. 

In  fig.  251  we  ha\e  a  more  elaborately  fashioned  example  of  such 
fish-spears,  if  indeed,  it  can  be  so  classed.  In  general  appearance  it 
suggests  the  idea  of  drills  or  perforators  ;  but  being  very  thin,  as  com- 
pared with  its  width,  it  is  evident  that  as  a  drill,  it  would  be  of  but 
little  value.  .As  it  is  broken  at  the  base,  it  is  impossible  to  determine 
how  it  was  there  finished,  but  it  is  not  jirobable  that  there  was  a  dupli- 
cation of  the  broad,  barb-like  projections.  Si)earpoints  of  this  pattern 
arc  very  unusual,  judged  by  their  scarcity  in  the  various  large  collec- 
lions  from  New  Jersey  and  New  England. 

In  the  very  large  collection  of  the  late  Professor  Haldeman,  of 
chip-ped  implements  from  the  Suscpiehanna  valley,  are  several  speci- 
mens of  jasper  and  limestone  si)ears  of  this  pattern,  except  that  there 
is  but  one  barl)-like  i)rojection.  These  non-symmetrical  forms  are  not 
uncommon  in  the  class  of  arrowheads,  and  many  of  the  so-called 
stemmed  knives  have  also  this  peculiarity.  If  we  are  justifieil  in  consid- 
ering these  implements  as  spearpoints,  it  is  not  evident  what  advantage 
there  was,  in  having  the  one  barb.  The  charac'ter  of  the  chipping 
shows,  I  think,  that  it  was  intentional,  and  not  necessarily  that  one 
of  the  barbs  being  broken,  the  fractured  margin  was  smoothed  down  by 
re-chipping. 

Fig.  252  represents  a  form  of  spearpoint  which,  by  its  size,  ap- 
proaches closely  the  bounilary  between  sjiearpoints  and  arrowheads. 
This  form  is  not  as  characteristic  of  fishing  grounds,  as  are  some  of 
the  others,  especially  figs.  247  and  253,  but  there  is  so  close  a  resem- 
blance as  to  make  it  proliable,  that  it  should  be  considered  as. a 
fish-spear. 

While  the  chipping  of  these  slender  jasper  points  is,  in  many  cases, 
very  carefully  done,  yet  as  a  rule  such  imjilements  cannot  compare  in 
finish  with  other  forms  that  were  evidently  intended  for  hunting,  or  as 


SPKAKI'OIXIS    AND    AKKOWUKAIiS. 


273 


weapons.  Tlicsc  latter  are  much  larger  ami  show  a  higher  grade  of 
workiiiansliip  than  any  of  tiie  slender  fish-si)ears.  A\'as  it  because  tlie 
fish-sjjears  were  far  more  liai)le  to  be  lost? 

Speariwints  of  this  i)attern  made  of  cpiartz  and  jasper  are  much 
more  fre(iuently  found  in  New  York  and  Connecticut,  than  either  in 
the  northern  New  ilngland  states,  or  in  I'ennsyh-ania  and  New  Jersey. 
In  the  Susciuehanna  valley  (I'ennsylvania)  they  appear  to  be  very  rare. 

The  preceding  examples  of  these  slender  spearpoints  wer^  all  from 


Fi<; 


-  New  Jersey.     |, 


Fig.  252.  —  New  Jersey.     ]. 


the  surface,  and  are  found  not  only  in  the  inuncdiatc  vicinity  of  the 
rivers  and  smaller  streams  but  to  some  e.\tent  in  upland  fields,  associ- 
ated with  the  conmion  forms  of  stone  imi)lements.  Tiiere  is,  of  course, 
nothing  to  indicate  that  they  are  of  other  dian  Indian  manufacture. 
Associated  with  them,  when  found  upon  the  surface,  and  occurring  in 
scanty  numbers  in  fields,  far  from  any  water  course,  are  other  examples 
of  these  slender  spearpoints  which  do  appear  to  tell  another  tale. 
While  sometimes  found  with  jasper  si)ears  they  are  more  freijuently  met 
18 


2  74 


PKiMirivi';  ixnrsTRv. 


witli  alone,  and  hence,  tli()Ui;h  ilieyniayUe  said  lobe  witli  tlieni.  tlieyare 
not  of  them.  'I'hese  spearpoints  are  all  of  ai\^'illito,  of  nearly  uniform 
size,  antl  vary  hut  little  in  the  finish  of  tlie  base. 

p'ig.  253  re])resents  a  good  average  specimen  of  liundreds  that  have 
been  collected  from  the  alluvial  deposits,  through  which  various  creeks 
have  now  worn  their  channels.  In  this  alluvial  mud  whii  li  has  been 
for  centuries,  and  is  still  accumulating,  many 
specimens  of  these  argillite  spearpoints  liave 
been  found  at  various  (le|)ths,  even  to  five  fe('t, 
and  nowhere  do  they  occur  in  such  abundance 
as  ///  this  deposit,  which  forms  the  tide-water 
meadows  that  skirt  the  banks  of  the  Delaware 
riser  from  'i'renlon  to  the  sea. 

Mg.  254  rejiresents  the  only  variation  of  im- 
portance from  the  typical  form  as  given  in  tiie 
preceding  illustration.  This  specimen,  which 
strongly  resembles  an  ordinary  flmt-drill,  re])re- 
sents  about  one  ]ier  (  ent.  of  the  fish-spears  found 
in  the  mud  dejiosits  referred  to.  Occasionally 
one  of  this  i)attern  will  be  found  with  one  or 
more  shallow  notches  on  the  edge,  near  the  base, 
il'i'l  and  onlv  on  om.'  side.  These  lateral  notches 
are  an  indication  of  the  means  emjiloyed  in 
secm-ing  the  implement  to  a  staff  A\hy  not 
notched  upon  both  sides  is  difficult  to  imagine  ; 
but  it  is  not  only  in  these  supposed  fish-spears 
that  this  i)eculiarity  is  found.  In  (luite  a  large 
percentage  of  the  jasper  and  slate  hoe-blades  — if  such  they  are  — this 
same  feature  of  a  notch  or  notches  on  one  side  (occurs. 

It  may  be  considered  that  we  are  without  a  warrant  in  assuming 
that  the  use  of  any  implement  can  be  determined  by  the  character  of 
the  localitv  where  the  implement  was  found.  To  a  certain  extent, 
this  is  nmiuestionably  true.  A  bead  is  none  the  less  an  ornament, 
whether  dredge.l  from  the  river  bottom  or  found  in  an  upland  fielil, 


KI'EAUPOlXrS    ANIi    AKRCnVIIEADS. 


!75 


and  }ct  liow  very  schhjin  (Iocs  any  iiiiiilcmcnl  or  oilier  relic  (jf  tlie 
Indians  ocfiir,  excejit  wiiere  we  slioiild  expect  t(j  find  liieni.  In  liasiny 
any  conclusions  iii)on  the  characteristic;  features  of  the  locality,  where 
the  inii)lenients  under  consideration  are  found,  it  is  obviously  necessary 
to  determine  if  there  has  been  any  recent  general  disturbance  of  the 
surface.  Alteraticins  of  the  surface  caused  by  the  renio\al  of  hea\-y 
forest  },To\vths  must  be  always  liorne  in  min<l  ;  the  i)ossibilit}' of  ini- 
])lements  being  brought  from  some  tlistanco  by  lloods,  or  even  the 
tenijjorary  currents  of  hea\y  rainfalls.  Occur- 
rences like  these  can,  in  nearly  eve.y  mstance, 
be  readily  determined,  and  all  objects  that 
have  evidently  been  brought  to  the  surface  or 
the  sjjot  where  found,  through  such  occur- 
rences, should  not  enter  into  account  when  we 
come  to  study  a  representative  series  from  un- 
disturbed localities.  It  is  clearly  evident  that, 
in  the  vast  majority  of  instances,  stone  imple- 
ments are  in  jiractically  the  same  ])osition  that 
they  were  when  buried,  lost  or  discarded.  .\  sin- 
gle sjjecimen,  or  e\en  a  hundred  might  readilv 
mislead  one,  and  give  rise  to  \ery  erroneous 
impressions  as  to  the  character  of  the  Icjcality 
where  such  objects  were  sometimes  found,  as 
in  the  instance  given  in  the  second  volume 
of  the  Reports  of  the  Archivological  Museum 
at  Cambriilge,  Mass.,  p.  24^,,  „here  paheolithic 
implements  were  found  ass(jciated  with  a  grooved  axe  and  fragments 
of  pottery.  It  is  only  when  hunilreds  ha\e  been  carefully  gathered  in 
person,  that  it  becomes  safe  to  base  any  conclusions  U])on  locality  ; 
but  when  we  have  the  material  in  such  abundance,  as  in  the  case  of 
these  argillite  spearpoints,  and  fmd  that  over  eiglily  ])er  cent,  are  from 
an  alluvia',  deposit  skirting  the  river,  it  does  become  highlv  ])robable, 
at  least,  that  they  were  used  in  and  aliout  the  river,  or  in  other  words, 
as  a  means  of  capturing  fish. 


276 


PRfMlllVK  INDrSTRV. 


It  (Idls  ni>t  ncccssaril}'  follow,  that  hucausc  these  iinplcnients  wore 
used  mostly  as  llsh-spears,  that  they  were  not  used  in  ciiituriiig  such 
animals  as  frequent  the  lianks  of  our  rivers  and  inland  streams.  The 
number  of  these  was  really  ver)'  larj^e,  and  it  can  scarcely  he  doubted 
but  that  many  were  speared  or  shot  with  arrows,  tipped  by  these  long, 
slender  argillite  points. 

The  beaver  {Castor Ji/'cr),  musk-rat  {/•Y/>rrz/V'<-//in-//s),  otter  (Liitra 
t,!/iai/i'//s/.\),  mink  {Pu/iin'//s  rv'jw/),  among  our  mammals,  and  vari- 
ous turtles  and  water-fowl ;  all  fre(|uented,  in  vast  numbers,  the  very 
streams  where  such  large  numbers  of  these  argillite  s])ears  are  found  ; 
and  while  it  is  true  tliat  ordinary  arrowheads  are  fre(iuently  found  on 
the  shores  of  these  streams,  it  cannot  be  maintained,  with  reason,  that 
the  tapering  argillite  points  were  used  solely  for  capturing  fish,  and  the 
few  arrowheads  that  we  find  were  those  lost  in  unsuccessful  efforts  to 
capture  other  animals.  On  the  other  hand,  nets,  lines  and  trajis  ot 
various  jialterns,  for  securing  fish,  were  so  generally  used  by  the 
Indians,  that  it  may  well  be  doubted,  if  these  argillite  spearpoints  are 
really  the  handiwork  of  the  later  Indians.  Sjiears  made  of  other 
material  like  the  ordinary  jasi)er  arrowheads,  with  which  they  are 
associated,  are  unciuestionably  of  Indian  make;  but  these  strongly 
suggest  another  and  an  earlier  origin. 

The  origin  of  the  mud  deposit  containing  these  rutle  fish-spears  is  a 
subject  re(iuiring  fuller  treatment  than  can  be  here  given  to  it,  but  its 
bearing  on  the  subject  of  the  age  of  the  contained  implements  reipiires 
more  than  a  passing  notice.  This  deposit  of  mud  is  of  a  deep  blue- 
black  color,  stiff  iu  consistency,  and  almost  wholly  free  from  pebbles. 
It  is  c(Mnposed  )f  decomposed  vegetable  matter  and  a  large  ])ercentage 
of  very  fine  sand.  It  \aries  in  depth  from  f^)ur  to  twenty  feet,  and  rests 
on  an  old  gravel,  of  an  origin  antedating  the  river  gravels  that  contain 
pakvolithic  implements.  This  mud  is  the  geological  formation  next 
succeeding  the  paleolithic  implement-bearing  gravels.  In  the  imple- 
ments it  contains  we  have  api)arently  a  link  between  the  oldest  traces 
of  man,  and  the  recent  handiwork  of  the  Indians  of  historic  times. 
A  careful  survey  of  this  mud  deposit,  made  at  several  distant  points, 


SPF.ARl*OINIS   AND    ARROWHEADS. 


'77 


leads  lo  tlie  conrlusion  tliat  its  formation  dates  from  tlie  exposure  of 
liie  older  1,'ravel  upon  which  it  rests,  through   the  graihial  lessening 
of  the  bulk  of  tiie  river  until  it  oc(U)>ied  only  its  jjresent  rhannel. 
Mow  gradually  the  river  retired  from  the  gravel  bluffs  that  formerly 
marked  its  boundary,  and  how  rapidly  this  mud  accumulated  at  the 
outset,  and  whether  at  a  more  ra|)id  rate  then  than  now,  are  all  jioints 
almost    bf'vond    solution.       'i'he    indications    are,  jiowever,    that  the 
present  volume  and  channel  of  the  river  have  been  essentially  as  they 
now  are,  for  a  very  long  jjeriod  ;  and  the  character  of  the  deposit  is 
such   that    its    accumulation,    if   principally    from    (lecomj)osition    of 
vegetable  matter,  must  ne(  essarily  be  very  gradual.     Since  its  accu- 
nuilation  to  a  dejjth  suffu  lent  to    sustain  tree    growth,  forests    ha\e 
grown,   decayed   and    been  rejilaced    Ijy  a  growth   of  other   timber. 
AVhile  so  recent  in  origin  that  it  seems  scarcely  to  warrant  the  atten- 
tion of  the  geologist,  its  years  of  growth  are  nevertheless  to  be  mmi- 
bered  by  centuries,  and  the  traces  of  man  found  at  all  depths  through 
it,  hint  of  a  distant,  shadowy  past,  that  is  difficult  to  realize. 

The  same  objection,  it  may  l)e,  will  be  urged  in  this  instance,  as  in 
all  others  where  the  comparative  anti(|uity  of  man  is  based  upon 
the  depth  at  which  stone  implements  are  found  —  that  all  these  traces 
have  been  left  upon  the  present  surface  of  the  ground,  and  subse- 
([uently  have  gotten,  by  unexplained  means,  to  the  various  dej^ths,  at 
which  they  now  occur.  It  is,  indeed,  difticult  to  realize,  how  some  of 
these  argillite  spearpoints  have  finally  stmk  through  a  compact  jieaty 
mass,  until  they  have  reached  the  very  base  of  the  deposit,  l-'or  those 
who  urge  that  this  sinking  process  explains  the  occurrence  of  imple- 
ments at  great  depths,  it  remains  to  demonstrate  that  the  jjcople  who 
made  these  argillite  fish-sjtears  either  made  only  these,  or  were  careful 
to  take  no  other  evidences  of  their  handicraft  with  them  when  they 
wandered  about  these  meadows  ;  for  certainly  nothing  else  a])|)ears  to 
have  shared  the  same  fate,  of  sinking  deeply  into  the  mud.  In  foot, 
the  objection  mentioned  is  met.  in  this  case,  as  in  that  of  the  paUxo- 
lithic  implements,  that  if  these  fish-spears  are  of  the  same  age  and 
origin  as  the  ordinary  Indian  relic;-:  of  the  surface,  then  all  alike  should 


278 


I'UIMIIIVK    IMiUS'lRV. 


1)0  fiumd  at  great,  depths.  'I'liU.  we  know,  is  not  the  case.  Further- 
more, tlie  character  of  the  (kpo^it  is  imt  tliat  of  a  loose  rmul  or 
(|nicksan(l,  hut  more  like  that  ol'iieat.  It  has  a  close  texture,  is  tough 
and  imyielding  to  a  degree,  and  oilers  decided  resistance  to  the  sink- 
ing of  comi.arativelv  light  objects  deeply  into  it.  'i'his  is,  ol"  course, 
lessened  when  the  deposit  is  subject  to  tidal  overtlows,  and  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of"  springs,  wliich.  huhhling  through  it,  have  caused 
a  deposit  of  ([uicksand.  While  here,  an  object  sinks  instantly  out  of 
sight,  it  is  not  here  that  we  must  judge  t)f  the  character  of  the  forma- 
tion as  a  whole  ;  and  over  the  greater  portion  of  its  area,  we  fnul  no 
evidence  of  objects  disappearing  beneath  the  surface  at  a  more  rapid 
rate  than  the  accumulation  of  decompiling  vegetable  matter  would 
explain.  KiTorts  have  been  made  to  determine  the  rale  of  progress  of 
this  growth  of  mould,  but  they  are  not  wholly  satisfactory  ;  neverthe- 
less the  indications  are  sufticient  to  warrant  our  belief  that  the  rate  is 
so  gradual  as  to  invest,  with  great  archx-ological  interest,  the  i  haracter- 
istic  traces  of  man  found  in  these  alluvial  dei)osits. 

The  relationship  of  these  supposed  older  si)earpoints  to  those  made 
of  jasper  and  ([uart/.ite,  is  a  subject  that  demands  most  careful  consid- 
eration, ai.d  an  abundance  of  data,  that  we  scarc:ely  yet  possess.  The 
subject  will  be  more  fully  treate<l  in  a  subseii\ient  chapter.  Here  it 
is  only  necessary  to  add  that  as  the  origin  of  the  oldest  traces  of  man 
vet  discovered  on  the  northern  Atlantic  seaboanl  —  whether  Eskimo 
or  Indian  —  is  yet,  i)erhaps,  an  open  question;  therefore  these  older 
and  newer  spearpoints  are  considered  together,  as  implements  of 
the  same  character,  though  not  necessarily  the  handiwork  of  the  same 
pe(jple. 

That  class  of  small  chijjped  implements,  known  as  arrowheads,  is  of 
such  common  occurrence  throughout  the  country,  that  it  seems  scarcely 
necessary  to  more  than  draw  attention  to  the  several  patterns  that  are 
found,  and  make  brief  mention  of  their  relative  abundance. 

Obvious  as  is  the  purpose  of  an  arrowhead,  it  is  not  always  easy  to 
tletermine  whether  all  that  appear  suitable  for  heading  the  shafts  of 
arrows  were  really  so  used.    Doubtlessly,  in  the  present  series  of  arrow- 


SI'KAKr'DlMS   AM>    AKKOWIII  Al  iS. 


279 


heads  (if  tlic  usual  patterns  IuuikI  almiL,'  unr  Atlantic  <(iast,  there  are 
several  that  were  used  as  knivc.-;  ;   and,  prr  ciinlra,  in  the 
series  ot"  knives  there  are  arrowheads.      It  is  also  ver\'  proba- 
ble the  same  tbnu  was  fre(Hiently  used  both  as  a  knife  and 
an  arrowhead. 

Holm""  writes  of  the  Delaware's,  "Although  the  Indians, 
when  the  Swedes  first  came  into  the  country,  hail  no  in- 
striuiient  or  tools  made  of  iron  or  any  other  metal  ;  never- 
theless, they  could  perform  every  kind  of  work  with  their 
hands  with  such  dexterity  and  neatness,  that  the  Christians 
were  stru(k  with  astonishment.  They  make  their  bows  with 
the  limb  of  a  tree,  of  above  a  man's  length,  and  their  bow- 
strings out  of  the  sinews  of  animals  ;  tlie\'  make  their  arrows 
out  of  a  reed,  a  yard  and  a  half  long  and  at  one  end  they 
fix  in  a  piece  of  hard  wood  of  about  a  ([uarter's  length  ;  at 
the  end  of  which  they  make  a  hole  to  fix  in  the  head  of  the 
arrow,  which  is  made  of  a  black  flint  stone,  or  of  hard  bone 
or  horn,  or  the  teeth  of  large  fishes  or  animals,  which  they 
fasten  in  with  fish  glue  in  such  a  manner,  that  the  water 
cannot  penetrate  ;  at  the  other  end  of  the  arrow,  they  put 
feathers." 

In  the  illustration  of  an  arrow  with  a  stone  head,  fig.  2;;. 
found  in  reru'"",  we  have  an  exemiilification  of  the  manner  in 
which  arrowshafis  were  made  ;  the  smaller,  upper  jjortion,  in 
the  Peruvian  example,  being  of  hard  wood,  securely  fastened 
to  a  reed.  In  this  instance,  however,  there  are  no  feathers 
at  the  base. 

Peter  Kalm,  the  Swede,  who  visitetl  Xew  Jersey  in  the 
middle  of  the  last  century,  has  left  us  an  excellent  account 
of  the  resident  tribes,  and  of  their  customs,  which  were  at 
that  time  slowly  changing  in  conseciuence  of  the  intnjduction 
of  iron  implements  by  the  Swedish  settlers.     ( )f  their  arrows, 


"  Holm.  /.  c,  p.  12(1. 

"'  For  thu  iisc  of  this  cut,  the  .lulhor  is  iiulcbtcd  to  I'rof.  K.  \V.  Putli.ir 


Fig.  255-  — 
IVru.     J. 


j8o 


PRIMmVE   INDUSTRY. 


he  says  (Trawls  in  North  America,  vul.  ii,  p.  39,  Lomloii,  1771): 
"  At  tiic  LMid  (jf  tiicir  arrows  tlicy  fastLMi  narrow  anguiattd  pieces 
of  stone  ;  tliey  made  use  of  tiieni,  liaving  no  iron  to  nKii<e  tlieni 
siiarj)  again,  or  a  wood  of  suffu  ient  hardness  :  lluse  ])oi-its  were 
commonly  flints  or  (Hiartzes,  Imt  soMietiuies  likewise  another  kind  of  a 
stone.  Some  employed  the  hones  of  animals,  or  the  (laws  of  birds 
and  beasts.  Some  of  these  ancient  harpoons  are  very  blunt,  and  it 
seems  that  the  Indians  might  kill  birds  and  small  (piadrupeds  with 
them;  but  whether  they  could  enter  deep  into  the  body  of  a  great 
beast  or  of  a  man,  b)-  the  velocity  whi<  h  they  get  from  the  bow  1  cai.- 
not  asivifain  ;  yet  some  have  been  found  very  sharp  and  well  made." 

Throughout  tin:  entire  area  of  the  ( ountry  treated  of  in  the  present 
work,  there  does  iK)t  ajipear  to  be  any  material  ilifference  u'  the  char- 
acter or  distribution  of  the  arrowheads  found,  save  that  a  ')rei)on- 
derance  of  the  more  delicately  chipped  forms  are  found  in  some 
localities.  A  thousand  arrowheads  from  the  valley  of  the  Delaware 
river  woulil  not  dilfer  materially  from  a  thousand  gathered  i;i  the 
Susciuehanna  valley,  and  but  little,  if  any,  from  as  many  gathered  in 
the  Connecticut  valley;  but  as  compared  with  an  ecjual  number  from 
Massachusetts,  they  would  show  a  somewhat  larger  jiercentage  of  the 
more  carefully  finished  sjiecimens  of  jasper  and  chalcedony.  In  Ver- 
mont"", as  elsewhere,  arrowheads  are  "  more  abundant  than  any  other 
class  of  specimens,  and  all  the  varieties  figured  by  Col.  Foster  (  Pre- 
historic Races )  are  found  with  others  diflering  from  these.  Some 
very  singular  ine(juilateral  forms  occur,  like  those  figured  by  Professor 
Haldcman""'  in  a  recent  numljer  of  the  naturalist,  and  many  others. 
Indeed,  a  close  examination  of  any  large  collection  of  flint  jjoints  will 
show  that  entirely  symmetrical  forms  were  rarely  attained  ;  by  far  the 
larger  part  are  more  or  less  uneiiual,  both  as  regards  curvature  or 
straightness  of  the  edge  an  I  convexitv  of  the  surface.  One  edge  is 
u.sually  more  strongly  curved  than  the  other,  and  one  surface  more 


^*  Perkins.     Amer.  Nat.,  vol.  xiii,  p.  •]:j. 
^t*"  H.ildcm.in.    Amor.  Nat.,  vol.  .\iii,  292. 


bl'KAKI'UlNl.S    AMI    AKKOWllKADS. 


381 


convex  than  the  other.     Often  tlie  Made   is  not    in   the  saine   plane 
with  the  stem,  lint  seems  twisteil  upon  it  ;  (hie,  as  I  tiiink,  less  to  the 
intention  of  the  maker  than  to  the  Iractiire  of  the  stone.     I'rom  tiiese 
slightly,  often  almost  iniiereejaibly  une(iual   points,  we  have  every  gra- 
dation to  those  whi(  h  are  nearly  as  unsynnnetric  al  as   jiossihlc,  and  of 
these  latter,  some  are  so  well  chipped  that  I  cannot  regard  them  as 
'failures,' l)ut  for  some  unknown  reason  intentionally  of  the  form  we 
find  them.     In  comparing  the  specimens  from  the  Champlaiu  valley 
with  those  from  (ieorgia,  figured  l.y  Col.  C.  C.  Jones,  jr.,    I  have  be.Mi 
striuk  with  the  dose  reseinhlance  between  thein  ;  there  are  <  ompara- 
tively  few  of  the    objects    described   in   antiijuities   of   the   Southern 
Indians,    that    cannot    lie     dujilicated.    often    exactly,   in     Winuait 
s])ecimens.       This    resemblancr  is  more   noticeable    because,  among 
Dr.  Abbott's  New  Jersey  .spec, .„ens,  1   find  many  unlike   tlose   which 
we  have  with  us." 

I'rofessor  I'erkins,  in  the  above  <iuotation,  refers  to  such  objects 
from  New  Jersey,  as  were  described  in  1.S73,  and  prior  to  any  syste- 
matic search  for  the  discarded  handiwork  of  our  resident  tribes.  Jn 
the  vast  amount  of  material  since  gathered,  there  are  objects  \  er\- 
similar  to,  or  identical  with,  the  collections  made  by  Col.  [ones,  in 
Georgia  and  other  southern  states  ;  and  the  differences  are  now  ascer- 
tained not  to  be  so  marked  as  they  seemed  to  be,  when  the  brief 
article  on  New  Jersey  archaeology  was  written  in  1873. 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  object  in  making  arnjwheads  of  different 
shapes,  it  is  certain  that  the>-  vary  more  than  any  other  form  of  imple- 
ment, and  in  no  instance  has  any  particular  pattern  l)ei-n  found  exclu- 
sively in  one  Icjcality.  The  proi)ortion,  however,  of  the  various  patterns 
is  (luite  different  in  different  localities  ;  as,  for  instance,  the  leaf-shaped 
specimens  constitute  fully  six  ].er  cent.i"!  of  all  found  in  New  Jersey, 
although  in  New  England,  they  are  far  less  common. 

While  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  seacoast,  arrowheads  do  not 


">  Abl«...      N.-,.ure,  vol.  vi,  p.  5,5.     The  ..uthnr  here  M.n.ed  ,l,c  pro,>or.i.,„  .„  be  al,  .,  (,u, 
and  one-half  per  een.. ;  but  subse.p.cnt  collecii,,;;  shuws  them  to  be  even  more  abnndant. 


282 


PRlMrnVK    IXDUSTRY. 


appear  to  l)c  as  abundant  as  along  our  river  valleys,  they  are  not 
altogether  wanting  even  there,  but  are  sometimes  found  in  considerable 
numbers.  It  is  not  inii)robable  that  fishing,  rather  than  shooting,  largely 
occupied  the  time  of  the  coast  Indians,  and  therefore  the  bow  was 
comparatively  little  used.  Still,  it  is  evident,  from  the  character  of  the 
country,  that  arrowiieads  once  lost  in  these  ever-shifting  sands,  or  in 
the  water,  would  seldom  be  brought  to  light ;  and  thousands  may  now 
lie  buried  in  the  sand,  which,  if  it  ever  becomes  si)lid  rock,  will  contain 
these  ( ertain  e\idences  of  man's  former  presence. 

Although  in  no  instance  has  any  one  pattern  of  arrowhead  been 
found  so  chanicteristic  of  a  given  locality,  as  are  the  argillite  fish- 
spears  of  the  alluvial  deposits  along  the  riser,  it  has  frefiuently  been 
observed  bv  collectors  Uiat  some  i>articular  form  occurred  in  consider- 
able numbers  in  a  locality  of  very  limited  area,  as  a  field  or  other 
small  jilat  cf  ground.  In  my  own  collecting  tours  I  have  frequently 
noticed  this,  and  can  recall  now  certain  fields  that  appeared  to  have 
onlv  leaf-shaped  arrowheads,  and  others  where  the  triangular  pattern 
was  alone  met  with.  Even  tliis  is  noticeable  with  other  forms  of 
chiiijied  implements,  and  local  collectors  report  fields,  or  otner  spots 
of  a  few  acres,  where  only  scrapers  are  found.  This  localizing  of 
certain  forms  has  been  so  frequently  noticed  that  it  cannot  be  consid- 
ered as  a  mere  chance  ot:currence,  }et  it  is  scarcely  suscei)tible  of  any 
rational  explanation. 

Unsymmetrical  arrowheads,  like  those  described  by  the  late  Professor 
Haldeman,  and  referred  to  by  Professor  Perkins,  are  of  (juite  common 
occurrence  in  New  Jersey,  but  I  am  not  disposed  to  consider  them  as 
really  used  as  points  for  arrows.  Their  numbers,  the  character  of  the 
chipping,  and  the  size  of  the  greater  proportion  of  them,  render  it 
highly  probable  that  they  were  knives,  and,  as  such,  a  small  number 
have  been  already  described.  The  \ery  want  of  symmetry  that  char- 
acterizes these  specimens  renders  them  absolutely  valueless  if  used 
as  arrowheads  ;  for,  unless  the  tip  or  point  of  the  head,  is  in  a  direct 
line  with  the  shaft,  the  arrow  loses,  in  a  great  degree,  its  i)enetrati\e 
power. 


Sl'F.ARPOINIS    AND    ARROWHEADS. 


283 


For  whatever  other  ])ur])o.sei  arrowlieads  may  have  occasionally 
been  used,  their  main  jnnjxjse,  as  tlieir  name  imi>hes,  was  fur  making 
tlieir  arrows  more  effe(ti\e  as  weajions.  fonsiderahle  <  ontroversy  has 
arisen  concerning  how  large  a  jiroportion  of  these  implements  were 

nsed  in  the  manner  described, 
many  writers  insisting  that  only  the 
smallot  specimen!  were  used  as 
|)oints  for  arrows,  and  the  great 
m;ijoritv  were  simply  knives.  It  is 
obviously  impossible  to  determine 
now  the  ])reci>e  character  of  many 
intermediate  size>  of  tiicse  (objects, 
but,  in  some  instances,  examples 
have  been  found  under  circum- 
stances which  at  once  set  aside  all 
doulit,  so  far,  at  least,  as  these 
sjiecimens  are  concerned. 

I'ig.  256  represents  an  instance 
of  this  kind.  We  have  here  a  water- 
worn  fragment  of  a  human  frontal 
bone  that  has  been  pieri  ed  by  a 
(]\iartz  arrowhead.  The  specimen 
tells  its  own  story.  In  this  fragment 
of  bone,  with  the  arrowhead  still 
sticking  in  it,  we  have  the  use  of 
the  bow,  the  tipping  of  tiie  arrow's 
shaft  with  stone,  the  custom  of 
war,  —  all  told  us  in  a  clear,  un- 
mistakable way.  Could  we  but  find 
more  e\am]>les  of  the  various  pat- 
terns of  stone  imi)lements  in  such  telling  positions,  we  should  then 
more  clearly  realize  the  character  of  the  dailv  lives  of  the  native  races 
of  Americ  a  in  prehistoric  times. 

Although  it  is  not  practicable  to  trace  any  development  of  the  more 


Fio.  236. —  New  Jersey. 


284 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


Fig.  257  —New  Jersey.    \  ■ 


elaborate  patterns  of  arrowheads  from  pointed  flakes,  yet  it  will  be 
found  advantageous  to  consider  first  the  simpler  forms,  with  the  uniler- 
standing  that  there  is  no  evidence  that  any  one 
form  of  highly  finished  arrowhead  antedates  an- 
otlier.  It  is  probable,  however,  tliat  simple 
jioiuted  flakes  were  first  usod,  and  that  the 
various  modifications  and  elaboration  of  de- 
tails were  subseijuent  to  tlie  first  arming  of  an 
arrow  with  a  sharp  fragment  of  stone. 

In  figs.  257,  258  and 
259  are  rejiresented  flakes 
of  tiie  simplest  patterns, 
whicli  are  su])posed  to  have  been  arrowheads. 
These,  and  others  altogether  similar,  have  been 
so  fre<[uently  found  singly,  antl  yet  are  so  evi- 
dently artificially  chipped,  that  there  need  be  no 
hesitation  in  considering  them  as  being  of  iuiman 
origin.  The  fact  of  their  being  found  singly  is 
evidence  also,  that  they  were  implements  anci 
not  merely  refiise  cliips  flaked  off  in  the  man- 
ufocture  of  otiier  objects. 
Some  such  forms  were 
doubtlessly  used  to  jioint 
the  first  arrows  made  l)y 
man  ;  but  these  si)ecimens  bear  no  evidence  of 
a  greater  antiquity  than  the  modern  Indian. 

In  tlie  rock-retreat  discoveretl  at  Ciiickies, 
Lancaster  Co.,  I'a.,  by  the  late  Professor  Halde- 
man,  in  1876,  there  was  found  an  unusually 
large  number  of  rude  flakes  of  the  patterns 
here  figured,  whi(  h  had  apparently  been  selected 
from  tlie  mass  of  (hips  which  had  accumulated 
during  the  i)rocess  of  u.aking  better  finished  specimens.  'I'hese 
"arrowhead-like   flakes"    were  apparently  set   aside  as  available  for 


I'lo.  258.  — New 
.Icrsey.    ]. 


Fig.  259.  — New  .Icr.^ey. 


SPEARPOINTS   AN'n    ARROWHEADS. 


285 


of 


anows,  or  wore  intended  to  be  siil)se(Hiently  chipiied  into  other  and 
better  forms.  'i"o  a  certain  extent  tliey  might  have  been  used  as  knives, 
and  tliey  recall  the  remark  of  the  early  traveller  Kalni,  who  said  of  the 
Delaware  Indians,  "  instead  of  kiiiTcs  they  were  satisfied  with  little  shaq) 
pieces  of  flint  or  (juartz,  or  else  some  other  hard  kind  of  stone,  or 
with  a  sharp  shell,  or  with  a  [jiece  of  a  bone  which  they  had  sharp- 
ened." 

In  ^IL,^  260  we  have  a  more  specialized  form,  and  one  that  is  exceed- 
ingly commop.     That  it  should  be  classed  as  an  arrowhead  is  reason- 
able, e\  en  though  it  is  by  no  means  as  desirable  a  i)attern  as  many 
others.     When  made  of  jasper  or  ([uartz,  arrowheads 
of  this    form  are  generally  much  more   carefully 
worked,  and   jiresent  smoother  surfaces   and   more 
evenly  c  hipped  etlges. 

.Arrowheads  of  this  shape,  made  of  slate  anil  other 
comparati\ely  soft  stone,  and  a  fi-.v  of  argillite,  are 
also  found  in  New  Jersey.  In  some  localities  they 
are  very  abundant,  and  even  outnumber  the  jasper 
specimens.  In  conse(|uence  of  the  characteristic 
rude  finish  of  them  all,  and  the  degree  of  weathering 
of  their  surfaces,  which  is  to  some  extent  an  indica- 
tion of  anti(iuity,  these  ruder  specimens  of  stemmed 
arrowheads,  like  fig.  260,  give  rise  to  the  impression 
that  they  are,  as  a  class,  really  older  than  the  same 
forms  made  of  silicious  mineral.  This,  however,  may  nf)t  be  the 
case,  and  it  is  as  yet  uncertain,  whether  the  Indian  made  a  stej)  in 
advani  e  by  adopting  a  material  for  the  manufacture  of  his  weapons 
more  ditilicult  to  work  than  slate  or  argillite,  but  affording  far  better 
results  to  the  skilled  workman. 

I  believe  the  evidence  to  be  comjilete,  that  the  race  preceding  the 
Indians  usei'.  argillite  invariably  for  all  their  im])lements,  but  the  few- 
facts  that  seem  to  indicate  progress  on  the  part  of  the  Indian,  during 
his  o(  (  u]  ancy  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  are,  of  themselves,  insuhkient  to 
warrant  owx  basing  any  conclusions  upon  them. 


l-'n;.  260.  —  New 
Ji-Tsuy.    \. 


286 


I'RIMiriVF,  IXHUSTRV. 


Fit,'.  261  rci>resents  a  second  form  of  stemmed  arrowhead,  wliich  is 
of  l)etter  workmanship,  and  foreshadows  the  elaborate  patterns  that 
were  in  common  use,  after  the  art  of  working  in  Hint  had  been  carried 
to  perfection.  If  tlie  one  object,  in  making  arrowiieads,  was  to  secure 
tliat  shai)e  of  i)oint  wliich  would  convert  tlie  completed  arrow  into  the 
most  effective  weajjon,  then  the  simple,  triangular  specimens,  with 
m<Klerately  concave  bases,  would  meet  the  jjurpose  ;  and  in  fact,  we  do 
find  this  simple  anil  effective  form  more  aljundant  than  any  other, 
but  so  many  intricate  forms  are  also  found  that  it  will  always  be  a 
source  of  wonder,  and  a  subject  of  endless  controversy,  why  such 
simple  objects  should  have  been  foshioned  in  so  many  curious  sha])es. 

Fig.  262  represents  a  neady  chipi)ed  arrowhead,  usually  of  jasper, 


Fig,  262.  —  New 
Jersey     ', . 

which  may  be  taken  as  a  typical  examjile  f)f  diat  form,  known  as  the 
arrowhead  with  a 'MKJtched  base."  .Marge  jmjportion  of  the  arrow- 
heads found  along  the  northcn  .\tlantic  seaboard  are  of  this  form, 
though  it  is  not  in  such  abundance  as  to  be  considered  peculiar  to  this 
portion  of  the  continent,  .\rrowheads  of  this  pattern  vary  greatly  in 
size,  and  when  mvich  longer  than  fig.  262  are  not  distinguishable  from 
knives,  and,  jiossibly,  spearpoints. 

Fig.  263  represents  a  longer,  but  narrower  example  of  this  form 
which  is  of  eciually  common  o( currence.  Throughout  New  laigland, 
arrowheads  identical  with  this  are  very  common,  and  it  may  be  cf)n- 
sidered  as  one  of  the  characteristic  forms  north  of  the  Clonnecticut 
vallev. 


SI'K.\KI>OI\T.S   AND   ARROWHEADS. 


287 


Fig.  264.  — New 
Jersey.     1 . 


Figs.  264  and  265  represent  l)umilitul  s])c(inicns  of  the  smallest  size 
of  arrowheads,  l)oth  i>{  this  jiattern  witli  the  n;)tched  hase.  It  is  an 
unusual  circnnistance  to  find  arrowheads  of  tliis  si/.e  aloni;  the  Atlantic 
seaboard,  or  indeed  anywhere  east  of  the  Allei^hany  Mts.  In  Ohio 
and  Iniiiana,  they  seem  to  be  more  abundant.  As  a  rule,  the  smallest 
arrowheads  found  along  the  coa^t  are  triangular  in  shape.  Of  several 
thousand  si)ecimens  of  all  shajjes,  there  are  less  than 
a  dozen  of  this  jiattern,  that  are  as  small  as  fiu.  264, 
and  no  other  specimen  has  been  ccjllected  by  the 
author,  as  small  as  fig.  265.  As  with  the  very  small 
scrapers,  these  diminutive  arrowheads  are  chipped 
with  great  nicety,  and  are  among  the  finest  examples 
of  this  kind  of  work  that  have  been  found  on  the 
Atlantic  seaboard. 

Their  size  is  aiijjarently  an  objection  to  their  ordi- 
nary use  as  arrowheads,  and  so  few  have  been  found,  that  it  is  not 
likely  they  were  made  for  ortlinary  hunting  or  warlike  puri)oses.     .Still, 
we  find  on  comparing  them  with  modern  stone  and  glass  arrowiieads, 
and   esi)ecially  with   the   beautifiil   obsidian    specimens   found   in   the 
southwestc  1    territories  and    the  agate   exam]iles   found   in   Oregon, 
that  they  are  about  of  the  same  si/e.     .Arrowheads  of 
this  size  constitute  but  a  very  small  ])roporti(jn  of  the 
whole  number  found  ;  probably  not  more  than  vnc  in  a 
thousand.    That  they  arc  really  more  abundant  may  be 
true,  and  their  ajiparent  rarity  due  to  the  fa<  t  that  their 
diminutive   size  renders  them  more  liable  to  be  lost  in 
sandy  soil,  and  to  be  broken,   if  lying  in  loose  gravel. 
I'r;'        of  some  bright  color,  such  small  arrowheads  as 
fig.  265  are  very  incoiispicuous  objects. 

l"ig.  266  rei)resents  a  remarkably  true  and  carefiilly  worked  example 
of  an  arrowhead  with  a  notch  at  the  base.  .Spec  imens  as  carefiilly 
chipped  as  this  are  now  seldom  found,  excejjt  in  a  fragmenlarv  condi- 
tion. From  the  extreme  care  with  which  the  edges  ha\e  been  uorked. 
it  is  possible  that  this  imiilement  was  used  as  a  knife.     It  is  made  of 


Fig.  265.  — New 
Jersey.     J . 


I."UPJ  I  \\^^  WJ^A.t 


288 


PRIMITIVF,    INDl'STRV, 


light  brown  or  yellowisli-hrown  jasper,  wliich  occurs  in  great  abundance 
as  bowlders  and  ])el)l>les,  in  tlie  Delaware  river.  Of  this  material,  all 
the  finest  examples  of  Hint  work,  fcjund  in  Now  Jersey  and  in  New 
iMigland,  are  made. 

Fig.  2^fj  represents  a  somewhat  similar  specimen,  except  that  it  is 
much  narrower.  Unlike  the  generality  of  these  worked  flint  im- 
l)lements,  this  s])ecimen  is  a  thin  flake  of  chalcedony,  without 
surface  chippings  and  only  altered  along  the  edges,  so  as  to  give 
it  a  symmetrical  outline.     This  handsome  specimen,  also,  may  have 


Fig.  266.  —  New 

Jersey.     | . 


Fig.  267. —  New 
Jersey.     ^, 


F[G,  a68.  —  New 
Jersey.     \. 


been  used  as  a  knife,  but  it  is  as  probable  that  it  is  properly  classed 
as  an  arrowhead. 

Fig.  268  represents  a  modified  form  of  this  same  pattern,  in  which 
the  sides  are  parallel  for  one-half  their  length,  and  then  slope  evenly, 
by  straight  margins  to  an  acute  point.  Like  fig.  266,  this  specimen  is 
chipped  from  a  jasi)er  pebble,  and  is  of  eciually  artistic  workmanship. 

Arrowheads  of  this  pattern  are  not  abimdant  in  New  Jersey,  and  are 
very  rarely  found  in  New  l^igland.  In  western  New  York,  they  are 
occasionally  found,  and  are  of  more  conmion  occurrence  in  Ohio  and 
Indiana.  'I'he  late  Professor  Haldeman  found  but  three  specimens 
during  several  years  careful  collecting  in  the  valley  of  the  Susquehanna. 

All  the  arrowh.eads  of  this  pattern,  that  I  have  seen,  appear  to  be 
of  the  same  grade  of  workmanship,  and  of  the  one    material.     That 


SPEARPOINTS  AND   ARROWHEADS. 


289 


Fig.  269.  — New 
Jersey.    -J. 


they  possess  any  advantage  from  the  peculiar  finish  of  the  edges  seems 
very  questionable,  but  that  they  were  arrowheads  cannot  be  doubted. 

In  figs.  269  to  273,  inclusive,  is  represented  a 
second  form  of  arrowh  ads,  that  is  almost  as  com- 
mon as  the  preceding.     Instead  of  the   notched 
base,  they  have  a  straight  stem,  and  vary  among 
themselves  indefinitely,  as  to  the  relative  length  and 
breadth  of  both  the  stem  and  the  blade.     Fig.  269 
may  be  taken  as  a  type  of  this  pattern,  as  the  great 
majority  of  these  arrowheads  have  the  edges  slightly 
convex.    While  perhaps  a  ma- 
jority of   them    are   carefully 
chipjjed,  there  is  a  very  large  proportion  that  are 
rudely  made.      Apparently,  the  workman  ceased 
to  bestow  any  care  in  finishing  the  implement 
when  he  had  once  obtained  a  sharp  point. 

In  e\ery  large  series  of  stemmed  arrowheads, 
there  will  be  a  small  percentage  as  pronounced 
in  pattern  as  figs.  271  and  272,  but  generally 
they  more  nearly  approach  figs.  270  and  273. 

Fig.  27.  is  a  rare  form  of  stemmed  arrowhead, 
that  is  of  common  oc- 
currence in  Europe. 
In  the  Clement  collection  of  Swiss  Lake 
stone  implements  in  the  Archaeological 
Museum  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  there  are 
many  specimens  that  are  of  this  size  and 
shape.  Others  are  contained  in  the  Rose 
collection  of  Danish  antiquities,  belonging 
to  the  same  museum. 

Fig.  273  represents  about  the  minimum 
size  of  these  stemmed  arrowheads.    Imple- 
ments of  this  size  appear  to  be  in  larger  proportion  in  some  localities 
19 


Fig.  270.  —  New 
Jersey,    -1^. 


Fig.  S71.  — New  Jersey.    {, 


290 


I'RIMIiniC    INDUSTRY. 


Fir..  272.  — •  New 
Jersey,     j. 


tlian  in  others,  but  they  arc  nol  in  such  numbers  as  to  justify  the 
belief  that  tliey  were  ever  in  very  general  use. 

In  the  very  large  series  of  arrowheails  from  tlie  valley  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna, contained  in  the  collection  of  the  late  Professor  Halileman, 
are  hundreds  of  specimens  of  this  i)altern,  varying  in  outline  to  about 
the  extent  illustrate<l  in  the  series  of  sjiecimens  here 
figured.  .\s  shown  by  the  material  gathered  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Columbia,  Pa.,  it  would  appear  that 
these  stenuned  specimens  were  more  abundant  than 
■i//,y^     any  other  form,  not  excepting  those  with  a  notched 

^*'    *  'J'he  \arious  ])atterns  of  \arieties  of  stenuned  arrow- 

heads, that  are  here  figured,  all  occur  in  abundance  in 
New  iMigland  and  New  'Wjrk  ;    yet  in  but  few  limited 
localities  are  they  found  in  such  great  abundance  as  in 
the  valleys  of  the  Delaware  anil  Suscjuehanna  ri\ers. 
Fig.  274  represents  a  splendidly  chipped  implement  which  may  be 
out  of  ]ilace  in  association  with  arrowheads,  though  it  cannot  certainly 
be  classed  either  with  the  sjiearpoints  or  knives. 

While  an  unusual  pattern  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  and  of 
even  greater  rarity  throughout  New  England, s])ecimens  of  this  shape  are 
recorded  from  most  of  the  nt)rlhcrn  Atlantic  coast 
states.  In  New  York  they  have  been  found  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Mohawk  and  the  Hudson,  and  on  the 
shore  of  several  of  the  inland  lakes.  In  Ohio,  they 
are  much  more  common.  Of  all  that  have  been  ex- 
amined the  workmanship  is  excellent,  and  only  the 
choicest  materials  have  been  chosen  in  making  them. 
The  very  deep  lateral  notches  seem  to  indicate  that  a 
very  secure  hold  to  the  shaft  or  handle  was  re(|uired,  and  that  the 
implement,  thus  fostened,  was  intended  for  serioiis  work,  such  as  would 
put  a  great  strain  upon  it.  So  seldom  are  these  large  arrowheads,  or 
kni\es,  met  with  along  the  sealioaril,  as  compared  with  Ohio  and  the 
southwestern  states,  that  it  is  probaljle  that  all  that  have  been  found  in 


SrEARPOlNTS   AND   ARROWHEADS. 


291 


New  England  and  New  Jersey  were  l)roiight  from  tlie  interior  states, 
as  was  ]>rol)aI)ly  the  case  witii  many  of  tlie  large  spearpoints  of  finer 
finish.  Some  doubt,  liowever,  is  tiirown  iijjon  tliis  suggestion  by  the  fact 
that  there  have  been  found  a  small  number  of  delicately  chipped  arrow- 
heads of  small  size,  of  jirecisely  this  jjattern.  'J'hese  arrowheads  were 
made  of  )ellow  jasper,  and  found  in  a  field  near  Princeton,  New  Jersey, 
associated  with  dozens  of  other  jjatterns. 

I  have  also  had  an  ojiportunity  of  seeing  in  a  very  complete  local 
collection  of  stone  imi)lements,  made  in  the  neighborhood  of  Lake 
Hojjatcong,  Morris  Co.,  New  Jersey,  three  specimens  of  these  imple- 
ments of  the  same  size  as  fig.  274,  and 
all  made  of  a  beautifiil  green  jasper. 
The  workmanship  was  excellent.    'I'hey 
were  found  together  near  the  shore  of 
the  lake,  and  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
were  found  seven  copi)er  beads  and  a 
fine  chalcedony  spearpoint.     It  is  not 
imjirobable   that   all   these  objects  had 
been  washed  from  a  gnive. 

This  form  of  arrowhead  or  knife  does 
not  oc:cur  in  luirope,  so  far  as  I  can 
learn.  ICvans,  in  his  elaborate  volume 
on  the  "Stone  Implements  of  Great 
Britain,"  figures  nothing  that  bears  any 

resemblance  to  this  form.  All  the  larger  spearpoints  and  arrowheads 
of  England  ajjpear  to  be  of  the  stemmed,  or  stemmed  and  barbed 
patterns. 

Figs.  275  and  276  re])resent  two  excellent  examjiles  of  a  pattern  of 
arrowhead  or  small  spearpoint,  which  is  very  fre<iuently  found  in  New 
Jersey.  They  vary  indefinitely  in  size,  from  the  larger  of  the  two  fig- 
ured to  others  that  are  considerably  smaller  than  fig.  275.  This  form 
is  one  of  a  few  that  ai)pears  to  be  every  way  desirable,  and  yet  it  is  not 
as  abundant  as  some  others,  ^\■hen  made  of  jasper,  thin,  and  with  a 
good  edge,  it  would  be  difficult  to  design  a  better  weapon  than  fig. 


392 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


276.  The  Stem  is  of  such  shape  and  size  as  to  render  a  secure  attach- 
ment to  the  shaft  easily  practicable,  and  with  a  moderate  exercise  of 
force,  a  most  ugly  wound  could  be  inflicted  with  this  implement. 

In  fig.  276  we  have  an  implement  that  bears  consi(lerat)le  resem- 
blance to  the  specimen  described  in  the  preceding  paragraph  (fig.  274). 
By  merely  widening  the  base  of  the  stem  of  fig.  276,  we  convert  it 
into  the  pattern  of  fig.  274.  Thus,  while  possibly  both  are  too  large  to 
be  used  as  arrowheads,  they  were  probably  used  in  the  same  manner, 
either  as  spears  or  knives. 

Imiilements  of  this  pattern,  as  large  as  fig.  276,  are  not  frequently 
found  in  New  England,  even  in  the 
Connecticut  valley  where    so   large 


Fig.  275.  —  New  Jersey.     -}. 


Fig.  276.  —  New  Jersey.     -|-. 


a  variety  of  forms  have  been  obtained.  In  western  New  York 
they  are  more  abundant  than  in  the  Hudson  river  valley ;  while  in 
Pennsylvania,  altliough  recorded  in  few  numbers  in  some  localities, 
they  were  poorly  represented  in  the  collection  from  the  Susfjuehanna 
valley,  made  by  the  late  Professor  Haldeman.  From  a  field  of  a 
few  acres,  near  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  I  gathered  twenty  specimens 
of  this  form  in  the  summer  of  1878,  and  six  more  in  the  ensuing 
year.  Other  specimens  were  also  found  which  I  have  failed  to  se- 
cure. In  every  case  these  implements  were  made  of  jasper,  either 
red  or  yellow,  and  are  among  the  best  specimens  of  flint  chipping 


SPE.\RPOINTS  AND  ARROWHEADS. 


«93 


in  my  collections  from  New  Jersey,  now  in  the  Archaeological  Museum 
at  Cambridge,  Mass. 

I5arl)ed  arrowheads,  like  figs.  277  and 
278,  are  not  uncommon  wherever  arrow- 
heads of  any  pattern  are  found.  IJarbs 
can  be  added  to  almost  all  the  types,  and 
seem  to  be  the  result  of  fancy  on  the  part 
of  the  maker.  The  examination  of  broken 
specimens,  among  the  refuse  of  chips  of 
an  arrowmaker's  "sho]),"  does  not  indi- 
cate that  tliey  were  ever  very  abundant; 
and  nowhere  do  we  find  a  preponderance 
of  this  pattern.  Wlien  the  barbs  were  Fig.  =77. -New  Jersey.  |. 
related  to  the  stem,  as  in  fig.  277,  it  is  diiificult  to  see  of  what  practical 
use  they  were,  as  they  could  not  add  to  the  effectiveness  of  the 
weapon.  On  the  other  hand,  when  they  were  associated  with  straight, 
stem-like  bases,  as  in  fig.  278,  it  is  evident  that  when  once  they  had 
been  shot  or  thrust  into  a  body,  they  could 
not  readily  be  removed,and  hence  in  war, 
they  would  be  more  deadly  than  such  as  could 
be  promi)tly  withdrawn  from  the  wound. 

Arrowheads,  that  are  distinctly  barbed,  do 
not  appear  to   be  of  more  common  occur- 
rence in  the  western  and  southern  states,  than 
along  the  Atlantic  seaboard.     On  the  Pacific 
coast,  while  not  unknown,  they  are  rare.     Of 
the  series  collected  in  the  small  islands  off 
the  coast  of  California,  by  the  oiificers  of  the 
U.  S.  Geog.   Survey,  West  of  the    looth 
Meridian,   there   is   but  a  single   specimen, 
(Vol.  vii.  Archaeology,  pi.  iii,  fig.  i.) 
Of  a  series  of  nearly  thirty-three  hundred 
arrowheads,  collected  in  a  single  county  in  New  Jersey,  but  fifty-six 
are  distinctly  barbed,  and  probably  this  is  as  large  a  proportion  as 


Fig.  278.  —  New  Jersey.     -J-. 


294 


I'KiMrnvr,  industky. 


occurs  anywhere  along  tlie  seaboard.  Of  thousands  of  specimens 
from  the  Connecticut  valley,  the  j)ercentage  of  those  that  .a^  distinctly 
barbed  is  not  as  lar{,'e  as  in  the  New  Jersey  series. 

In  luirope,  the  barbed  arrtmhead  is  a  prevailing  type,  almost  num- 
bering onedialf  the  sitecimens  found  in  many  localities.  Of  a  series 
of  se\enty-two  arrowheads  from  (.eat  I'.ritain,  figured  by  Mr.  Mvans, 
twenty-eiglit  are  distinctly  barbed.  Some  of  tliem  have  the  bad)s  of 
remarkable  length,  and  terminating  in  blunt  ends.  This  latter  feature 
is  almost  unknown  among  American  flint  arrowheads,  and  never,  I 
believe,  occurs  in  the  various  forms  conuuon  to  the  .Atlantic  seaboard. 

That  form  of  arrowhead  which  is  a  modification  of  the  barbed,  and 
known  generally  as  the  triple-notched  arrowhead,  is  one  of  <iuite  com- 


Fic.  270.  —  \cw 
Jersey,     j. 


T'ln.  2811.  —  New 
Jersey.      \- 


Fh;.  281.  —  New 
Jersey.     \, 


mon  occurrence  in  Xcw  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  and  also 
in  Connecticut,  but  is  unusual  in  Massachusetts  and  more  northern 
localities.  .\s  seen  in  the  accompanying  illustrations,  the  specimens 
of  this  pattern  vary  considerably  in  form  and  size. 

Figs.  279  and  2S0  represent  the  more  common  sizes;  fig.  279  the 
minimum,  whilst  the  curiously  designed  sjiecimen,  fig.  2S1,  seems  too 
blunt  to  be  classed  as  an  arrowhead,  and  t)\ight  rather  to  be  classed  as 
a  knife  ;  though  in  this  case  it  is  very  difficult  to  imagine  any  object 
in  the  ])rominent  side  barbs. 

The  great  majority  of  these  triple-notched  arrowheads  are  of  quartz 
and  jasper,  and,  as  a  rule,  are  well  made.    Two  of  the  five  illustrations, 


SI'iaRPOINTS   AND   ARKUWUDAUS. 


395 


Fui.  aSa.  —  New 
Jersey,     \- 


here  given,  are  distinctly  serrated,  Imt  it  must  not  lie  supposed  that  such 
a  liirgu  proportion  is  usual ;  ncvcrlhciuss  the  majority  of  the  arrow- 
heads witii  (hslinctiy  serrated  cd^es  are  of  this 
pattern, 

J  a  a  large  scries  of  arrowheads  collected  in 
the  state  of  Delaware,  and  kindly  forwarded  to 
me  for  examination  liy  the  owner,  Mr.  '1',  J. 
liennett  of  Dover,  Delaware,  there  was  a  large 
number  of  specimens  of  this  [lattern,  all  of 
which  were  made  of  jasper.  Many  had  the 
edges  distinctly  serrated. 

'I'he  late  Professor  Maldeman  found  this  i)at- 
tern  to  he  (juite  well  re|)resented    in  tlie  ex- 
tensive series  of  arrowheads  collected  near 
Chickies,    Lancaster  Co.,   I'a.,  and  noticed  the  large  proportion  of 
serrated  specimens  among  them.     The  majority  of  these  specimens, 

however,  were  similar  in  size  and  finish, 
to  fig.  282. 

Fig,  283,  of  the  series  here  given,  is 
apparently  to(j  large  to  be  classed  as  an 
arrowhead,  Tiie  serrated  edges,  how- 
ever, seem  to  suggest  this  use,  rather 
than  that  of  a  knife  ;  and  it  is  scarcely 
large  enougli  to  be  classed  as  a  spear- 
])oint. 

Triangular  arrowheads  are  of  every 
imaginable  shade  of  width  and  length, 
and  in  workmanship  they  vary  from  the 
nidest  to  tlie  most  ex<iuisitely  ciiip])ed 
specimens.  As  is  the  case  with  so  many 
other  kinds  of  implements,  there  will 
often  arise  a  doubt  as  to  whether  all  tliese  specimens,  v.irying  as  they 
do  in  form  and  size,  were  used  for  the  same  pur])ose.  It  seems  un- 
questionable that  figs.   284  and  285  were  arrowheads.     I'heir  size, 


Fig.  283.  —  New  Jersey,    \. 


296 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


shape  and,  it  may  be  added,  their  abundance,  all  indicate  it ;  but  this 
may  be  doubted  when  we  come  to  consider  such  an  example  as  fig. 
288.  This,  however,  is  not  too  large  for  an  arrowhead  ;  and,  until  it 
can  be  shown  that  specimens  of  this  size  were  otherwise  utilized,  it 
seems  safe  to  class  it  as  such,  though  one  of  the  largest  size. 

When  long  and  slender,  like  figs.  284  and  287,  these  implements  are 
certainly  admirably  adapted  for  tips  to  the  shafts  of  arrows,  and  being 
so  largely  made  of  black  flint  or  chert,  they  recall  forcibly  the  words 
of  Holm  that  "the  head  of  the  arrow  *  *  *  is  made  of  a  black  flint 
stone." 

Of  the  triangular  arrowheads  found  in  New  Jersey,  but  ^•ery  few 
ha\e  been  found  which  have  serrated  edges,  and 
all  of  these  were  of  the 
smallest  size  of  this   pat- 


FiG.  2S4.  —  New  Jersey.  \.  FiG.  285.  —  New  Jersey,  -j-.        Fig.  286.  —  New  Jersey.   \- 

tern,  several  being  even  smaller  than  fig.  286. 

There  is  a  prevalent  oi)inion  concerning  arrowheads  of  this  ])attem, 
that  they  were  used  almost  exclusively  for  "war  arrows,"  and  were 
usually  poisoned.  Upon  what  grounds  this  opinion  is  based  I  have  not 
been  able  to  learn,  except  that  it  has  been  suggested  that  these  points 
or  heads  were  jilaced  loosely  in  a  slit  on  the  end  of  the  shaft,  and  so 
would  be  retained  in  the  l)ody  of  the  person  shot,  however  carefully 
the  shaft  might  be  withdrawn.  How  far  this  may  be  true  is  difficult 
to  determine,  but  it  is  highly  improbable  di.it  any  one  form  of  these 
imijlements  should  have  been  designed  or  set  aside  for  any  particular 
l)urpose.  In  New  Jersey  there  is  no  known  locality  where  these  are 
found  unassociated  with  other  forms,  and  if  "war"  points,  they  should 


SPEAR.OINTS   ANU   ARROWHE.\DS. 


297 


in  some  localities  .    a  markeil  feitiire  of  ancient  battle-fields,  several 
of  wiiich  are  supposed  to  ]je  known  to  the  local  his- 
torians, and  even  to  the  collectors  of  Indian  relics. 

In  figs.  289  to  293  inclusive,  we  have  examples  of 
short,  broad  triangular  arrowheads,  such  as  o-cur  in 
even  greater  numbers  than  the  i)receding.  When  of 
this  size  and  shape,  they  are  often  carelessly  chipped,  /(* 
the  absence  of  a  sharp  point  being  very  noticeable. 
Their  bluntness  is  not  caused  by  the  loss  of  these 
points,  but  was  evidently  pro- 
duced intentionally.  Occa- 
sionally these  triangular  arrow- 
heads have  two  notches  near 
the  ends  of  the  base,  thus  making  tiie  imple- 
ment one  of  the  barbed  pattern  (see  fig. 
309).  Whenever  these  notches  occur,  they 
are  invariably  associated  with  a  style  of 
chipping  much  superior  to  that  upon  the 
specimens  here  figured.  The  peculiar  needle- 
like point  on  fig.  292  is  not  an  accident,  but 
was  deliberately  chipped  out.  Of  a  large 
series  of  these  broad  triangular  specimens 
from  New  Jersey,  there  were  many  with  this  peculiarity;  and  the 


Fig.  287.  — New 
Jtrsey.     f. 


Fig.  s88.  —  New  Jersey.    |. 


Fig.  289.-New  Jersey.    |.        F„i.  =9o.-New  Jersey.    \.         FiG.  .9.. -New  Jersey.    {. 

same  was  noted  as  occurring  on  a  series  of  the  same  pattern  from  the 
Connecticut  valley. 

Of  a  series  of  thirty-three  hundred  arrowheads  from  Mercer  county, 


298 


PKIMITIVK    INDUSTRY. 


Flo.  292.- 
Jersey. 


-Nl.v 


New  Jersey,  to  wliich  reforcnco  lias  Ijocn  made,  fourteen  Inindred  and 
twenty-eiyht  belong  to  the  triangular  pattern.  This  shows  how  very 
common  it  was,  and  pnjves  clearly  that,  among  all  the 
various  jiatterns  of  arrowheads,  this  was  emphatically 
the  favorite  fcrm. 

The  proi)ortion  of  triangular  to  other  shapes  of 
arrowheads  is  less  in  New  luigland,  tiian  in  the 
middle  states,  judging  from  the  collections  preserved 
in  the  public  museums  ;  anil  in  Pennsylvania  they  are 
also  less  common  than  in  New  Jersey,  so  far  as  the 
collections  of  the  late  Professor  Haldenian,  of  the  Sus(iuehanna  valley 
forms,  and  of  my  own,  of  the  Delaware  valley  patterns,  enable  one  to 
make  a  comparison. 

Considered  as  a  class,  these  triangular 
arrowheads  will  not  compare  favorably  with 
those  of  the  same  pattern  found  in  Ohio  and 
Indiana.  From  various  localities  in  these 
states,  are  derived  most  marvellous  specimens 
of  skilful  chipping  of  flint,  which  in  some 
cases  is  only  equalled  by  the  finest  specimens 
of  Danish  arrowheads  of  the  same  pattern. 

Figs.  294  and  295  represent  two  ir- 
regularly shaped  triangular  arrowheads 
which  differ  iVom  the  preceding,  in  having 
concave  bases.  Th's  feature  is  much 
more  marked  in  some  specimens  than  in 
those  figured  ;  in  some  -ases,  being  not 
a  curved  indentation,  but  rather  like  an 
inverted  \'. 

In  fig.  295  we  have  a  modified  form  of 
the  triangular  patte.11,  which  is  so  nide, 
that  at  first  it  might  be  considered  an 
unfinished  imi)lement ;  but  so  many  are  found  of  exactly  this  shape 
that  it  is  jirobably  an  intentional  and  not  a  chance  form. 


Fig,  293.  —  New  Jersey.    \, 


SPF.ARPOINTS   AND   ARROWHFADS. 


299 


l-'lLi.    2i>;    —  New 

J<;rM;y.    -1 . 


Of  the  ordinary  form  of  triangular  arrowheads,  with  a  concave  Ijase, 
such  as  I'v^.  294,  tiiere  appears  to  he  a  varying  numlier  as  compared 
with  tliose  that  have  a  straight  l)ase,  as  they  occur  in  chfferent  locah- 
ties.  in  central  New  Jersey,  they  constitute  l)ut  a  small  proportion, 
in  PennsyKania  they  outnumber  the  others,  while 
in  New  l!ng!and  they  are  al)out  eiiualiy  divided. 
While  tJie  whole  subject  is  merely  a  matter  of 
conjecture,  L  am  led  to  believe,  from  the  circum- 
stances under  which  many  of  these  relics  are 
found,  and  also  their  numbers  in  many  localities, 
which  bear  evidence  of  great  anti(|uity,  that  the 
triangular  jjattern  is  the  t)riginal  form  of  arrow- 
head, if  there  e\er  was  such  a  thing.  Attention 
has  already  been  called  to  various  forms  of  flakes 
that  were  jtrobably  used  fur  tipping  the  shafts  of  arrows.  Flakes  of 
themselves  would  soon  be  found  to  be  inconvenient  from  the  fact  of 
their  irregularity  of  outline,  and  an  attempt  to  reduce  them  to  a 
symmetrical  shape  woukl  soon  be  made,  and  the  llrst  elTorts  in  this 
direction  were  apparently  to  make  a  shapely  tri- 
angular point  for  the  arrowshaft.  The  oldest  jasper 
arrowheads  I  have  found  in  New  Jersey  were  sim])ly 
flakes,  with,  such  secondary  chijjping as  was  retiuired 
to  make  them  triangular ;  and  the  oldest  speci- 
mens, ajiparently,  of  the  series  collected  by  the  late 
Professor  HaUleman,  in  the  valley  of  the  Sus(iue- 
hanna,  I'a.,  gave  that  archiiiologist  the  same  im- 
l)ression,  as  stated  to  the  writer. 

A  well-marked  and  very  handsome  ])attern  of 
arrowhead  is  the  long  triangular  with  convex  base.  In  this  form  tiiey 
are  wcW  known  as  the  leaf-shaped  arrowheails,  and  constitute  a  con- 
sideral)le  proportion  of  the  whole  number  foimd. 

rig.  2()6  represents  a  poorly  finished  specimen,  which  is  here  intro- 
duced as  a  "connecting  link"  between  the  triangular  specimens,  and 
such  as  are  distinctly  curved  at  the  base. 


Kii;.  jKt).  —  Ni 
Jersey,     -f. 


300 


PRIMITIVE    INDUSTRY. 


Fig.  297  more  nearly  approaches  the  typical  examples  of  this  form 
of  arrowhead,  given  in  the  succeeding  figures. 

Figs.  298  to  300,  inclusive,  represent  good  average  specimens  of 
this  implement.  A  small  proportion  of  the  whole  number  found  are 
somewhat  larger  than  the  specimens  here  figured,  and  occasionally  we 
meet  with  one  which  is  considerably  smaller  than  fig.  299,  but  these 
larger  and  smaller  specimens  are  so  few  in  number,  as  scarcely  to  affect 
the  statement  that  in  size,  as  well  as  finish,  those  figured  fairly  repre- 
sent the  whole  series. 

Whether  made  of  cjuartz  or  jasper,  arrowheads  of  this  pattern  are, 


Fr;.  297.  —  New 
Jersey.    \. 


Fig.  298.  —  New 
Jersey.    \. 


Fit;.  299,  —  New 
Jersey.    \- 


Fig.  300. — New 
Jersey.    -J-. 


as  a  rule,  very  carefully  chipped,  and  many  are  still  very  sharply  pointed. 
Few  sj)ecimens  of  flint  chipping  are  more  delicate  than  the  white  (juartz 
example,  fig.  300  ;  which  still  retains  its  original  point,  and  sharp  cut- 
ting edges. 

Though  this  form  of  arrowhead  differs  very  materially  in  numbers,  in 
the  various  river  valleys,  throughout  the  New  England  and  middle 
states,  yet  it  cannot  be  considered  a  rare  form.  In  some  limited  local- 
ities it  reaches  fully  to  seven  jjcr  cent,  of  all  found. 

The  leaf-shaped  arrowhead  occurs  througliout  the  southern  and 
western  states,  and  was  a  favorite  pattern  with  tiie  natives  of  the  islands 
off  the  coast  of  CaUfornia  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  west  of  looth  Meridian, 


SPEARPOINTS  AND   ARROWHEADS. 


301 


vol.  vii,  Archeology,  pi.  iii),  and  is  found  also  along  the  Pacific  coast, 
northward  to  British  America. 

In  Europe  it  is  a  well  known  form.  Afr.  Evans  figures  a  large  series 
of  English  specimens,  none  of  which  differ  materially  from  the  Ameri- 
can forms.  He  includes,  however,  with  them,  those  that  are  pointed 
at  each  end.  It  is  doubtful  if  these  were  really  used  as  arrowheads. 
The  same  pattern  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  coast  states,  and  abundantly 
in  Ohio  and  the  southwest.    I  am  disposed  to  consider  them  as  knives. 

Lozenge-shaped  arrowheads,  as  they  are  generally  called,  are  simply 


Fig.  301.  — New 
Jersey.    |. 


Fig.  302.  — New 
Jersey.    |. 


Fig.  303.  —  New 
Jersey.    \. 


Fk;.  304.  —  New 
Jersey,     -j . 


modifications  of  the  leaf-shaped  pattern,  in  which  the  bases  are  angular 
instead  of  being  convex  in  outline.  Fig.  301  represents  an  example 
that  approaches  more  nearly  to  the  stemmed  arrowheads  ;  and  fig.  302 
varies  but  little  from  a  typical  leaf-shaped  specimeui  In  figs.  303  to 
305  inclusive  we  have  typical  examples  of  the  true  lozenge-shaped 
specimens.  Between  these  forms  there  are  intermediate  patterns,  and 
a  closely  connected  series  can  readily  be  made,  which  extends  from 
specimens  as  pronounced  as  fig.  304  to  the  leaf-shaped  arrowheads  of 
the  foregoing  page. 


302 


PRIMITIVE    INDUSTRV. 


Arrowheads  of  tliis  pattern  are  largely  ccMifined  to  certain  localities, 
and  seem  to  be  wholly  winling  o\er  very  extended  districts.  In  the 
Susquehanna  valley,  but  very  few  specimens  were  found  by  the  late 
]V)fessor  Haldeman,  and  thcjse  that  were  collected  were  generally  of 
such  large  size  as  to  suggest  the  knife  rather  than  the  arrowiiead.  In 
the  Connecticut  vallev',  this  form  is  nowhere  common,  and  less  than  a 
score  of  si)ecimens,  from  northern  New  l^nglaiul,  are  in  the  collections 
of  the  Museum  of  Archaeology,  at  Cambridge,  Mass.  Of  a  series  of 
abcjut  fifty  specimens  from  New  Jersey,  all  are  from 
one  limited  localit)',  in  Cdoticester  county,  except 
half  a  dozen  of  die  more  indefinite  j)attern,  like 
fig.  302. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  the  great  majority  of 
these  lozenge-shapeil  implements  were  really  used 
as  kni\es,  and  not  as  arrowheads.  In  many  re- 
spects they  resemble  what  are  known  to  be  chipped 
knives,  foun<l  in  distant  localities,  as  in  California, 
and  the  shape  of  the  base  is  such  as  to  suggest 
that  they  were  inserted  into  a  broad  wooden 
handle,  instead  of  a  slender  reed.  In  this  case, 
as  in  all  others,  there  must  ever  be  a  doubt  as  to 
the  purpose  for  which  these  chipi)ed  flints  were 
made  ;  and  the  fact  borne  in  mind,  that  they  were 
not  confined  to  any  one  use.  So  far  as  they 
proved  available  as  knives,  iloubtlessly  they  were  used  as  such,  and  the 
same  may  be  said  of  their  use  as  arrowheads. 

Arrowheads  with,  distinctly  serrated  edges  are  not  abundant  either  in 
New  England  or  the  middle  slates.  Slight  serrations,  such  as  occur 
on  some  roughly  chii)ped  si)ecimens,  are  rather  freijiient,  but  with  this 
exception,  they  are  comparatively  rare. 

.Attention  has  already  been  called  to  another  pattern  of  arrowhead, 
which  is  frequently  serrated  along  the  sides,  and  which  constitutes  the  ma- 
jority of  the  serrated  examples  of  these  implements.  Other  forms  are 
also  met  with,  as  the  notched-based,  stemmed  and  barbed  arrowheads. 


Fic.  305.  —  New 
Jersey.     ]. 


SPEARPOIXIS    AND    AKR(J\VHKAI)S, 


303 


Fig.  306  represents  an  cxamfjle  of  an  arrowhead,  with  finely  serrated 
edges,  of  the  so-called  nolched-liased  pattern.  Although  now  rather 
indistinct,  the  serrations  can  readily  be  traced  and  sliow  that  they  were 
intentionally  i>roduced,  and  have  no  connection  with  the  chipping  of 
die  surfaces. 

I'^'o-  3"7  represents  an  ordinary  stemmed  arrowhead  with  serrated 
sides.  ICxamples  with  this  featine  so  marked  are  \ery  rarel)-  met  with 
along  the  Atlantic  coast.  I  ha\e  seen  none  from  New  Ijigland  that 
were  as  distinctly  serrated,  and  hut  three  sjjecimens  from  the  Susciue- 
hanna  \alley. 

I'^iy-  308,  with  barbs  as  well  as  serrated  edges,  is  a  pattern  that  occurs 


Fig.  306.  —  New  Jersey.  ]  .        Fic.  30; .  ~  Ne\  •  J 


erscy.    \. 


Fig.  308.  —  Indiana.    \> 


but  rarely  anywhere.  In  New  Jerse\,  l)ut  few  examples  have  been 
foimd,  and  these  are  generally  broken.  In  New  ICngland,  even  in  tlie 
Connecticut  valley,  they  are  rare.  'i"he  s])ecinien  here  figured  is  from 
Indiana. 

f)f  .\merican  arrowheads,  with  serrated  edges,  it  may  lie  said  that 
they  do  not  form  a  class  of  themselves,  or  that  they  were  made  for  any 
particular  purpose.  'J"he  art  of  chipping  (lint,  so  as  to  produce  these 
tooth-like  projections,  was  not  sufficiently  well  understood  to  enable 


304 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


the  Indian  to  make  much  use  of  this  feature,  and  no  examples  of 
implements  with  such  evenly  wrought  serrations  and  ripple-marked 
surfaces,  as  are  seen  on  arrowheads,  saws  and  daggers  of  flint,  found 
in  Denmark,  have  been  found  in  this  country,  or  at  least,  on  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  the  continent. 

Fig.  309  represents  a  form  of  arrowhead,  that  combines  the  charac- 
teristic features  of  several  other  patterns.  It  is,  in  fact,  a  triangular 
arrowhead,  with  barb-like  angles  at  the  l)ase.  This  form,  also,  occurs 
frequently  with  serrated  edges. 

AVhile  it  might  properly  have  been  de- 
scribed under  one  or  more  of  the  several 
divisions  of  arrowheads  mentioned  in  the 
preceding  pages,  it  is  here  placed  by  itself 
that  its  peculiarities,  which  are  very  marked, 
might  the  more  readily  be  recognized. 

Arrowheads  of  this   pattern    are    quite 
abundant  in  many  limited  localities  in  New 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  and  are  remark- 
able for  the  delicacy  of  the  chipping,  the  uniformity  of  size,  and  the 
fact  that  all  are  made  either  of  cjuartz  or  jasper,  the  former  mineral 
being  that  which  was  generally  used. 


CHAPTER    XX, 


I'l.IN  r  DACIU'.RS. 


The  typical  chipped  flint  dagger,  wiiich  is  sikIi  a  characteristic  form 
of  implement  in  Denmark  antl  throughout  northern  Kuro])e,  is  of  com- 
paratively rare  occurrence  in  the  United  States,  and  particularly  so, 
along  the  nortiiern  Atlantic  seaboard.  Of  the  various  jjatterns  of 
weapons  described  by  the  early  writers,  not  one  is  mentioned  as  being 
in  common  use  among  the  American  native  tribes  that  even  suggest 
the  dagger.  Long,  slender  spearjjoints  are  supposed  to  liave  been  used 
in  this  manner,  but  there  is  no  reascjn  why  the  term  "  dagger,"  as  now 
understood,  should  be  applied  to  them. 

The  class  of  objects  more  particularly  referred  to  in  the  i)resent 
chapter  may  be  described  collectisely  as  carefully  chi])ped  flint  imple- 
ments of  great  length  in  comparison  to  their  breadth,  acutely  pointed, 
occasionally  with  tho  base  defined  by  hill-like  i)rojections,  and  the 
blade  (juadrangular  or  oval  in  section. 

Daggers,  like  the  typical  European  examples  figured  by  Sir  John 
Lubbock,'""-  have  been  found  in  the  (Jhio  valley.  In  the  museum  of 
the  Academy  of  Science,  at  Salem,  Mass.,  there  is  a  beautiful  specimen 
found  in  the  bed  of  Crosswicks  Creek,  Turlington  Co.,  New  Jersey, 
and  fragments  of  others  have  been  found,  near  Easton,  Pa. 

Col.  C.  C.  Jones,  jr., '"3  has  given  a  figure  and  description  of  a  beau- 
tiful specimen,  seven  and  one-half  inches  in  length.  Li  this  specimen 
the  blade  is  separated  from  the  handle  by  barb-like  projections,  and 
the  end  of  the  handle  terminates  in  similar  barb-like  projections. 

Fig.  310  represents  a  dull  brown  jasper  implement  that  is  in  every 


>"■•'  Liililmck.    Pro-Historic  Times,  and  cil.,  p.  y/,  figs.  115,  116  :iiul  117.    London,  iS6g. 
""Jones,  /.  c,  p.  267,  pi.  vii,  fig.  3. 


20 


(305) 


xoC 


PRIMITIVE   IXnUSTRV. 


■uJ 


'M 


])anicular  the  facsimile  of  do/ens  in  tiie  magnificent  Rose  collection 
of  1  )anish  implements,  belonging  to  the  mu- 
seum of  Archaeology  at  Cambridge,  Mass. 
This  si)ecimen  measures  nearly  seven  inches 
in  length,  and  nowhere  exceeds  an  inch  in 
width.  The  base  or  handle  is  as  acutely 
chi|)i)eil  on  the  sides  as  the  blade  proper,  and 
is  too  shari)  to  have  been  held  in  the  naked 
hand.  A  handle  of  some  kind  was  necessary, 
though  its  shape  or  the  material  of  which  it 
was  made  is  not  knjwn. 

The  magnificent  chert  implements  of  a 
dagger-like  character,  found  on  the  Pacific 
coast,  were  attached  to  handles  by  means  of 
asphaltum,  or  had  handles  made  of  this  ma- 
terial. Most  of  these  implements,  however, 
are  quite  thin  and  flat,  and  eviilently  were 
not  put  to  any  severe  use.  Associated  with 
them,  however,  are  others  that  are  thick,  and 
distinctly  o\al  in  section,  which  also  were 
hafled  with,  or  by  means  of  asphaltum  ;  and 
it  is  by  no  means  im[)robable  that  some  gum 
or  resin  was  used  by  the  Atlantic  coast 
tribes,  in  a  similar  manner.  Attention  has 
already  been  called  to  the  fl\ct  that  the 
Delaware  Indians  used  fish  glue,  to  secure 
the  stone  points  to  the  shafts  of  the  arrows. 

Fig,  310  is  but  little  shorter  than  the  larger 
examples  of  the  chert  implemer.is  found  in 
California,  figured  in  the  \olume  on  Archa;- 
ology,  of  the  Government  Survey  of  Capt. 
Wheeler,'"'  and  possibly  may  have  been  used 


.     '.V    i ., 


'Mi 

mm 


i 


^y./., 


'fi'- 


m 


'I 


Fig,  310.  ■ 


10'  I,'.  S.  GcDgiMpliital  Survey  wcsl  of  looili  Meridian,  vol. 
-New  Jersey.    {.       vii,  pi.  i,  figs.  5,  6.iiid  7. 


FLINT   DAOOERS. 


307 


in  ceremonial  ol^scrvances  only,  as  Mr.  Powers'"'  has  stated,  was 
the  case  with  the  Pacific  coast  implements.  According  to  tiiis 
author,  among  the  various  ohjects  worn  an.l  paraded  in  various 
ceremonial  dances,  are  the  flakes  or  knives  of  ol)sidian  or  jasper. 
"I  have  seen  several  whi.h  were  fifteen  indies  or  more  in  length 
and  about  two  and  one-half  inches  wiile  in  the  widest  part.  Pieces 
as  large  as  these  are  carried  aloft  in  tiie  han.l  in  the  dance, 
wrapped  witli  skin  or  cl„th  to  prevent  llie  rough  edges  from  lacer- 
ating the  hand,  but  ///.•  smaller  ones  are  mounte,/ on  nu>o,/.;i  handles 
and  j^lt/rd fast." 

Considering  the  rarity  of  such  jasper  im])iements  as  fig.  310  ami 
others,  that  more  nearly  correspond  with  tliose  of  the  largest  size 
mentioned  by  Mr.  Powers,  may  it  not  be  tliat,  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
also,  the)-  were  pro.luced  only  upon  ceremonial  occasions,  and  did  not 
serve  any  of  the  purposes  that  have  been  ascribed  to  them  ? 

In  the  museum  of  the  Academy  of  Science  at  Salem,  ^fass., 
is  a  beautiful  example  of  a  chipped  jasper  implement,  similar  to  those' 
described  by  Mr.  J'owers.  It  is  made  of  jasper,  an<l  measures  eleven 
and  one-fourth  inches  in  length  by  two  and  seven-eighths  inches  in 
width. 

'1-his  specimen  was  presented  by  Jos.  Story,  cs.p,  in  1.S24,  and  is 
labelled  as  coming  from  New  Jersey ;  associated  with  it  is  a  specimen 
of  another  class,  i.lentical  with  the  western  spades  or  sho\els.  It  is 
of  the  same  mineral,  also  from  New  Jersey,  and  presented  b)-  Mr.  Story 
in  1S24. 

As  specimens  of  such  large  size  are  very  mre  in  the  eastern  or 
middle  states  it  is  more  than  jirobable  that  they  were  the  peculiar 
property  of  "chiefs"  and  possibly  were  used  on  state  occasions  as\i 
badge  of  office,  rather  than  on  the  field  of  battle.  There  is  too  much 
work  on  such  an  implement  to  risk  its  being  broken  in  a  fight. 

Messrs.  Squier  and  Davis""'    figure   a   '-fiint"    similar  In  size  and 


•""Powers.    TrihesofCalifornin:Con.ributo«t,.Nortl,Americn„  Kthnology,  vol  iii    n  ,„ 
W.nshingtnn,  1S77.  '  '^' '»' 

■»»  Squier  and  n.ivis.    Anc.  ^ron.  Miss.  Valley,  p.  2,1,  f,g.  9,;  (Xo.  3). 


3o8 


I'RIMniVK    INDUSTRY. 


miuL-ral,  but  varying  from  it  in  being  pointed  at  cadi  end.  After 
mentioning  tlie  use  to  wliicii  tlie  stemmed  examitles  were  put,  tliey  add, 
"There  are  others,  however,  tlie  manner  of  using  wiiicii  is  not  so  obvi- 
ous. No.  3  is  an  example.  It  measures  eleven  imhes  in  length  by 
two  and  a  half  in  greatest  l)readth.  It  has  been  suggested  that  it  was 
fastened  at  right  angles  to  a  handle  and  used  as  a  sort  of  battle-axe." 


C  H  A  V  T  !■:  R    X  X  r . 


fiRUUVlil)  STONK  i;t.Ul!.FrEADS. 


A  grooved  glol)iilar  or  oval  pcl)l)le  is  an  object  so  readily  utilized  in 
many  (lillerent  ways  tliat  it  is  well  nigh  impossible  to  determine  to 
what  use  any  i)arti(  iilar  specimen  was  put.  Furthermore,  these  stone 
implements  are  (ommon  to  a  large  portion  of  the  globe,  and  the  use 
to  which  the  natives  of  one  country  put  them  is  not  necessarily  the 
same  as  that  of  a  different  peo])le. 

Orooved  pebbles  found  in  Denmark  are  referred  to  by  Nilsson'o^  as 
"])hunmets"  and  considered  as  of  such  use  only.  'Jlie  sugges- 
tion that  they  were  "sling-shots"  he  regards  as  a  mere  supi)ositIon. 
Evans'"8  suggests  that,  in  ICngland,  at  least,  they  were  used  as  "sinkers" 
for  nets  and  lines,  inasmuch  as  they  generally  are  not  battered  at  the 
ends,  and  so  show  no  indication  of  use  as  hammers.  Col.  C.  C. 
Jones,  jr.,'"9  does  not  refer  to  this  form,  when  occurring  in  the  southern 
states,  as  being  distinct  from  the  more  abundant  notched  pebbles,  but 
considers  them  alike  as  sinkers  for  nets  and  lines. 

While  it  is  very  probable  that  the  above  suggested  use  of  grooved 
globular  pebbles  is  correct,  so  far,  at  least,  as  itapi)lies  to  the  localities, 
to  which  these  authors  refer,  there  are  some  reasons  for  considering 
that  possibly  they  were  also  occasionally,  if  not  habitually,  put  to  a  far 
different  use. 

I'rom  the  fact  that  many  of  the  grooved  globular  pebbles  are  care- 
fully worked  to  a  very  symmetrical  form,  and  the  groove  finished 
with  as  much  care  as  it  is  on  many  of  the  common  axes ;  and  for  the 


""  Nilsson.    Sione  Age  in  Scnndinavin,  p.  25.    I.nmlon,  1S68. 

""  Kvans.    Ancient  Stone  Implements  ..f  fireat  Britain,  p.  2,,,  London,  1873. 

""Jones.    Antiquities  »f  the  Southern  Indians,  p  338.     New  York,  1873. 

(ao9) 


3IO 


rRl.MITlVK  INDUSTRY. 


additional  reason,  that  tliey  arc  found  in  fewer  numl)cr.s  and  associated 
willi  ordinary  forms  of  \veai)ons  and  doniestie  iniplenients,  rallier  tlian 
in  tiie  vicinity  of  rivers  or  tlie  larger  creeks,  it  is  believed  that  many, 
at  least,  of  the  larger  examjjles,  were  used,  not  as  sinkers,  or  i)lnmniets, 
but  as  club-heads,  and  therefcjre  should  be  classed  as  weapons.  'I'here 
is  no  historical  e\iden(e  to  confirm  this  opinion,  so  far  as  relates  to  the 
Delaware  Indians,  but  it  is  known  that  clubs  of  various  i)atterns  were, 
and  indeed  still  are,  a  favorite  weaptin  of  the  native  races  of  America. 

The  Iroquois,  according  to  Morgan,""  had  war-clubs  of  two 
patterns;  one,  the  Gii-Ji'-icii,  with  a  globular  head  ;  the  other,  Ga-iic- 
u'-i;a-o-iiiis-/uj,  armed  with  a  jioint  of  deer's  horn.  Of  these,  he  re- 
marks :  "before  the  tomahawk  car.ie  into  use  among  the  Iro(]uois,  their 
jirincipal  weaj)ons  were  the  bow,  the  stcjiv"  tomahawk  and  war-club. 
'J'he  G(i-ji'-7i'ii  was  a  heavv  wea]ion  tisually  made  of  ironwood,  wi'.ii  a 
large  ball  of  knot  at  the  head.  It  was  usually  about  two  feet  in  length, 
and  the  ball  five  or  six  inches  in  diameter." 

IJesides  these,  Mr.  Morgan  adds,  what  is  of  more  importance  in  this 
instance,  "oval  stones,  with  groo\es  around  their  greatest  circumference, 
were  also  secured  in  tlie  heails  of  war-clubs,  and  thus  made  dangerous 
weajions."  It  is  recorded,  also,  of  the  .Massachusetts  Indians,'"  that 
"  they  made  use  in  tlieir  wars,  of  the  '  balista'  (a  war-chib  with  a  stone 
head  co>i.red  with  hide)  which  instnunent  is  represented  several  times, 
agreeably  to  (.'hingwauk's  inter])retation,  on  Dighton  Rock."  U'est  of 
the  Mississijiiii  river,  a  form  of  wea])on  was  long  ago  descri!)ed  by  the 
explorers,  Lewis  and  Clarke,"-  as  a  poggamoggon,  whirji,  although  not 
necessarily  a  grooved  stone,  is  further  evidence  that  globular  stones 
were  used  as  club-heads. 

I''ig.  311  represents  an  excellent  examjile  of  these  larger  grooved 
|ifbl)les,  which  are  sup])osed  to  have  had  (jthcr  uses  than  as  net-sinkers. 
In  this  exam])le,  tlie  groove  is  aicurately  fmihl  ed,  and  (|uite  smooth, 
and   the  ends  of  tlie  pebi)le  are  free  from  every  iiu'  .  ation  of  haril 


*'"  I,c:ij;ue  (if  ihe  Iroi|uois,  p.  362.   New  Vork,  1850. 

^"  Schooluriift.  /.  c.,  pi.  I,  p.  J84,  J)!.  15,  fliis.  I  anil  2. 

"'■'  t.sp.  up  ihg  Misauuri,  vul.  i,  page  415.     I'lulaJel.,  1814. 


GROOVED  STONE   CLUB-HE.ADS. 


3" 


usage  of  any  kind.  Tlie  stone  itself  is  ver)-  hard  and  heavy,  and 
might  be  u.sf<l  indefinitely  for  cracking  sku!'<  vithout  exhibiting 
any  wear.  (Occasionally,  eciually  well-wrought  implements  of  this 
pattern  are  found,  that  have  two  grooves  crossing  each  other  at  ,  ight 
angles.  The  object  of  this  is  not  clear.  No  traces  of  a  handle,  such 
as  that  in  which  it  is  supposetl  these  grooved  stones  were  mounted, 
have  been  found  in  any  uf  the  Indian  graves  in  New  Jersey ;  but  it  is 
of  interest  to  note  that  these  stones  freijuently  occur  in  these  gra\es, 
and  there  is  no  instance  of  an  ordinary  net-weight  having  been  founil 
among  the  contents  of  any  ancient  burial.  As  the  large  mauls  were 
necessarily  used  with  a 
handle,  and  these  smaller 
grooved  i)elbles  are  sim- 
l)ly  mauls  in  ininiature,  it 
is  (juite  reasonable  to  suj)- 
pose,  that  when  they  are 
highly  finished,  and  ha\e 
a  certain  smoothness  in- 
di<:ati\e  of  a  leather  cover- 
ing, they  were  used  as 
weapons. 

P'ig  312  represents  a 
second  examjjle  of  ti.ese 
larger  grooved  ])ebl)les, 

which  though  not  actually  polished,  is  exceedingly  smooth  and 
free  from  all  inequalities  of  surface.  The  groo\e,  in  this  specimen,  is 
unusually  narrow  and  deep,  and  very  smooth  ;  and,  if  originally  jiecked. 
has  since  been  intentional!)-  ground  or  woni  away  by  the  friction  of 
a  leather  cord.  This  specimen,  whatevjr  it  may  prove  to  have  been, 
would  be  more  intelligible  were  it  not  for  the  deep  cuplike  depressions 
on  the  sid"s,  so  situateil  as  to  break  the  continuity  of  the  groove. 
'J'hese  cups,  or  hollows,  are  larger  than  the  finger  pits  of  common 
hammer  stones,  .^nd.  like  the  groove,  are  carefully  ground  :  and,  exceijt 
that  they  are  oval,  would  appear  to  have  been  drilled.     Putting  aside 


Fig.  311. —  New  Jersey.     \, 


3ia 


PRIMITIVI-:    INDISTKY. 


the  presence  of  these  lateral  depressions,  it  is  i)rol)al)le,  that  this  speci- 
men, like  the  foregoing,  was  mounted  in  a  flexible  handle,  and  used  as 
1  nul). 

( )ther  uses,  ho\ve\  er,  may  have  been  found  for  these  glol)ular  stones  ; 
for  instance,  we  find  in  Schoolcraft's  work  an  illustration  of  a  war-club 
with  su(  h  a  small  round  stone  inserted  in  a  notch  in  the  end  of  the 
club,  giving  the  comi)leted  implement  tiie  appearance  of  an  ordinary 
wrench  with  a  small  oljject  held  in  its  jaws.  Such  a  specimen,  as  fig. 
■J  1 1  miuhl  have  been  used  in  tliis  manner,  also. 

Mr.  George  C.  Musters"''  has  given  us  a  most  interesting  account  of 


Fki.  3l?.  —  New  Jersey.     \, 


the  weapons  and  hunting,  implements  of  the  Tehuclche  Indians,  and  in 
his  description  of  tiie  "  bolas  "  now  in  use  !))•  these  savages,  refers  to 
ancient  bolas,  wiiich  seem  to  be  identic  al  with  the  grt)o\ed  pei)bles,  or 
"net-weights,"  that  we  have  described.  Mr.  Musters  writes;  "Ancient 
bolas  (globular  stones)  are  noi  mifre(|uently  met  with.  These  are  highly 
valued  b)'  the  Indians,  and  differ  from  tliose  in  present  use  /<)'  /uit'tng 
grooj'rs  lilt  a  10 II  ml  til  I- III,  and  by  their  larger  si/e  and  greater  weight." 
There  is  no  reason  for  believing  tiiat  the  Patagonian  bolas  were  ever 
in  use  among  the  North  American  Indians,  but  it  is  not  at  all  imi)roba- 


"•■*Athonie  with  llie  r.it.i^oiiians,  p.  i66.     Lundon,  1872. 


GROOVED   STONE   CI.UB-HEADS. 


313 


ble  that  a  weapon  shoulil  have  been  in  t:ommon  use  among  the  native 
populations  of  tlie  Atlantic  seaboard,  of  whirh  these  same  globular 
pebbles  formed  a  part.  The  long  tords  of  the  bolas  might  have  given 
plate  in  this  country  to  a  flexible  liandle,  and  a  more  terrible  Ijlow  might 
have  '1  -en  inflicted  with  this  imijiement  thus  mounted,  than  could  have 
been  given  with  wooden  war-clubs  of  greater  size  and  weight. 

As  in  the  case  of  many  other  kinds  of  stone  implements  we  find 
these  grooved  i)el)bles  grading  into  other  and  totally  different  objects. 
\Vhen  materially  larger  than  the  specimens  figured,  these  objects  be- 
re  ve  mauls  ;  and  in  every  series  of  a  few  hundreds  of  these,  it  will  be 
'  th.it  in  many  the  groove  is  not  continuous,  and  so  they  approach 
t,ie  notched  pebbles.  This  is  specully  marked,  when  the  pebbles  are 
somewhat  flattened.  These  .acts,  however,  do  not  bear  upon  the  (jues- 
tions  cf  probable  uses  of  typical  lorms  ;  for  1..  i'.,>  i;;stance  yet,  has  it 
b-'cn  po.-;sil)le  to  draw  a  dividing  line  between  one  class  of  objects,  and 
that  which  most  nearly  resembles  it.  Perhaps,  of  th.e  many  puzzling 
forms  of  stone  implements  yet  found,  these  small  grooved  pebbles  are 
the  most  difticult  U)  decipher.  Occasionally,  one  has  been  found,  less 
than  an  inch  in  diameter. 


CHAPTER   XXII. 


I'lI'KS. 


Nothing  of  all  the  handiwork,  in  stone  or  clay,  possesses  so  great  an 
interest,  and  recalls  so  vividly  the  early  history  of  America,  as  the 
tobacco-pi])e.  \\'hether  as  the  merest  fragment  of  a  jiipe  of  clay,  or 
as  a  carved  and  polished  stone  specimen,  they  bring  hack  to  us  the 
image  of  the  dusky  warrior,  gorgeous  in  feathers  and  vermilion,  bearing 
with  the  dignity  of  a  king  his  ever-present  pipe. 

The  sorrowful  history  of  the  long  series  of  broken  treaties  between 
the  American  Indian  and  the  European  settler  is  matle  up  of  jjromises 
and  ceremonial  smoking ;  but  the  clouds  of  the  fragrant  smoke  and 
the  white  man'.i  recollection  of  his  promises  were  ecpially  evanescent. 

When,  hap'pily,  we  fmd  an  occasional  pii)e  in  our  rambles,  or,  disturb- 
ing the  ashes  of  some  forgotten  hero,  we  rifle  the  grave  of  this,  the 
chiefest  of  his  jiossessions,  we  are  apt  to  think  of  it  only  as  a  mere 
"medium  through  w^hich  the  narcotic  influences  of  tobacco  were 
imparted." 

Smoking  pipes,  however,  have  other  and  more  interesting  signifi- 
cances, and  are  inseparably  connected  with  the  whole  social  system  of 
the  American  native  races.  'J"o  know  the  whole  history  of  tobacco, 
of  the  custom  of  smoking,  and  of  the  origin  of  the  pipe,  would  be  to 
solve  many  of  the  most  interestiug  problems  o(  .\meri(  an  ethnology. 

To  bring  together  the  little  that  has  been  reconled  by  the  eadiest 
European  travellers  concerning  pipes  and  the  custom  of  tobacco 
smoking  is  not  within  the  scoi)e  of  the  present  volume.  It  must 
suffice  here,  simply  to  record  the  fact  that  the  later,  if  not  the  earlier 
nati\es  of  the  Atlantic  coast  were  habitual  smokers,  as  the  vast 
numbers  of  fragmentary  pipes  attest ;  and  that  they  who  usetl  them 

(31,-.) 


3i6 


I'KIMI nVK  INDUSTRY. 


also  made  tlieni  is  tlic  testimony  of  tliosc  who  first  came  in  contact 
witli  the   Imhan. 

Hoiiii"' says  (if  the  Delaware  Indians,  "they  make  tobacco  pijies 
out  of  reeds  ahoat  a  man's  length  ;  the  l)uwl  is  made  of  horn,  and  to 
contain  a  great  <juantity  i^f  tohacco  ;  they  ijeneraljy  jiresent  these  i)ii)es 
to  their  friends.  'I'liey  made  them,  otherwise,  of  red,  yellow  and  blue 
clay,  of  which  there  is  a  i;reat  i|nantity  in  the  country  ;  also  of  white, 
grey,  green,  lirown,  Mack  and  lihie  stones,  which  are  so  soft  that  they 
can  be  cut  with  a  knife  ;  of  these  tliev  make  their  jiipes  a  yard  and  a 
half  long  or  longer." 

^\'llile,  in  the  abose  (juotation,  there  is  a  somewhat  vague  description 
of  the  stiine  pipes,  it  is  evident  that  the  stem  has  been  included 
with  the  bowl,  as  thn  'gh  but  one  object,  instead  of  two.  In  the 
valley  of  the  Delaware,  to-da\-,  ])i])es  of  steatite  of  various  colors, 
and  of  silurian  slate,  the  "black  and  blue  stone  ;"  and  yet  others  of 
clay,  "red,  )ellow  and  blue,"  are  to  be  gathered  if  we  carefully  search 
for  them. 

I'eter  Kalm,  the  Swede,  who  made  many  careful  notes  of  the  antiq- 
uities of  the  1  )elaware  Indians,  so  long  ago  as  1749,  refers,  as  follows 
('i'ra\els  in  Xcjrth  .\meri<  a,  noI.  ii,  ]).  42),  to  their  smoking-pip';s. 
He  says  "the  old  toluicco-pipcs  of  the  IiiJidiis  are  *  *  *  *  niade  of 
clay,  or  pot-stone,  or  serjientine  stone.  The  first  sort  are  shaped  like 
our  tobacco-pipes,  though  much  coarser  and  not  so  well  made.  The 
tube  is  thick  and  short,  hardly  an  inch  long,  but  sometimes  as  long  as 
a  finger;  their  color  conies  nearest  to  that  of  our  tobacco-pi])es  which 
ha\e  been  long  used.  Their  tobacco-pipes  of  pot-stone  are  made  of 
the  same  stone  as  their  kettles.  Some  of  them  are  jiretty  well  made, 
though  they  had  neither  iron  nor  steel.  Hut  besides  these  kinds  of 
tobacco-pi|ies,  we  find  another  sort  of  jiipes,  which  are  made  with 
great  ingenuity,  of  a  very  fine,  reil  j)ot-stone,  or  a  kind  of  serpentine 
marble.  They  are  very  scarce,  and  seldom  made  use  of  by  any  other 
than  the  Iihlian  saclhiiis,  or  elders.     The  fine  red  '^tone,   of  which 

"*  IIt)lin.     History  of  Nuw  Sweden,  p.  ijo.     rhi!:idflpIu.-\,  lSj4, 


i 


riPKs. 


317 


these  pipes  are  made,  is  likewise  very  srarrc,  and  is  found  only 
in  tlie  country  of  those  Iiuiiiins  who  *  *  »  *  li\c  on  the  otlier 
(western)  side  of  the  river  Mississijipi.  'I'iie  IikIhjiis  thenisehes  com- 
monly value  a  pij)e  of  this  kind  as  much  as  a  iii'ce  of  silver  of  the 
same  size,  and  sometimes  they  make  it  still  dearer.  ( )f  the  same  kind 
of  stone  commonly  consists  their  pipe  of  prarr,  which  the  J^'iriicli  call 
(iiltniht  (h' />(v'x,  and  M'hich  they  make  use  of  in  their  treaties  ot'  peace, 
and  alliances."  The  same  writer,  when  in  tiie  neighborhood  u{  (Quebec, 
has  also  recorded  that  "in  some  jilaces,  hereabouts,  they  find  among 
the  states,  a  stratinn  about  four  inches  thick  of  a  gray,  compact,  but 
pretty  soft  limestone,  of  which  the  Iiii/itiiis  for  many  centuries  have 
made,  and  the  French  at  present  still  make,  tobacco-pipes." 

Smoking-pipes,  as  foimd  in  New  luigland  and  in  New  Jersey,  do  not 
show  any  marked  peculiarities  from  which  to  infer  the  occurrence  of 
certain  ])atterns  in  one  locality  and  not  in  the  other.  So  far  as  can  be 
ascertained,  there  is  a  larger  proportion  of  certain  forms  found  in  New 
England  than  in  New  Jersey,  and  vice  versa,  but  nothing  further. 

Pipes  made  of  Catlinite,  to  which  Kalm  refers,  as  ''red  pot-stone," 
are  of  very  rare  occurrence  in  New  ICngland,  and  even  more  so  in  New 
Jersey  or  Pennsylvania.  In  western  New  York,  occasional  specimens 
have  been  found. 

Of  the  whole  number  of  pipes  found  along  our  .\tlantic  seaboard, 
and  preserved  in  the  museums,  there  is  no  one  specimen  or  series  of 
one  iiattern  that  can  be  considered  as  a  t\pical  form.  The  simplest 
patterns  have  freciuently  as  nutch  ])olir,h  and  synmietry,  as  the  most 
elaborately  carved  and  otherwise  embellished  specimens.  Taken  as  a 
whole,  pipes  suggest  very  strongly  that  they  were  made  by  those  who 
projwsed  to  use  them,  and  the  differences  exhibited  are  those  which 
always  occur  in  the  respective  handiwork  of  painstaking  antl  careless 
peojjle. 

While,  for  convenience  of  description,  the  various  exam[)les  of  pipes 
have  been  rudely  classified,  it  is  to  be  imderstood  that  the  order  of  the 
descriptions  is  not  based  tipon  relative  abundance,  neither  has  it  any 


Ml  "Jf!'       -Iin-ui 


318 


PRIMiriVF,  INDUSTKV. 


ethnological  significance.  If,  indeed,  every  Indian  was  his  own  pipe 
maker,  tiiis  must  necessaril)-  be  tlie  case.  It  is  certainly  tnie  of  some 
of  the  southern  and  western  patterns  of  pipes,  that  tiiey  are  character- 
istic of  the  localities  where  they  occur;  but  the  same  objects  when 
found  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  are,  collectively,  a  heterogeneous  mass  ; 
the  outcome  of  transient  fancy,  and  not  of  settled  custom. 

If  we  are  to  grade  the  culture-development  of  tlie  eastern  seacoast 
Indians,  by  the  excellence  and  artistic  finisli  of  tlieir  smoking-pipes 
alone,  they  will  rank  lower  than  the  soutliern  and  some  of  the  western 
tribes ;  but  if  their  handiwork  in  stone,  as  a  whole,  is  considered,  they 
will  compare  favorably  with  any  and  all  others. 

Fig.  313  represents  a  beautiful  example  of  a  common  Atlantic  coast 
pattern  of  smoking-pipe.  As  the  illustration  plainly  shows,  these  jiipes 
are  simjjly  cylindrical  bowls  placed  at  right  angles  upon  flat  stems,  or 
bases.  Inasmuch  as  these  pi[]es  are  <  ut  from  one  piece  of  stone  of  a 
kind  tliat  does  not  occur  as  variously  shaped  jjebbles,  so  that  those 
that  were  somewiiat  pipe-shaped  might  be  diosen,  it  is  apparent  how 
great  must  have  been  the  amount  of  labor,  to  work  to  its  jiresent  shape, 
a  jiipe  like  313.  'I'aking  into  ((jusideration  tlie  fact  that  the  mineral 
of  which  they  are  made  is  usually  steatite,  they  nevertheless  show  a 
gTeat  amount  of  i)atience,  and  a  certain  tlegree  of  artistic  skill. 

Fig.  313  was  found  in  an  Indian  grave  at  Revere  lieach,  I'^ssex  Co., 
^lass.  Many  of  the  fuiest  examples  of  tliis  pattern  of  jjipe  have  been 
recovered  from  graves  in  this  vicinity.  In  the  museum  of  tlie  .Vcad- 
eniv  of  Science  at  Salem,  Mass.,  are  tliree  handsome  specimens  of  this 
pattern.  They  were  found  by  Prolessor  Putnam,"''  in  graves,  near 
IJeverly,  Mass.  One  of  these  pijtes  has  several  holes  bored  along  the 
margin  of  the  base,  probably  for  tlie  attachment  of  ornaments.  As- 
sociated with  these  pipes,  whic  h  were  taken  from  three  graves,  were 
various  objects,  as  arrowheads,  celts,  and  three  large  j)en{lants.  There 
was  also,  in  one  of  the  graves,  a  tliin  slab  of  sinootli  sandstone  with  a 


"''  rmniun.     IJullctinuf  the-  I\s.st;x  Institute,  vol.  iii,  p.  123.     Salcin,  Mas: 


PIPES. 


3'9 


few  scratches  so  arranged  as  to  represent  a  ladder  such  as  a  child 
might  draw.     Finally,  such  an  amount  of  ochre  had  been  jjlaced  in 


these  graves  that  the  entire  contents  were  more  or  less  colored. 

Uf  this  i)ati(.rn  is  a  pipe  figured  by  Morgan,""  of  which  he  speaks 

'"■  Morgan.     League  of  tlic  Irociuoi.-,  p.  356. 


320 


PRIMITIVE   INUUSTRV. 


as  "doubtless  a  relic  of  the  niouiidlniilders"  which,  having  found  its 
way  into  tlie  hands  of  a  Senec:a,  \v;is  finally  buried  by  his  siile,  in  the 
valley  of  the  (ienessee.  'I'he  author  further  remarks,  "in  material  and 
finish,  it  is  unlike,  and  sui)erior  to  the  pipes  of  the  Iro(iuois."  The 
flxct  of  being  made  of  black  marble  would  seem  to  indicate  that  such 
a  i)ipe  was  not  of  Algonkin  origin,  thougli  in  shape  and  finisli,  there  is 
nothing  to  distinguish  it  from  the  jjipes  of  the  Alyonkin  neighbors  of 
the  Iro(]uois. 

Fig.  314  represents  a  very  liandsome  specimen  of  pipe,  made  of 
compact  steatite,  of  a  green-black  color,  wiiich  differs  from  the  pre- 
ceding in  several  ])articulars,  although  aljout  the  same   size.      This 


Fk;.  314.  —  Virginia.    ). 

specimen  is  of  a  jiattern  seldom  found  in  the  New  I'.ngland  and  mid- 
die  states,  except  of  a  much  smaller  size  and  made  of  clay.  (.See 
fig.  31S).  In  fig.  314,  as  in  the  i)rece<ling,  there  is  no  attemjit  at 
ornamentation  by  incised  lines  or  other  methods,  the  surface  being 
simjily  jiolished.  The  walls  of  tlie  bowl  are  of  uniform  thickness,  and 
there  are  still  visil)le  on  the  interior,  the  marks  of  the  tool  used  in 
excavating  it.  The  stem,  whicli  is  a  flattened  o\ai  in  section,  taper- 
ing gradually  from  the  bowl  to  its  termination,  has  been  carefully  drilled, 
and  the  ])erforation  is  perfecUy  straight. 

This  specimen  was  found  in  Isle  of  \\"ight  Co.,  Virginia. 

Fig.  315  represents  an  interesting  examitle  of  a  steatite  i)ii)e,  found 
many  years  ago,  in  the  village  of  Princeton,  New  Jersey.    It  is  remark- 


ni'ES. 


3az 


able   for  the  si/e  of  the  stem  as  compared  with  tliat  of  tlie  bowl. 

WlietluT  tlic  broad  and  dec-pi)  incised  lines  on  the  side  of  tiie  stem 

are  of  Indian  origin  is  \v)t  known, 

but  they  do  not  look  as  if  they 

had   been   \er\'  recently  cut.     If 

intended    merely    as    ornamental 

lines,    the    result    can    hardly   be 

considered    satisfactory.      The 

raised  figure,  with  a  deep  dorsal 

notch,  is  common  to  all  of  tJiese 

l)i])es.    \\'liether  pla<cd    there 

sim[)]_\  as  an  ornament,  or  as  an 

aid    in    securing    tiie    long    reetl 

stems,  whicli  Holm  says  were  of 

a   man's  lengtii,  is  certainly  an 

open  iinesti(jn. 

Pipes  of  til  is  ]iattern  are  not  as 
frequently  foun<l  in  New  Jersey 
as  are  those  with  tlie  thin  flat  stem, 
like  fig.  313,  while  in  New  I'.ng- 
land  they  are  scarcely  known. 

Fig.  316  rejjresents  a  second 
example  of  tiiis  pattern  of  pii)e, 
but  wiili  a  more  generous  bowl, 
and  a  far  less  inconvenient  stem. 
Tile  fmish  and  design  in  this  speci- 
men are  alike  creditaljle  to  the 
maker,  and  we  ha\e  in  it  all  the 
requirements  for  a  comfortable 
smoke. 

Like  the  i)reccding.  fig.  316  is 
made  of  a  dark  greenish,  comiact 


^ 


ith  a  stone  drill  of 


serjjcntine.     The  bowl  has  been  made  by  boring 
about  two-thirds  its  width.    This  cavity  is  of  uniform  width  and  corre- 
21 


339 


rklMlriVK  IMU'SIKY, 


K|)()n(ls  ir,  diii'ctior.  willi  tlu'  imicr  pcrpi'iidiciilar  margin  of  the  howl, 
and  so  is  at  iii,'lit  ani;lts  with  tho  i)eiloiati()n  of  llu'  sicin.  In  tiiis 
instance  the  stem  innanient.  thounii  nDtclied,  is  not  sntlii  ientiy  so,  to 
afford  any  aid  in  fistenin,!;  a  cord  frcjin  the  long  reed  stem  to  this 
])ortion  of  the  pip''.  Indeed,  tlie  wliole  ajipearance  of  lliis  ridge-like 
ornament  is  such,  lliat  it  cannot  lie  considered  as  having  any  other 
than  an  ornamental  purjwse. 

Fig.  317  re])reseiits  a  beautifully  sculptured  pipe  made  of  a  very 
dense,  unyielding  stone,  of  a  jet  black  color.  'I'his  jiipe  was  found 
near  Lewes,  Delaware,     ^\'hile  this  specimen  exceeds,  in  fmish  and 


Fifi.  316. — rcnnsylvnnin.     ], 

design,  any  other  examined  either  from  New  Jersey  or  New  I'.ngland, 
there  is  not  a  particle  of  e\  ideiK  e  to  show  thai  it  was  not  the  |irt)duc- 
tion  of  some  one  of  our  residi'ut  Indians. 

Pil)es  of  this  jiittern  are  of  common  occ\irrence  in  llie  I'xlreme 
southwest,  but  are  found  less  fre<iuenlly  as  we  (ome  north  of  the 
Caroliiias.  That  thissiiecinien  ma}' have  been  bniuglu  from  a  di,>t,ince 
is  possible,  but  tlii-  charai  ler  of  the  work  \ipon  it  does  ncjt  necessarily 
imjily  that  such  was  the  case. 

If  we  assimie  that  in  many,  if  not  in  most  instances,  every  Indian 
made  his  own  pijie^  there  is  nothing  strange  in  the  fact  that  an  elabo- 


riPFs. 


393 


rntu  siic'cimcn  sliould  ocrur  occasionally  ainoni,' those  of  a  nuuh  i)Iaincr 
l)atk'ni.  A  well  mailc  sI<jik'  jiipu  would  la.^t  an  Indian  a  lilVlinic,  and 
\vc  <an  well  iniaj;inc  that  sjiaic  hours  durinji  the  greater  [lart  of  that 
lifetime  might  be  spent  in  its  ornamentation,  even  long  after  it  was  so 
far  fniished  as  to  he  read)-  for  use. 

J.ilelike  and  artistic  as  is  the  turtle  carved  upon  the  slean  of  fig.  31  7, 
it  niu>l  he  reiuenihered  tliat  withnut  ihi-^  ornameiil,  the  jiipe  is  of  the 
same  jiattern  as  the  jireeeding,  and  this  fu  t,  with  that  of  the  (ommon 
occurrence  of  representations  of  the  turtle,  in  other  wa_\s,  renders  the 


I'lO.  317.  — Delaware,     j-. 

combination  as  \\e  here  fmd  it,  of  the  jiipe  and  the  turtle,  a  very 
natural  one,  among  the  jtroductions  of  the  Helauare  Indians. 

The  pipe,  represented  by  fig.  31S,  is  in  the  .\rch;tological  Museum 
at  Cambridge.  .\t  the  lioslon  meeting  of  the  .\mericau  .\ssocialioii 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Mr.  ]•".  ^\'.  Putnam  made  it  the 
subject  of  a  communication,  of  which  he  has  kindly  furnishetl  me 
with  the  following  abstract : 

"The  ]iipe  is  made  of  the  dark  slate  from  which  so  many  [lipes 
and  objects  are  carved  li\'  the  tribes  of  the  mirthwestern  coast  of 
America,  and  it  un(iuestionably  originall)-  came  from  that  region.  The 
style  of  car\  ing,  representing  the  jiec  uliar  human  figure  combined  with 
the  head  and  wings  of  a  bird,  is  so  characteristic  of  the  northwestern 


324 


I'uiMnivr.  iMU'sTRV, 


cnn'ini^s  ,!'<  to  leave  no  doiiht  as  to  its  (irii;in.  'I'ho  (]u>.'stii)ii  that  will 
he  asked  is.  Iiiju' (lid  it  liappeti  to  lie  tmmd  dii  the  (■()a>!i>f  Massa- 
chnsetts?  Of  (  imrse  the  iialiir.il  re|il\-  to  tliis  (Hiestion  will  l>e  that  it 
was  brought  liy  some  sailor  t'lom  the  Paiilu',  and  long  ago  lost.  This 
ma\'  have  been  the  case,  bin  to  me  it  seems  as  probable  that  it  may 
have  been  brought  acniss  the  continent  long  belbre  onr  ships  sailed  to 
and  tVom  the  Pacific  coasts.  Did  \\l'  know  onis  of  a  few  instances  of 
the  discovery  of  objects  far  awav  i'mni  their  projier  natural  positions 


FiCi.  31S. —  Mn>.saclm^ctls.     |-, 


we  nii;,'lu  rest  contented  with  the  'sailor  theorv,'  but  too  man\'  similar 
facts  are  now  knoun  to  K'a\e  ns  satisfied  with  tie  theor\- that  such 
c-arved  i)iiies,  stones,  shells,  ancl  other  objects  were  biought  front 
distant  parts  in  uioderii  times,  to  be  thrown  away,  or  lost,  and  ai'<i- 
ilentall)  buried.  The  contents  of  the  buri.il  monnils  .ind  of  old  Indian 
graves,  all  oxit  the  country,  furnish  us  with  uni|ues'ionabK'  data  of  the 
early  e\ch;mge  of  obji'i  s  from  distant  ]ilaces,  'i'he  f k  t  that  beads 
and  disks  made  from  the  l.irgo  marine  shells  of  the  southern  coasts 
have  lieen  found  in  mounds  far  in  the  interior  of  the  coimlrv,  and  that 


PIPKS. 


325 


the  shells  of  tlie  marine  Jii/-;ycoii  of  f)'.ir  southern  coasts  have  heeii 
fuiinil  in  niunlicrs  in  the  ui()iinil>  ni  the  \  i<  inity  of  th-.-  great  lakes,  as 
well  as  pretty  gijiierally  in  old  jmriaj  iijaies  over  the  wliole  region  from 
Mirliigan  to  I'loriila,  not  to  mention  many  other  instances  of  a  similar 
character,  is  siiffn  ient  to  sliow  that  trade,  or  intertribal  exciiange  of 
some  kinii.  took  ])]ace  long  before  the  wliite  man  jjiished  the  reil  from 
the  Ati.uitic  (  iiast.  Prom  the  large  ninnher  oi  fa<  tn  that  we  now  have, 
I  llierelore  l.iil  to  >ee  why  it  is  not  dei  idedly  ]irolial<le  that  thi^  pipe 
was  obtained  front  the  norlhwc-steni  < oast  by  intertribal  conununica- 
tion. 

The  tollouing  (|iiotations  aie  of  intcre>t  in  this  <()nnection  as  they 
show  thai  ]ii|ies  were  a  i  ommon  article  of  exchange  among  certain 
recent  trilies  : 

'C'ornnon  sort  of  jiipe^  are  madi.-  of  a  kind  of  riiii,lli\  ^U1g  by  the 
Inihaii^  living  to  the  west  nf  the  Mi>nissip|)i,  on  the  Marbhr  river,  who 
sometimes  bring  them  to  tiiese  (ouatries  for  sale.  I'ipes  made  of  red 
marble  used  only  by  chiels  and  captains,  tliis  sort  of  marble  iieing  rare 
and  found  only  on  the  .Mi-.sissip])i.'      (Lt)>kiel,  p.  51.) 

'Sometimes  they  make  sik  I)  -V  '.t  pi)ies  both  of  wood  and  stone, 
tli.it  thev  are  toi.  foot  long,  with  niLn  or  bea~t.;  'arxed  .  .  .  imt  these 
con)monl\-  (unie  from  tlie  M.ingaw\voop,  or  the  man  eater>.  three  or 
four  hundred  miles  from  iis.'  (  Roger  \\  illiam^,  AVi  to  thr  lihiiiiii 
Lani^iidi,,-.  i>.  55.) 

The  Indians  '  barier  jiipes,  //  <<•/.,  fur  raw  >kin.->.'  (I.aws(jii,  Car- 
olin.i.  p.  J07.) 

'  iJl.u  k  m.niile  ])i|ies  are  made  with  great  ]>alie!H  e  and  labor,  by 
one  ])erM)ii  onl\,  throughuut  tlie  whole  n.itioii. — He  lives  in  N.iii  he/, 
and  being  the  only  man  that  knows  where  the  stone  can  be  fmmd, 
nioiio]ioli/es  the  business  entirely,  and  sell  his  cfMnmon  ])ii)es  at  hah' 
the  ])ri(  e  of  a  blanket.'      (School'-raft,  vol.  v.  p.  tn)2.) 

That  Indians  made  at  least  occasion. il  Ni>its  to  otlivr  nations  in  lar 
distant  portions  of  the  (ontment  is  evident  from  the  statement  b\ 
Dul'rat/.  who  mentions  that  '  Moiudilit-ap'v  among  the  Wr.oiis,  a 
nation  about  fortv  le.iuues  north  from  the  Xahlui'  in  his  extendeil 


3^6 


PRIMinVi:  INTH.'STRV, 


wMiidLTings.  tva(  lu'd  tlic  I'a'  illc  coast,  as  is  evident  korn  the  fullowing 
i|lii>tatioii  from  iiis  narralise,  as  given  to  Miirrat/..  '  At'ter  this  espe- 
diliiin.'  he  sa)s,  ■  [  thnnulit  of  notliinL,'  lii;t  proceeding  on  niv  journey, 
;uid  with  that  design  I  let  tlie  red  men  rv-turn  iioine.  and  joined 
niNself  to  those  wlio  inhabited  more  westward  on  tlie  coast,  willi 
wlioni  I  travelled  along  the  sjiore  of  the  (In-iit  \]\Uii\  which  liends 
direc  tly  lietwixt  the  norlh  ,ni<l  the  snn-selti'ig.'  yfoin-ailit-d/^'r  con- 
cluiies  by  saving  •  it  was  lue  years  l)er(>re  I  returned  to  niv  relations 
among  the  )'dzi'i(s.'  (l)urr.il/.  History  of  I,ouisiana.  \'ol.  ii,  p.  12.S. 
I.und(.)n,  I  ;(>},.) 

The  jiipe  was  found  by  Mr.  W.ilter  IS.  Cobb,  in  i'">5,V  between  two  and 
thrte  feet  nndergroimd,  on  his  tatlier's  place  in  North  ( 'arver,  a  small 
town  about  tour  miles  from  riyuiouth.  and  was  securi'd  for  the  Museum 
at  Cauibndge  througii  Mr.  A.  M.  Harrison  of  I'lyniouth,  who  has  no 
duubt  about  the  pi|)e  ha\ing  been  ilng  iiji  as  stated.  In  < unhriuation 
of  the  theor\'  that  this  pipi'  was  lirought  ac foss  the  continent  bv  some 
kind  of  Indian  interchange,  I  call  your  atleiilion  to  the  photograph  of 
a  similar  iiorthwestern-co.ist  J'ipe,  now  in  the  Nalur.il  ilistory  So(  iety 
of  AmesbiU'v,  Massac  huseits.  which  was  found  in  digging  a  town  road 
lhrouu;h  a  grawl  hill  in  New  Ilampshin-.  se\eial  }ears  a;;o  ;  and  ,iNo 
to  the  diawing  ol"  another  jiipe,  in  general  ch, trailer  tlie  s.une  as  the 
one  from  I'Kinouth,  whi<  h  was  f.mnd  in  ('anter'>Mr\',  New  llam|i'-iiire. 
and.  now  owiieil  by  1  )r.  I'..  1'..  (l.m^  of  llo^(  .luiMi.  New  H.impshire.  It 
seems  liardiv  prob.ibli'  that  lhe--e  ihri'e  pipe>.  of  unii'ie>tionable  north- 
we^lern  origin,  -liidiiid  h,i\e  been  brought  fri  iin  the  l'.i<  ifi<-  co.ist  by 
sailors  and  lost   in  the  ^Iates  of  Ma-^vai  husetis  and  Ni'vv  H.iinpshire." 

l-'ig.  311)  repri'sents  ,1  \ery  l.u-^i'  and  rudely  fnii>hed  pipe  bowl,  m.ide 
of  sand-^lone.  Wiiile  coin|.,ir.iti\  ely  smooth,  tin  •  is  no  ajipeanmce 
that  it  has  ever  lu'eii  iioli-^iied  <ir  in  a  iiiore  fini-'hed  condition,  than  at 
|)reseiit.  It  w,is  found  ne.tr  'Ifenton,  N.  J..  an<l  is  a  f k  ^-imi'e  of  large 
numbers  both  of    stone  and  ili\.    found  in  the  souihv.i">tern  st.iles. 


J'ipes  of  this  ]i.itlern  .ne  si 
rare  occ  lurence  in  Niw  Ierse\'. 


Idoia   t'otind  in   Ntw   I'.nulanil.  and  are  ( 


>f 


\\\  allied  torm   made   ol   ste.itlli',  but 


litli  both  the  bowl  .md  --tein  siiuaii'  inste.id  of  <  ylindri 


I  .tl,  IS  common 


VHP*! 


i^mmtim^mn 


rii>F.s. 


327 


in  Georgia,  and  occasionally  is  found  in  New  Knj^land.  Tipcs  made 
of  baked  (lay,  of  tliu  shape  and  si/.e  of  fii;.  51  7  on  the  otlier  liand,  are 
very  free [uently  found  in  the  mounds  of  Teiniessee  and  Arkansas,"^ 
while  no  specinieiis  of  pipes  of  this  ]iattern  made  of  <  lay  are  known, 
to  lia\e  lieen  fnninl  in  New  Jerse\'  or  northward. 

I'vj,.  ,520  is  a  plain.  l)Ut  nt^ally  fun>hed  pipe  howl.  ni;icle  of  the 
Silinini  stri|ied  slate,  that  was  so  hii^hly  regarded  li\'  the  Indian-^  and 
nioundbuiltlers,  for  all  ornamental  stone   ivork.     Pipes  of  this  pattern, 


Fig.  310. --New  Jersey. 


and  |i:n-ti<ularlv  of  this  materi,\l  are  of  somewhat  rare  orcnrrence  in 
New  |ersi\-  or  New  l'".n};land. 

.\  sm  ill  I'ipe  howl  of  tiiis  shape,  hut  inade  of  compact.  fme-i,Taine(l 
sandstone,  and  if  about  oiu'diaif  the  si/e  of  fig.  _5Jo,  is  (  ontained  in 
the  series  of  pipes  in  the  cullectious  of 'the  An  h;uologi<  a!  mnsemn 
at  Camliridge,  Ma-.s.  (I'.  M.  No.  i56yS).  Like  ;lie  specimen  figtued, 
it  iias  111)  urnamenlation  upmi  it. 

I)r.  ('has,  Ran  gi\es.i  figure  of  .1  somewhat  simiLir  siierinien.  hut 


'"  Piitiuim.     KIcvciuh  .'\nnii.il  Kcport,  Pc.ihixly  Mu»cinn,  p.  j^^.lij;.  33. 


328 


I'KIMiriVK   INDISIKV. 


wliicli  lias  a  si|uarc(l  l)asc.  (Smitlisoiiian  Contrildlions  to  Kiiowlediic. 
Ni).  2X7.)  llu  refers  to  jiipL-s  of  tiiis  pattern,  as  '■  rcmindiii!,'  one  ot"  tlic 
corn-col)  pipes  in  use  among  the  fanners  of  tins  ( ountr\-." 

Of  the  series  of  pipes  preserved  in  the  ninseum  at  C'anibriilge,  Mass., 
all  made  of  this  material  are  from  the  mounds  of  ( )hio  and  other 
western  states.  'I'lie  fmdin--  of  this  spec  imen  in  .New  Jersey  i.  the  less 
sur[)ri.sini.;,  however,  I'roni  the  fart  that  the  majorilv  of  ornamental 
carvings  are  of  this  same  mineral,  thus  showing  that  the  supply  was 
sufficient  for  making  pijies,  had  the  Indians  t  licjsen  to  do  so. 

A  few  of  the  most  remarkahle  s|)eciniens  of  pipe  s(  ulptnre  from 
Ohio  were  iiiailo  of  this  material  ;  and  as 
some  of  these  have  lieen  derived  from 
mounds,  it  is  of  interest  to  know,  tluit  the 
same  miner.il  slicjuld  have  i)een  so  gener.illy 
used  for  such  piuposes,  by  both  iieoj.les  ;  a 
fact  that  does  not,  of  itself,  indii  ale  any 
racial  relationship,  and  care  should  be  exer- 
cised not  to  (  la>s,  inferentially,  objei  ts  of 
striped  slate  found  on  the  surfaie,  with  simi- 
lar specinu'us  taken  from  the  inonnds. 
Identity  of  form,  and  of  material,  does  not 
jirove  an  identity  of  origin.  The  teuden(  y 
to  ascribe  to  the  superior  (  ?)  skill  of  the 
moundbuildcrs  all    the  credit, ilile  stone   im- 


Fio.  320.  —  New  Jersey. 


plemeiits  found  on  the  surl.u  e,  in  moundbuilder  regions,  has  led  to 
mm  h  unfortunate  confusion. 

A  pipe  somewhat  similar  to  fig.  320,  found  in  Vermont,  lia>  a  ruile 
attempt  at  ornamentation,  in  a  projection  at  the  rim,  of  wh.it  i-.  suji- 
)>osed  to  represent  the  beak  of  a  bird.  This  pijje  is  over  two  and  a 
liMf  iiKlies  long  ami  rather  more  than  one  in(  liin  its  longest  diameter, 
the  (loss  sec  lion  being  ov.d.  I'ipes  of  other  jiitierns  made  of  stone 
"  are  rari'ly  found,"  in  \'ermont ;  but  those  that  have  been  iMeservcd 
"are  well  made  and  polislud.  and  while  as  compared  with  the  elibo- 
rately  carved  specimens  from  the  mounds,  our  \'ermont   spei  iimns 


I'll'l.S. 


329 


ai)])ear  \t.-ry  pliin,  yi't  tlicy  ;iic    iu/l  i)f  imlrior  WDrkiiiMiishii)  thoiigli 
ill  siinpli-r  t'i)nn.""* 

I'ii;.  ,^Ji  ivpifSL-nts  an  exampk-  of  a  iii|ic,  iliiTcriii;^  from  llic  iireced- 
in^'.  in  llic  posilion  of  tiic  iiolc  for  liic  in>citi(in  of  the  stem.  In  tlie 
foriiKT  till'  stem  was  at  ri;,'iit  angles  with  the  howl  ;  in  this  pipe,  it  was 
so  inserted,  at  the  end  of  liie  liowi,  as  to  hring  tlie  two  iiearl}',  or  i|uite 
in  a  line. 

'I'his  perfect  s])e(:imen.  like  thi'  majorit)-  of  pi])es  of  this  shape,  is 
made  of  si)ai)stone,  and  liears  no  tra<  e 
of  (irnainenlation.  It  is  an  elon,uale<l 
o\al  liovd  lui)  and  a  half  inches  in 
length,  and  a  little  more  th.m  one  inch 
in  diameter  at  the  mouth  and  Ine- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  di.imeter  at  the 
base.  The  front  ol'  tiie  howl  is  some- 
what convex  in  outline  ;  the  o[)posite 
t)utline  is  more  nearly  str.iight.  A  little 
aho\e  the  middle  of  the  front  of  the 
howl  commences  a  projection  a  ([uarter 
of  an  ini  h  in  width  and  a  little  k>s  than 
an  inch  in  length. 

'I  he  i)ipe  Used  by  the  .Shoshones  ,it  a 
ceremonial  smoking  and  speech-making, 
in  honor  of  (apts.  Lewis  and  t'l.irke.  i> 
deh(  rihed  a>  "made  of  a  den>e.  hut 
almost  ti'.m^p.irent,  green  stoiu'.  \ery  highly  polisiieil,  ahout  two  and 
a  half  im  lies  in  length,  and  of  an  o\,il  form,  'the  hiiwl  heing  in  the 
same  line'  with  the  stem."  A  small  ]iiece  of  hurnt  <  la\'  w.is  placed 
at  the  bottom  of  the  howl,  to  sep. irate  the  toh.i((ii  from  the  en<l  of 
the  stem.     '•  Thisw.is  an    irregul.ir  round   figure,  not   filling  the  tube 


I'l'..  T.'i. —  New  Jersey.     -}, 


perfeilly  (lose,  in  order  that  the  smoke  might  pass  with  f.icilitv. 


■•Ill) 


""  I't-rkiiTi,  /.  .  ..  (1.  7^o. 

""Stevens.     Mini  C hips  P-  5"';   'lunlillg  l.cwl>  nruK'l  irke. 


/;: 


I 


(1 


330  ruiMirivi'.  iNursiKY. 

The  above  (IcscriiJlion  wvy  ( loscly  ;i]i].lics  to  11,^'.  321,  whicli,  iVoni 

the  ]j()siti()n  of  tlie  ^tcin-holc  iiui^t  have 
l)een  used  in  ;i  simihir  nuiniHT.  It  c  losely 
reseinldes  the  loiiL,' tiil)ular  pipes  so  <  harac- 
teristi<'  ot"  the  islands  off  tlie  <'oast  ol'Cali- 

ij\         \/'}\t  foniia.     W'liile  niaii\' (if  the  latter  are  three 

mill  .         .  ' 

and   tour  times  as  Ion;,'  as  this  siie(  inu-n, 

otliers  are  of  ahont  the  same  length,  and 
so  almost,  if  not  (.'ntirel)-,  lose  their  tubular 
I  haracter,  and  are  simjiiy  eloni^ated  pipe- 
bowls.  Tubular  pipes  of  the  character  of 
the  lar,L;est  examples  t'ound  on  the  l'a(  ifu; 
coast  are,  however,  not  wantim,'  on  the 
Atlantic  seaboard. 

l''ig.  7,22  rejiresents  a  \ery  characteristic 
sjiecimen  of  these  ]iil>es,  found  near  Law- 
rence, Mass.  in  no  )iarticular  dois  it  differ 
from  the  remarkable  series  of  smoking 
pipi's  that  h.i\e  been  found  in  ( 'alilornia. 
j-'ortunately.  these  ha\e  the  bone  mouth- 
pieces still  in  tliem.  and  hem  e  there  can 
be  no  doubt  as  to  their  u>e.  W  hile  there 
have  been  many  stone  tnbis  discovered  in 
^arious  lo(  alities,  uhic  h  from  tlu'ir  si/.e,  the 
large  and  unitorm  diameter  of  the  bore, 
and  other  l'eatin'r>.  sbould  probablv  not 
be  (lasted  as  smoking  ]iii)es,'-"  it  iseipially 
evident,  that  those  of  this  shape  were  so 
\i^<^i\,  if  «e  may  be  guided  bv  what  is 
/^    I  Im  known  of  similar  >|iecinu'ns  found  in  other 

loc.iiities. 


If -11 

1 


Flii.  31     — M.i>>at  iuisctN.     \. 


<  r    I.ini.-'    Anti>]iiilit's  «.f  llic  Suiitliciii  ln<ii.iii<.,  Tn  ;i  tlv-tailL-tl 
jliiOllllt    (»f  SliiMC   TuIh-'s, 


piin:.s. 


331 


It  is  cfrtMinly  most  iin)l)alik',  that  tho  rcmarkaldc  scries  of  (lay-slate 
tubes,  Ibimii  at  Swanton,  W'rmont.  and  (k'scriijcd  in  ilctail  liv  i'rolV'ssor 
IVrkins,  were  ii>e(l  as  smoking  iii|ies,  lor  the  reason  that  in  all  of  them 
the  bore  is  not  of  uniform  si/e.  'riH-.e  tubes  are  ile^eribeil  as  "all 
of  similar  form,  bemjj;  cNlimlrii  al  ;  the  perforation,  at  one  end  about 
half  an  inch  in  diameter,  r///</ri;,\f  /,>  iirtviy  ,1/1  iii,/i  in  ,/i,iiiir/,-r  <rf  //ir 
olliir  cihl.  The}'  are  ol  smooth,  hard  sione,  of  a  ilrab  (ojor  in  some 
sperimens.  broun  in  others.  'I'lu-y  are  \er\-  ni<  els  lornu-d  and  finished, 
the  surfaie  beinj,'  smooth  .uid  almost  ivjli>hed.  The  sinall  end  of  the 
bore  was  stoi)|)ed  somewhat  imi)erfetll\-  b\'  a  stone  jiIul;  L;niun(l  into 
shape."  (See  desi  ription  of  Siioshone  ]ii]ie  L;i\en  liv  Lewis  and 
Clarke,  ipinteil  on  pa,i,'e  ^jjy.)  ■■'Ihe  leni^lh  of  the  tubes  \aries  from 
se\en  to  thirteen  inches.  .Similar  tubes  ha\i-  been  found  011  one  of 
the  isl.uid-'  in  Lake  Champlain,  and  near  l!urlin.L;ton,  \'ermont."''-' 

These  tubes  h,i\e  abo  been  found  in  New  \drk,  in  aM(  ient  xr.ives, 
and  a>>oi  i.Ued  with  them  were  inii)lemenls  of  the  same  i^eneral  <  har- 
a(  ter,  as  those  found  with  similar  specimens  in  Wrmont.  .\Ir.  S.  L. 
{•'rev''-'-  h.is  ,i;i\en  us  an  e\(  client  dex  ription  of  the  results  of  relic- 
hiuuiuL;  in  the  Moli.iwk  \alle\'  :  and  in  the  e\amin,ilion  of  certain 
gra\es,  he  found  a  stone  tube,  "four  uid  .1  (|uu'ter  im  lies  Ioiil;  ;  the 
perforation  has  at  one  end  a  diameter  of  one-i|uarter  of  an  im  h, 
graduall\ei]l,ir:,'iM,i,'  until  it  reac  lies  at  the  other  end.  a  diameter  of  three- 
<|uarters  of  an  it  i  h."  With  this  tube,  whii  h  w.is  imi|uesti mably  used 
as  a  smokini:  i'i|"-'-  were  a  "sea  shell,  somewnat  modified  tor  a  drinking 
vessel,  its  loni,'est  diameter  beinu;  lour  inches,  a  bcu'cr's  tooth.  se\er.il 
bone  awls,  three  arrowheads,  a  number  of  llint  ll.ikes,  ]iii.(es  of  ;i 
tortoise  shell,  some  fraL,uiients  of  deer  horn  iniplenienis,  a  bc)ne  .nouge 
anil  a  lar^e  wing  bone  1  '"  a  bird."  .\  subse(|ueiit  exaininaiion  of  the 
gr.ives  resulted  in  lindiiig  a  second  tube,  apparently  of  the  same 
material,  but  different  in  sliajie  and  leiiglh.  This  second  specimen 
"is  eii^lit  .md  one  li.ilf  im  iu's  long,  and  one   iiK  h   in   di.imeter,  luuini' 


"I  Purkins, /.  c  ,  p.  714. 

"'■'  Frey.     .-Vniurii  ;iii  N.iiurnli«t,  Mil.  xiii,  p.  (137, 


33* 


PRIMITIVE    l\I)rSTRV. 


a  bore  of  fivc-cii^liths  of  an  incli  at  one  end  and  two-eii^lulis  of  an  inch 
at  the  other.  It  is  sniootiily  made  Imt  lias  no  jiolisii  at  j)resent,  l)eing 
eovered  uitii  an  eartiiv  coal,  and  in  iiatciies  witii  a  tlii(  k  concrete  of 
lime  and  sand.  \\'itii  liii>  tube  were  found,  lyinj,'  side  by  side,  three 
hornstoiie  inijilements,  of  j'rj,'e  si/e,  and  jKiinled  at  each  end."  A 
stone  tube,  of  striped  slate,  is  recorded  as  liavini;  been  found  at  Tren- 
ton, N.  J..'-'-'  six  inches  in  len.;th  by  one  and  onediaif  inches  in  greatest 
diameter,  near  one  end,  thus  making  the  implement  slope  abruptly. 
This  specimen,  '.\c  ept  in  m.iterial,  is  identical  with  the  smoking  pipes 
found  in  southern  California  ;  and  does  not  differ 
materially  fn^n  the  New  \'ork  or  X'ermont  speci- 
mens. 

.\  series  of  clay-slate  tubes  were  recently  found 
in  a  gra\e  near  llridge])orl,  ( ilou<  ester  Co.,  New 
Jersey,  which  are  in  s;/e,  color  and 'haracter  of 
I)erforation  nnu  h  like  those  found  in  N'ermont. 
Others,  of  steatite,  said  to  have  been  fomid  in 
other  Indian  graves  in  the  same  neighborhood, 
are.  one  and  all,  uncjuestionable  frauds.  Several 
of  the  latter  have  found  their  w.iv  into  various 
pri\ale  <  abincls.  The  genuine  <  lay->late  exam- 
ples are  at  present  in  the  cnllection  of  Win  S. 
\'au\,  esc|.,  of  l'hiladel|)hia,  I'a. 
I'ig.  325  rejiresenti  an  admirable  examjile  of  steatite  pipe,  which  is 
of  unusual  interest  in  th.it  it  is  a  ( oimecting  link,  as  it  were,  between  the 
tubul.u"  jiipes,  su(  h  as  the  preceding  an(l  the  plain  bo\\l>.  with  a  side 
stemdiole,  as  fig.  1,20.  This  >pe(  inien,  whi(  h  is  made  of  light,  mottled, 
gray  steatite,  is  \ery  highly  ]>olished,  ar.d  symmetrical  in  outline. 
The  cavity  is  (juite  large  (the  sides  being  very  thin),  and  terminates 
in  a  narrow  stem-hole  extending  to  the  lower  end  of  the  specimen. 
There  is  also  a  lateral  stem  hole  -f  gre.iter  diameter,  ojiening  into  tiie 
bowl  just  above  the  conunenceinenl  of  the  other. 


Fig.  32J.  —  Pcnii>yl- 
vaiiia.    i . 


'"AUiott.     Naturi:,  vol.  \iv,  p.  154,  fij;.  i,     lAiiulun,  1S76. 


PIPES. 


333 


Smolcing  pipes  of  this  i)attcTn  are  seldom  inet  with,  only  two 
examples  having  been  found,  to  the  author's  knowledge,  in  the  loeali- 
ties  treated  of  in  the  present  volume. 

'i'his  sperimen  was  found  near  liainhridge.  Lancaster  Co.,  T'enna., 
by  ^fr.  !•'.  (',.  (laliraith,  and  is  now  in  the  collection  of  the  late  I'ro- 
fessor  I  ialdeman. 

The  occurrence  of  ])ii)es  made  of  metal  is  of  great  interest,  from  the 
fad  that  while  cnpper  ])ii.es  are  recorded  ,is  having  been  in  use  by  the 
Manhattan  Indians,  no  specimens  are  now  known  to  be  in  colleciions. 
In  a  loot-note  to  page  45  of  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge, 
No.  2.S.|.  Dr.  Rau  remarks  that  "the  navigators  who  first  visited  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  Ndrdi  .\merica  notii  ed  co]i|)er  pipes  among  the 
natives:  as  fur  instance.  Robert  Jiiel.  who  serve<l  under  Ilmbon  as 
mate  in  tiie  Half  .Moon.  .Sui  h  pipes  nuist  be  verv  rare.  There  are 
none  in  the  Smithsonian  i-olledion." 

In  the  nmseiun  at  Cambridge,  in  a  large  series  of  wooden  pipes 
from  .\la>ka.  are  sevenil  which  have  the  bowls  formed  of  sheet  copjier 
( I'.  M.  No.  i.S5,S),  but  whether  any  of  these  are  of  an  anti<|uity  ante- 
dating i'.uropean  contact  is  very  doubtful.  ()<  <  asionally,  jil.iin  day 
Jiipes  ha\e  been  found  in  graves,  which  were  parti.dly  en(  ased  in  broad 
copper  bands  ;  and  it  is  very  probable  that  pipes  thus  ornamented 
were  seen  by  the  early  voyagers  from  Kurope.  who  mistook  them  for 
pijies  m.ide  wholly  of  metal. 

.At  Cambridge,  there  is  prcser\ed  a  rare  and  most  interesting 
si)e(  inun  -;.f  a  j.ipe  (P.  M.  No.  14172).  which  bears  a  great  resem- 
blan(  e  to  the  jJain  clay  pipe,  fig.  324.  This  specimen  is  made  of 
sheet  lead  carefully  rolled,  so  that  the  symmetry  of  the  bowl  and  stem 
is  preserved,  'ihe  Kjiecimen  was  found  at  Re\ere,  .Massa(  husetts. 
The  appearance  of  this  siie<iinen  is  such  as  to  suggest  that  it  is  of 
fn.lian  manufacture,  although  made  of  course  after  association  with  the 
iMiropeans. 

The  occurrence  of  what  have  been  termed  '•<omi(ound  calumets," 
or  '•coumil-pipes,"  has  been  reported  in  the  .\meri(  .m  .\ntic|u,irian, 
vol.  i,  |).  1 13.     One  such  is  described  as  maile  "of  a  hard,  light  gray, 


334 


I'KIMIIIVi:    IMilSlRY. 


almost  white  steatite.  It  is  <  yliii(lii<  al  or  tai.erini;  in  form,  and  nearly 
six  inciies  in  heiL^iil.  Alu.ut  Iwu  in.  lies  fnini  the  luso  *  *  »  extends 
a  horizontal  groosc  in  whii  li  iiave  l.een  jiierced  lour  e<iui(hstanl  stem- 
lioles.  wiiich  extend  oltliipieiy  downwards  to  tiie  liase  of  tiie  liowl. 
*  *  *  *  Tiie  si/e  of  tlie  spei mien,  and  the  e\i>ten(  e  of  four  orifices 
for  tlie  insertion  of  stems,  prove  coiu  lusively  tlial  it  was  not  an 
ordinary  jiipe,  hut  was  in  ail  prohal.ility  smoked  in  some  formal 
ceremony." 

If  tiiere  were  any  historical  evident  e  that  such  jiipes  ever  had  heen 
used,  there  nii,:;ht  then  be  no  reason  for  looking  with  suspicion  upon 
the  above  (lescril)ed  si)eciinen,  and  even  if  it  be  genuine,  il  is  scarcely 
necessary  to  concluile  tiial  the  four  stem-holes  were  siuiMJlaneously 
used.     'I'liree  of  them  mav  have  been  jihigged  with  some  ornamental 


rarving.  just  as  certain  of  the  uioimdbuilder  jiijies  were  decorated  witli 
pearls  and  polished  jielibles  ;  and  the  California  i)iiies  were  inkiid  with 
inother-of])earl.  I  latl  tliis  one  spec  imen  only  been  olit.nneil.  it  might 
be  (kissed  with  tlie  rcm.irkalile  pipe  sculjitures  that  oc(  ur  so  sp.iringly 
altmg  the  Atlantic  seabo.u'd  ;  but  llie  fact  that  from  tlie  same  general 
1(.<  ality  otliers  of  various  jiatlerns  li.ive  abo  inys/criinis/y  turned  up,  as 
the  result  of  exjtlorations  of  i  ertain  jiarties,  il  is  very  evident,  that  as 
a  class,  these  "comiiound  (alumets"  are  frauds;  and  were  jiossibly 
(•o|)ied  I'rom  the  spei  imen  here  mentioneil,  which  w.is  the  fust  dis- 
covered, antl  which,  if  genuine,  in  sjjile  of  the  existence  of  four  •'stem- 
holes,"  need  not  net  essaril)'  be  a  so-(  aileil  "council  pipe." 

l"ig.  3^4  represents  a  pattern  of  small  clay  pipe,  of  whit  h  fragments 
are  found  in  great  abundance  but  whii  h,  as  a  perfet  t  or  nearly  jiertect 
example,  is  but  seldom  seen.    'I'hc  excellence  of  workmanship  exhibited 


I'll'KS. 


335 


in  these  clay  pijjes  is  very  uniform,  and  liads  to  the  l)clicf  that  they  were 
moulded  by  oilier  than  the  native  |M)tlcr^.  I'here  is  miK  h  difference 
of  opinion  on  this  i)uint.  When,  however,  a  lar^'e  series  is  brought 
togetlier,  and  the  (  haracter  of  the  ornamentation  ( arefully  examined, 
it  is  found  that  there  e\i^t  many  j^rades  of  e\rcllen(  e  in  thi.  re>[)e(  t, 
th(ju,uh  neither  is  la-yoml  the  capaijilities  of  the  redman.  f'urtlier- 
niore,  both  lioim  an<l  Kaiui  di>tiu(  lly  refer  to  pijies  of  i  lav,  made  by 
the  Indians.  j'ig.  3J4  is  an  example  of  these  pipes  whi(  h  iia>  no 
ornamentation.  'I'luy  are  ipiite  rar.-,  in  (()nii>arison  with  tiiose  whieii 
have  the  bowl  covered  with  (arefully  stanijjed  lines,  dots  and  other 
depressions.  , 

The  clay,  of  whi(  li  these  small  pipes  are  made,  is  of  a  mm  h  fmer 
(juality  than  tiiat  used  in  the  ordinary  eartiiemvare,  already  des(  ribed. 
i;x(e])t  (Kcasioual  trac  es  of  \ery  fine  white  sand,  sue  li  as  occurs 
naturally  in  many  of  the  veins  of  clay,  there  appears  to  be  no  foreign 
substaiK  e.  When  burnt,  theie  pipes  are  of  a  yellow-gray,  or  a  brick 
red  color,  generally  the  former;  but  there  appears  to  be  no  differenrc 
in  the  iiuality  of  the  pipes,  wiiatever  the  <  olor  when  biinu-d.  The 
great  variety  of  tints  in  the  clay,  blue,  blai  k,  and  red,  all  bmii  to  a 
yellow,  when  now  used  for  draiu-pijie  and  terra-cotta  ware. 

J''y^-  3-5  '^  3-9.  in<  lusive,  represent  fragments  of  clay  smoking 
l)ilies  and  stems,  and  show  the  various  patterns  of  decorations  used  in 
ornamenting  them.  In  all  ca^es,  this  wmk,  whether  met'  lines,  or 
combinations  of  lines  ami  dots,  is  wry  sujierior  to  that  on  aav  of  the 
pottery  found  in  the  same  locality,  so  nnu  h  so,  in  fact,  th.u  wi  re  it  not 
that  there  are  different  gr.ules  of  merit  in  the  work,  it  might  be  a~,i  ribed 
to  Jairopean  origin. 

.■\ttention  has  already  been  called  to  stone  ]iii)e-bowb.  as  oc- 
casionally oc(  urring,  though  i|uite  rare  in  (omparison  with  those  that 
have  a  stem  complete  in  itself,  or  one  that  i  an  be  used  bv  the  .lidof  a 
supplementary  stem  of  wood  or  reed. 

I'Aen  more  rare,  it  is  believed,  are  day  pipe-bowis,  without  stems 
or  mouth-pieces  of  the  same  material,  sm  h  as  figure  330. 

This  beaiitifiil  specimen,  which  is  really  artistically  ilesigneil,  \aries 


r/' 


I'KIMUIVr.    IMlISIRV. 


not  only  in  tlic  sh\\>u  of  tin-  liowl,  jiiul  ispecially  in  the  l)asL',  hut  is  of 
liardi  r  rl.iy  than  iho-M'  that  iiavo  l)iin  ll;;uri'(l.  An  inti'rtstinjj  feature 
of  tliis  >]ii'(iiiu'n  is  the  sin.'li  hole  p.issing  tlirougii  tlie  liasc.  lielow  the 
lar^'e  hole  ii.ien.leil  for  the  stem  or  month-piece.  ( )riiate  as  this  pipe- 
howl  sti',1  i>,  liy  reason  <  f  ii^  j,'ra(  efnl  sliajic,  it  was  jirobaliiy  not  stif- 
ficientiy  >o  in  the  eyes  v(  its  jtrimitiNc  owner.     Ily  means  of  a  cord 


FlCi.  32^.— \i\v  Icrsty 


Fu;.  = 


FlO.  328.  —  N<'\v  Jersey.      !.  T'lr;.  '','-"). —  \«'\v  Jersey,     -[. 

passeil  tlirouL,'h  tliis  small  opening;,  feathers,  heads  and  brilliant  trinkets 
of  any  kind,  were  readily  suspended  ;  and  this,  it  is  l)elieve<l,  istheol)- 
je<  t  of  this  small  ])ertoration. 

'I"hes(.'  hok's  are  not  nnustiid.  when  the  stems  of  s/i'/ir  pipes  are 
tliin.  lilt  and  |iroje(tinL;.  a>  in  fiu'.  ,5 1  ,V  'I'hey  are  of  fre(|ueiu  <j(riir- 
rence,  al.-,o,  in  the  more  n\i.Mlern  C'atlinite  jiipes. 


PIPF.S. 


337 


Fio.  331.  —  Punna 


In  the  collection  of  North  American  smoking  pipes  in  the  nmseum 
at  Canihridgc,  are  examples  of  tiiis  ])atlLTn,  made  of  slcalit.'  and 
slate.  One  specimen  (No.  15697)  from  Lafayette,  Indiana,  is  strik- 
ingly similar  to  fig,  3,^0.  The  jiattern  is  one  nut 
characteristic  of  any  locality,  hut  does  not  occur 
abimdantly  anywhere. 

I)r.  Chas.  Ran,  in  .Smithsonian  Contributions 
to  Knowhilge,  No.  2S7,  figures  a  ]n\>i;  of  this 
shape,  made  of  argilhu  eous  stone  and  found  in 
Ohio,  lie  believes  that  pipes  of  this  <  liaracter  may  not  be  very 
old  ;  adding  that  "  the  type  occurs  among  the  pipes  carved  by  modern 
Indians." 

l''K-  .5.5"  was  found  in  Lancaster  Co.,  I'a.,  and  is  now  in  the  cal)inet 
of  the  late  Prof.  S.  S.  Ilaldeman,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  tlie  oi)- 
portunity  of  describing  and  figuring  this  specimen. 

Througliout  New  Jersey  and  New  I'.ngland 
generally,  there  is  not  fountl  that  variety  of  forms 
in  smoking  ])ipes,  whi(  h  is  comparatively  (om- 
mon  in  many  portions  of  New  \ork.  Mr.  I'rey'-' 
found  among  the  many  relics  of  the  Indians, 
once  living  in  the  Mohawk  valley,  many  fine  ex- 
amjjles  of  clay  j)i|)es  of  intricate  and  ornate  de- 
signs. He  refers  to  the  Moiiawk  Indians  as 
"showing  great  ingenuity  in  making  pipes,  the 
bowls  of  wliii  h  are  fre(|uently  in  the  form  of  a 
bird  or  mammal,  and  thesi;  alwa\s  being  very 
true  to  nature." 

Fig.  331  represents  an  interesting  earthen  frag- 
ment. iirobai)ly  broken  from  a  pipe  such  as  re- 
ferred to  l)y  Mr.  Frey.  Its  color,  consistency  and  si/e  all  suggest 
that  it  was  a  jiortion  of  the  bowl  of  a  small  clay  pipe,  sucii  as  is 
represented  on  i)age  334,  although   no  perfect  pi|)es,  having  a  like 


Fin.  3JO.  —  Pennn.     \, 


"*  Frcy,  /.  c,  Amer,  Naturalist,  vol.  xii,  p.  781,  figs.  8  to  11  inclusive, 
^2 


338  I'KIMIMVI.    l\Iir<IRV. 

onianicnl  have  been  fuiind.  (ir  are  kiuiwii  to  the  author,  from  New 
Jersev  (ir  tlie  New  liii^land  slates,  ii<)t\vithstaii(hiig  they  are  so 
ahimdaiu  m  New  N'ork. 

Ill  the  Magazine  of  American  )  '.isiorx,  tor  Sept.,  1.S7.S,  tliere  is  given 
a  figure  of  an  Iroipiois  ]n\n:  witli  a  raci  uoii's  iiead  i)roje(ting  from  one 
side  of  the  l)owl,  in  sik  h  a  ]i(>>iii(in  as  ti)  face  the  smoker,  wlien  the  iiijie 
was  used.  Mr.  Stone  refers  to  this  si)ecimen  as  ,1  'Tougli  ami  uncouth 
Iroiiuoi^  pijie  in  tlie  shape  of  a  raccoon's  head  wliicii  was  found  .it  I,.ike 
(icorgc ;"  and  draws  some  \inwarranted  coiu  hisions  troin  it,  wlien 
compared  widi  a  somewhat  l)etter  thiished  s]iecimen  of  an  Iroquois 
l)ipe  of  essentially  the  same  t\pe. 

Mr.  S(  iioolcral't,  in  his  History  of  tiie  Indian  Trihes.  I't.  II.  p.  00, 
and  plate  47,  hrielly  des(  ribes  ami  figures  s|n(  uiiens  of  Iroipiois  pipes, 
one  of  whi<  h  has  a  bear's  head,  of  the  same  chanicter  of  fnii.-.h  as  ihe 
s|)e(  imen  of  animal  head  represented  in  figure  _^_^:i.  Rel'erring  to  the 
olijecls  on  plate  .47  of  his  work.  Schoolcraft  remarks,  "the  artit  les 
groiiiied  in  [ilate  .>7,  from  I'lllisburgh,  Jefferson  county,  New  Nork, 
exhibit  the  sa!:ic  read\-  t.u  I  in  moulding  im.ige^  oi  the  human  I'ai  e  and 
the  distincti\e  heads  of  .iniinals  on  the  plastic  l)asi>  of  clay  pi]  cs.  whu  h 
is  found  extensively  in  that  area."     In  \'i-niiont.  also.  "  .i  few  tr..  1 

of  pipes  ha\e  been  found  made  of  terracotta."  One  is  a  periec  t 
specimen  resembling  a  trumpet,  and  similar  to  some  figured  by 
Sc  hoolcraft.'-'' 

\\  hether  the  fust  pipe-,  were  merely  shapeless  lum]is  of  c  i.iv, 
hardened  by  muc  ii  use.  ami  thus  suggested  the  workable  stones  .is  .1 
more  desir.ible  material  for  lluir  m.inutac  lure  .  is  )irriiaps  uncertain  ;  but 
there  is  esideiic  e  tl'.at  the  two  lorms  of  stone  and  c  lay  were  iisccl  at 
one  and  the  s.ime  time,  and  that  those  of  vl.v.  contmiied  in  use.  after  the 
others  h.id  ceasi'd  to  be  maniil.ic  tured  in  Lir^ie  nuinliers,  Wli'le  it  is 
ver\  r.in-,  th.it  we  come  ac  ross  a  rucle  and  apparc-niK'  \erv  cjld  clav 
])ipe — one  that  might  possibly  antecl.ite  the  e.irliest  stone  pipes  —  ihc-re 
is  ]irobably  nothing  s<»  modern  or  iiion    c  citnincm.  in  tlie  whole  range 


<*'  Si.licx>lt;rurt.     Mill  ,  etc.,  uf  >liuliiui  Tribea.  i'nrtTi,  |il>,  8  and  lo. 


riPF.s. 


sm 


of  Inflian  Imndiwork,  ns  i'  is  ^u\]  f.juiii  in  the  Atlantic  roast  states. 
Many  wi-iv  pre  l)aMy  \,\u\c  alter  liie  in'.rotluttion  of  clay  jiipe-s,  of  some- 
what similar  jjatterns,  liy  ilu-  Ijirojioans. 

Clay  pipes  of  the  plaine--  patterns  are  not  as  abundant  in  Massa- 
(hnsetts  and  Connecticut,  as  in  New  Vurk  an<l  New   fersev  ;  Imt  thev 


are  siitii(  imtiy  well  re]iresented  in  ti 


e  >  ontents  of  ancient  j;rave- 


in  '•  siirlai  e  fmiis."  u>  lie  accnnnted  as  not  uncommon. 


('lav  tubes  are  o<i  asionallv  met  with,  which 


m  many  rases  were 


undonbtedl 


y  used  as  ]ii|>es,  but  others  are  of  such  a  small  <  alibre,  tl 


Kit 


xh 


eir  jmrpose  is  pmblematii  al. 

Among  the  many  (>bje(  t^  of  interest  i,'athereil  t'rom  mounds  in  soi 


ith- 


eastern    ( )hio,  li 


>r.    i;.    !'..  AiMJreN 


IS  a  c 


lav  t 


lilie.   w 


hich 


Oni 


■ibcd 
end    is   ( 


as  a  (  vumU 


r  of  \cllo\,    clav.  but  slii,'htlv   baked,   if  at  all. 


losed, 


■pt   a   snial 


(in  ular   openinj,'. 


Mr.    I'.  W, 


Putnam  I'-'"  has  remarked  in  a  U 


H)tnote  to   I'rofesMir  .\nilrews'  rejiort 


that  "the^e  tulus  of  stone,  ,/,r.;  and  (ojiper  divovered  by  Professor 
near  to  the  1.  m,'  tube-like  pipes  made  of  stone. 


An.l 


rews  aiii)ru,i(  li  >o 


and 
wit! 


still 


)    I II pes. 


d  by  the  I  tes,  that  I  cm  h.irdly  retr 
iffi 


from 


<  l.issMi''  them 


e  piU)ci]Ml    dillerenii'  « (insists   in  these  tubes  li.ivinL' 


what  would  be  the  mouth-piece  made  by  the  tomiination  of  tlu'  jiipe 
itself:  while  in  the  stone  tubes,  that  are  umiuestionablv  pipes,  the  mouth- 


jiiete  is  probably  made   bv  inserting  .i 


lolluvv  bone  or  reed 


Tl 


lese 


tube  like  pipes  ha\  e  been  found  in  numbers  in  the  old  burial-places  of 

■(  eiuly  beet)  one  received  at  the  museum. 


Californi,!,  and  tlure  li 


whi(  h  was  ( ollec  ted  in  .\l.issachusett>. 


In  S 


|ui'.r  aiKi 


l».i 


.\n(  ient  .Mont 


.eiits  of  tlie  Mississippi  valley'   several  of  these  s/mir 


tubes  are  descrilied.  (»ne  of  them  identical  with  licure  5  (  ///<•  ,/,iv  ////;•) 


fifs' 


ured  III  this  anii 


<1  tl 


le  auiliurs  of  that  w<jrk  also  sut;^'esl  th.i 


these  t 


lilies  mav  lie  1  lilies. 


Two    iiecimeiis  of  elaborairlv  oniamcnted  clav  tubes."-"  timnd 


m 


the  same  urave  11 


1  New  I 


eiscy.  were  about  s<\eii  ni<  lies  in  leii-ih,  and 


'""  Anilrrw».  Trmh  Ki|«itl  of  IV;it»»ly  Mli<.ciiin,  |i.  li,  fig.  5.  r.imtir»l|Ii-,  M.lv 
'•'  I'miiiiMi.  I  .mil  Ui|iiiri  of  l''al«xly  Mii«niiii,  p.  m.  Sg.  5.  CaiiilinU«(<:,  M.i%-. 
""AUhiIi.     N.uiiri;,  Mil.  ,\h  .  |i.  154.     I.untiun,  1976. 


34° 


PKIMIllVK.    INI  US  IKY. 


oriiniisii.i!  interest,  as  tltcy  1ki\c  no  I'.ir  prowd  tini([tic.  In  c';x<'Ii  case, 
there  na>  .i  iirojectiiij.;  ornament  whiili,  prior  to  liieir  inhumation,  appar- 
entK,  had  heen  partially  liroken  otV.  so  tiiat  its  jirecise  ( liaraiter  lonld 
not  he  as(  ertained.  I'niike  most  tiil)es,  llie  (Uameter  of  tiie  l)one  was 
iinilbrm  and  very  small,  and  their  use  tlierefore,  as  smoking  pilH-s,  way 
im|ir.\i  III  alile. 

A  smaller  and  plainer  i>altern  of  i  lay  tube  found  fretinently  upon 
the  siirfac  !•  is  represented  in  fi:;.  ,,,1^.  This  spei  inien  has  nun  ii  the 
appi'aranc  e  of  i\\c  stems  of  siu  1\  pl.iin  cl.iv  pipes  as  have  heen  de- 
scribed ;  hut  it  IS  not  imprt>l)al)le  that  many  sue  h  s|)e(imens  as  fig.  j^j^2 


Kni.  JJ3.  —  N'cw  Jt:i\try.     \. 

were  made  .is  they  now  are.  and  were  used  in  x.uious  ways.  Many 
proh.ii.iy  are  simply  eloi\;;ateil  heads,  and,  if  orii,'in.ill\  |iipe--.tems.  have 
had  the  iVai  tured  end  '  arefnlly  smuuthcd,  until  now  no  trarr  uf  a  broken 
siirtaic  <  ,m  be  detected.  These  tubes  have  heen  «onsidereil  also  as 
"whistUN"  (.\mer.  Naturalist,  vol.  i\.  tig.  ty))  and  ( ertainiy  ( an  lie 
very  readily  u-.ed  .is  su(  h. 

The  Npei  inieii  here  figured  w.i-.  found  m  an  Indi.m  grave,  assiK  i.iieil 
witli  the  unu.iI  t\pis  of  iiiipknuiils  oi  i  urring  in  am  ient  burials.  jhis 
would  Ml  III  to  indicate  that  wlutlu  r  a  utihiccd  ]iipe-stem  or  an  imi»le- 
me!il  ./(■  //('<■■(',  it  h.id  soiiii-  spec  i.il  use. 


•   -i4JUO" 


CilAl'lilR     XXllI. 


nisioihAI.  SIONES. 


Tiir,  name  " rininykt-  Stones,"  gi\(.'n  to  the  peculiar  l)ironrave  stone 
<lisks  found  in  tlic  sdutlirrn  ami  western  states,  and  also  apjijieil  to  the 
more  alnmilant  jilaiu  stone  disks  \vhi(li  <)((  iir  in  srantv  nt^nl>^■r^.  in  tlie 
mi<ldle  states,  is  (trtainly  (aliulated  to  uiisioad  unless  it  lie  admitted 
that  tlie  plain  disks,  and  those  that  are  biconcave  and  occasionally 
])orlorated,  are  one  ami  the  sanie  implement. 

Col.  (".  ( '.  Jones,  jr.,'-"'  in  his  mo^l  admiralile  account  of  these  stones, 
(hisses  them  lotjelher  ;  and  wilii  tiiose  of  most  elaliorate  lini>h,  and 
l)ic()in  avi',  he  associates  sui  ii  pl.iin  stone  disks  as  have  heen  found  in 
New  Jersey  and  northward  of  that  slate. 

jiiit  two  exami)les  of  tliese  jil.iin  tlis<nidal  stones  have  been  examined, 
that  were  found  in  New  Jirsey.  Others,  however,  are  known  to  have 
been  found,  and  p.tsseil  into  jiriv.ite  <()!le<  lions.  These  are  ,ili  per- 
fectly jilain  circ  ul.ir  stones,  with  strai,i;ht  sides  and  level  margins.  ( )f 
two  e\ain]ile>  Irom  ( iloiuester  ( "o.,  New  Jersey,  one  is  i|uite  smoothly 
jnilished  and  act  unite  in  outline  ;  the  other  has  the  m.irj;in  somewhat 
sloping;,  and  so  will  not  remain  in  .m  ujiri^ht  ])osition.  when  pla<  ed 
upon  a  le\el  surfac  e.  lloth  these  spet  iiucns  are  made  of  compact 
sandstone,  and  .ire  <|uite  he.ivy. 

'if!-  ,?.>.?  represents  a  spci  nneii  of  diese  diseoidal  stones  found  in 
New  Jersey,  whii  h  is  not  distinguishable  from  hundreds  of  sunii.ir 
implements  from  the  southern  stales,  ft  is  the  s.ime '•hard,  black, 
{•lose-;;rained  stone,  capable  of  receiving  .i  ("me  polish"  whi(  h  "former! 
the  fa\orite  material,  espe<  ially  alo;ig  the  co.ist."  ,is  clesiribeil  by  Cul. 
(".  C.  Jones,  jr.,  iu  his  work  on  the  southern  Indians. 


"•  Joiin,     Aiiliiiuiii"  of  the  Smilhcm  Intlun^,  p.  148,  pi.  ««.     New  Ynrl(,  i"!;]. 

t!Ml) 


342 


rKIMinVK  IN'IHVIRV. 


A  rciiKirkalily  fiiii"  specimen,  df  the  same  <  haractcr  as  fig.  3^_5,  is  a 
polislicd  cxainple,  niaile  of  trap  rm  k.  in  the  (ullection  of  tlie  late 
Professor  Haldenian.  In  ;;  letter  from  I'rofessor  I  laldeman.  luarinp; 
(late  of  May  2y,  iS.So,  lie  th  to  states,  "I  have,  throii^ii  tlie  kindiu'ss 
of  the  l.iniiiy,  lati'ly  got  'the  \\'ittmer  disk'  of  Mack  stone  ;  two  sur- 
f  II  e>  llal  and  polished,  edge  cjinex  —  hetter  l"ini>iud  lli  in  ain  tiling,' 
allied  Iniin  this  loealitv."  This  spec  iinen,  whirh  niea^iMcs  alioiit  tinir 
in(  Ik'^  in  iliameter,  li\  nearly  two  inc  lies  in  thickness,  was  loiiiul  "  about 
four  miles  Itelow  ('oluml)ia,  Lin<  i.->ter  Co.,  I'a."  It  was  presented 
to  Professor  Ilaldeman  liy  Mr.  J.n oh  !1.  \\  ittmer,  the  inheritor  of  the 
farm  "  upon  which  il  was  found  by  his  grainl^nother  when  a  little  ^iii, 


FlO.    5^1. — New    frrNcy,      |. 

about  the  year  17^15.  The  loi  alny  is  well  known  lor  armwhcids, 
I'.uropian  be, id-.,  eti  ." 

Thi^  di>k  or  chmifiki''  stone  will «  oiiip.ire  fuor.ibly,  in  e\i  r\-  re^|ii-(  t, 
with  the  bi>t  sjiei  imens  of  thi-i  p.uiern  of  tli.se  objiit>,  iVom  the 
southern  states. 

.\re  we  to  consider  these  discoid.U  stones,  found  in  .Ww  Jersey,  as 
<  hnn^k."-  stono  ?  I'roui  the  several  ac(  t)inits  j;i\en  of  the  j;anie  in  whii  li 
these  sioius  wen-  u-ed,  there  does  not  appe.ir  to  be  any  re, won  win-  a 
|il,iiu  di-k  Would  not  lia\e  ser\ed  the  purpose  ,is  readilv  .is  .1  bii  one  .ive 
one  ;  and  as  theti  is  aUo  ,»  renular  jir.idaticn  tVoin  Mime  tli,it  ar>'  vxeii 
roiuev  to  those  that  are  deeply  conca\e  and  e\en  perf  iritecl,  it  is  not 
impro!i,ible  that  .ill  were  iiied  in  pl.iyiiiK  '''L*  one  g.iine,  or  possibly. 


DISCOIDAI.  STONES. 


343 


some  modifirations  of  it.  If  sik  li  be  tlic  rase,  ami  the  presence  of 
sucli  s|K'cinK'iis  as  ff^.  355  indicates  liiat  llie  Indians  nf  llie  Delaware 
valley  v.ere  ( liungke  players,  then  \vc  ouj^lit  alsn  to  liixl  the  nMxave 
stones,  that  are  ( on^idered  as  the  typical  form  of  this  iniplenienl  ; 
e\ea  il'they  are  not  ft  .nil,  then  tiiis  fa(  t  can  s(  an  el)' he  ( ()n^i<kred  as 
a  proof  thai  tiie  plain  di^ks  were  iiol  j^aininj,'  stones.  I  >'d  tiuy  not 
(ic(  nr  ill  the  southern  st.ites.asscx  iated  with  llie  iiiconcave  s,)eciniens,  it 
might  more  reasonalily  he  supposed  that  they  liad  scjine  other  puri)ose. 
In  this  connei  tion  also,  it  i^  well  ts)  recall  the  f.u  t  that  the  Del.iware 
valK'v  w.\s  (i( cupied  at  one  time  hy  hands  of  .Siiawme  Indians,  «ho 
ver\- proh.ilih' pi,i\ed  thi^  ,^,une  diu-in.i,'  their  northern  sojourn,  and  may 
h.i\e  introdu(fd  it  amon;,'  their  I.en.ipe  nei^hhorN.  As  tlu.  c'arly 
travellers  and  missionaries  amonj;  the  ri'sident  Delawares  or  l.enni 
LenaiH-  make  no  reference  to  the  game,  it  is  no'  likely  that  it  w.is  ever 
so  prominent  a  pastime  among  tliem,  as  it  was  among  the  su'ithern 
tribes. 


■J^'i^''^^% 


CHAl'TKR    XXIV. 


INSCKIHl'.I)   STONES. 


When  the  class  of  ceremonial  objects  conie  to  lie  (Km  riiicd,  one 
specimen  \vill  ho  found  the  most  intcnstinj,',  pcriiaps.  ot"  all,  vi/.  :  a 
caned  stone  commemorating  a  treaty  between  two  tribes  {<  iiap.  XXV, 
J).  365).  Attention  will  also  be  frequently  calle<l  to  the  series  of 
marginal  noti  lies  on  gorgets  and  other  furms  of  ornamental  stones, 
which  are  helievecl  to  have  a  "meaning;,"  and  are  not  simjiiy  one  of 
the  few  methoiis  adoi)ted  by  tlic  Indian,  to  orn.iment  sui  h  clones  as 
they  wore  about  their  persons,  or  jMr-ided  on  <  ereinoni.d  oi  (  a^ion^. 
Stones,  however,  other  than  tiiose  of  a  (  eremonial,  or  ornamental 
character,  with  marks,  dots,  lines,  figures  eitiier  singly  or  in  ( onibina- 
tions,  are  of  very  rare  occurrence.  I'ic  tured  rocks  >uc  i>  a^  are  found 
in  various  rivers,  and  along  their  l).u)ks.  .ue  not  iuc  luded  in  this  c  ate- 
gory.  I!ut  one  engra\ecl  ^-tone  li.is  been  found  in  c  entr.d  New  jersey, 
so  far  as  known,  among  tiie  tliousands  of  ordin.iry  slone  impkunuts 
that  have  been  gathered.  '1  his  specimen  bears  some  slight  re>em- 
Mance  to  the  picture  writings,  as  desiribecl  l]y  S<  lioolc  raft,  (allin  :md 
otiiers. 

.\s  the  result  of  his  in\e^tigalion^,  Catlin'"'  remarks  :  "  I  ii.ive  been 
unable  to  fmd  anything  like  a  sxsti  in  of  iiieroglyphic  writing  amoug>l 
them;  \et,  their  /'iiti/ir  Ti'nVi/ii;<.  on  the  rocks  and  on  their  roius, 
ai)proa<  h  somewhat  towards  it."  The  eugrasicl  stone  figured  on 
])age  347,  is  supposed  to  be  nuit  h  the  same  as  a  "  b.irk  letter,"  of 
one  of  which  .Sir  John  i.ubboc  k'-"  gives  an  iliustr.ited  ace  ciunl.  cpiotii'ig 
in  jiart  from  S<h(K>lcralt.  liii^  letter  h.is  a  l.uge  munber  of  figures  of 
men  and  certain  animals  on  it,  and  thus  his  the  .ippcirauc  e  of  being 


>»Cnllin,    Nurth  .Xmerican  ItiviUnt,  vol.  a,  |i.  14(1,  41I1  lhIiiiuii,  8\ii.    (.mikIom,  1844. 


i46 


I'KIMIIIVK    IMHSIKY. 


a  more  advunccil  jirodiu  tioii  in  tliis  inctliod  nf  (onimnnicatini;  ideas. 
This,  pcrlwps,  is  more  apparent  tiiaii  rral,  I'nr  it  is  not  improhalile  that 
the  straight  lines  in  the  cngrased  talilet  here  fi.^ured  represent  rivers 
or  creeks,  and  tlie  arrow  tiie  (hrettion  taken  iiv  some  Imhans,  wiio 
desired  to  inform  a  party,  toiiowini,'  in  tluir  trac  k.  of  the  rouio  tiiey  ha<l 
taken.  This  is  in  ai(c>rdan<  e  witii  tran^'nions  of  l)arkdetters  as  L;i\en 
1)V  S<  liooli  raft,  and  \vhi<  li  art'  douiitii'ssly  <orrf(t. 

'I'liat  a  few  siigiit  scr.itt  lies  upon  stone  or  wood,  as  made  liy  an 
Indian  might  have  to  him,  or  to  another,  <i)nsideral)le  meaning,  and  its 
si:;nifii  ance  l)e  readily  constnied  hy  one  of  these  pi.-o|)le,  imder  certain 
( ircnmstances,  is  rea<lily  seen  liy  tiie  ai  <  ounl  gi\en  \<y   K.iini.  in   iiis 
N'oitii  Ami  rii  an   Travels,     'iliis  writer  says  of  the   Delaware   Indians, 
"  their  good  natin-.il  p.uts  are  pro\ ed  hy  the  following  ai  <  ount.  whi<  h 
m.mv  pecijile  liavc  given  me  as  a  triK'  one.     Wiien  they  send  their 
amlia^^ailors  to  the  /•'/.\'//v7/  colonies,  in  orcUr  to  settle  things  of  con- 
se(|nen(  e  with  the  governor,  they  sit  down  on  the  ground  as  soon  as 
they  come  to  his  audience,  and  lu-ar  witii  great  attention  the  governor's 
demands  which  they  are  to  m.ike  an   answer  to.      His  demands  are 
sometimes  m.mv.     Net  they  have  only  a  sti(  k  in  their  h and  an<l  m.ike 
their  marks  on  it  with  a  knife  without  writing   anything  eKe  down, 
lint  when  they  return  the  next  <lay  to  give  in  their  resolutions,  they 
answer   all    the  governor's   articles  in  the   same   oriler,    in   whii  h   he 
delivered  them,  without  leaving  one  out,  or  changing  the  order,  and 
give  siK  h  a(  I  ur.ite  .m^.wer>.  .1-.  if  tluy  had  an  acdnmt  of  them  at  lull 
length  in  writing." 

While  in  lhi->  <  a>e,  these  tiotc  lies  in  a  stick  were  mere  aids  to  memory, 
it  shows  that  the  fundamental  idea  of  expressing  thoughts  or  recording 
facts,  liv  means  of  signs,  was  not  novel  to  them,  and  renders  the  siig- 
geste<l  explanation  of  the  marks  upon  the  m.sirilied  stone,  here  de- 
srrilieil,  .IS  pl.uisilile. 

I'ii.;.  \\.\  represents  this  inscribed  stone.  It  is  a  ne.wlyoval  sl.ih  of 
mi<:aceons  slale,  aliont  an  in(  li  thick,  seven  im  lies  in  length  and  four 


'"  I.ulilxi.  k.    Orlciii  iif  Civili/alion,  5n.l  ril,,  p   41,  fii;.  tj.     frmitrai.  iH, 


iNscKim;!!  sroNKs. 


347 


and  thrce-fotirthii  imhes  in  ),'reatL'st  width.  The  cdj,'is  Iiave  Ux-n 
rudely  l)(.'velli'd,  and  the  spec  imen  liroii^^lit  to  its  present  shajie  heforc 
tlu-  fiiiuris  and  lines  were  ins(ri!)ed  upon  it.  They  lonsist  of  a  series 
of  well-defined  lines,  one  extendini,'  tiie  entire  len^tli  of  the  slal),  and 
dividing'  it  into  two  nearly  eijual  parts.     Tiiere  arc  also  three  others 


Fii;.  u4.  —  New  Ji-TM-y.     {. 


is  one  at  ri,i,'ht  an^iies.  and  .i  loiirth  short  one.  with  "split' 


tone  IS  the 


that  (TOSS  tliis 

ends,  on  the  leli-hand  side,  below  the  ( entrc  of  th 

'I'iie  n)(i->t  notiii'alile  leatiire  of  the  inN<ril)ed  side  of  the  sti 
well-defined  arrow,  i-xlendiii};  <)hlii|uely  amiss  the  stone  from  ri.nht  to 
let"t.      Withiiu 
1)111  the  arrow 
basis  for  < onjecinre. 


It  this  the  stone  would  (\'rt.iin!y  be  wlfilly  unintelligible, 
•ems  to  explain  the  spei  iinen,  or  r.ither  fiirnishes  a 


348 


PRIMITIVF.  INDrsTRV. 


As  the  spcriiTK-n  cxliil)its  m>  attempt  at  ornamentation  wlialevcr, 
an.l  (..nsi. luring  tluit  it  was  foun.l  in  a  swamp  but  lately  reclaimed, 
an.l  on  tlie  margin  of  a  wcll-km)wn  Indian  trail,  it  <an  s.anely  be 
doul)ted  that  tlvj  marking's  ni'"'>  '•  ^^•^■''^'  i'''*'''"'^  ^'"■'■''  '"  •'•'"^'•'>'  '"''"■" 
mation  to  those  for  wiu.m  it  w.h  inlen.led.-  in  a  word,  that  it  is  a  "  bireh- 
bark  Irtter"  written  upon  stone,  and  a  very  primitive  attempt  at  picture 
writing. 


CHAITKR    XXV. 


CERKMDNIAI.  OIIJECI-S. 


\'si>\  V.  this  vague  title  has  hcin  <  lasseil  a  yronit  of  perfDratcd  stone 
olijti  t^,  \i  ly  artislically  (lesigiic<l  whiili  vary  greatly  in  si/eand  ]Mtlrrii, 
ami  \tt  h.iM' >o  iiiiK  li  in  <  ninnion,  tliat  \vc  ainiear  to  lie  jusiilieil  in 
eon^iilerin^'  tlieni  as  intrmled  lor  prai  titally  tin-  one  iiiirimsc. 

lIovveMT  in\(  ertain  we  may  he  as  to  tliai  imrpoM',  there  is  siit'tic  ient 
e\  idem  I'  in  the  ol)j(  its  themselves  to  show  tiiat  tin  y  were  not  weapons, 
and  it  is  I'liuali)'  imprnlialjle  tiiat  tlu'y  were  i-\ir  used  in  my  sin  h 
nianniT.  a>  would  warrant  o\ir  railing,'  them  ■implements,"  ami  luiii  e 
the  Use  ol"  sui  h  nanus  in  <onne<tinn  with  tlusc  oliji'ds,  as  ••toma- 
hawk," '■  aiiia/onian  axe,"  and  '•halelut,"  i.  tn  lie  avoiiled  as 
altogether  misleading. 

It  must  not  he  tmderstuod  that,  in  gising  the  alio\e  name  to  the 
olijei  t-i  '  . 'e  descrihed,  they  wi-ii"  llie  only  <  rrcmnnial  nliji  i  ts  in  Use 
among  the  n.ilive  trihes  of  our  Allantii'  ii)i>l.  Many  nl'iiio  pnidants, 
gorgets  a'ld  pert'orateil  plates  of  miia,  were  \iT\  proliahlv  worn  or 
carried  only  on  particular  oi  e.isions,  and  win-  not  all  ordinir\  personal 
ornaments. 

I'lrh.ips  one  (il  tin-  most  interesting  ("e.Uures  of  these  olijeets  is 
their  \ei\  gener.il  distrihiition.  thidugiionl  the  rmmtry,  east  of  the 
Mississippi  ri\er.  i'hey  ma\'.  in  leed.  he  found  fir  westw.ird  of  that 
ri\er.  l)Ut  the  known  loe.ilities,  in  whii  h  they  are  of  eompar.iti\ely 
coimuoii  o( cnrrenee,  are  all  on  the  eastern  half  of  the  eontinent.  Tn 
the  moumls  of  the  ( )hio  valU^y,  it  is  said,  some  of  these  olijet  ts  oi - 
cur  oei  .ision.illy.  M.i  ly  of  then\  are  e\<eeilingly  beautiful  in  design 
and  fmish.  'I'hev  are  therefore  one  of  those  pei  nliar  forms,  neither 
wca|)on  nor  implemeiU,  \vhi<  h  .ire  common  to  iioth  tlu'  moundhuilders 

(IMt.) 


35" 


ikiMiin  i:  i\i>i'siKV. 


and  tlu'  Inilian>.  In  the  « aso  (if  siiniili'  wcaixms,  or  primitive  agri<'til- 
tur.il  iir  ilunu^tic  inllli(.•nR'nt^,  llie  same  form  mii^lit  riMiliiy  (i<<ur 
iii(U|irn(liiilly.  liiit  liiat  a  imrtly  nri'iiiDnial  olijiu  t  t.rtJK'  samo  iiattirii 
hhoiilil  lie  (ksiyiu-il  is  nut  so  |irolial-lf  ;  aii'l  tlio  (mK  of  tlio  prL'sciui'  of 
these  jiertiirati'd  >tone  ohjei  ts  in  inoimd-.  is  i  itlier  i-\idi'M<L'  of  a  <  lose 
relationship  lictwicii  tlio  t\M)  pcupl  •,  cr  el-.e  il  mii>l  \>v  ailmiiivil  that 
these  uljei  1^,  wlu'ii  fouiid  aloii;^  our  Atlanti;' icast,  were  ( itjier  lirou^ht 
lluTe  liy  the  later  Iiulians,  i;r  were  copied  by  them  from  ori_L;inals  seen 
in  the  interior.  If  it  were  necessary  to  admit  thai  iiie  Indians,  who 
were  in  possession  of  this  coimtry,  at  the  date  (if  its  diMovery,  were 
of  more  recent  oriL;in  than  the  nioimdlmiMers,  then  the  supposition 
that  they  had  adopted  a  ninMudliuiider's  iiiiplemcait  mi^lit  hold  j^ood  ; 
lint  as  yet,  thire  is  not  one  jot  or  tittle  of  i'\  iden<  e  that  jirwNes  that  the 
nati\i'  ra(  es  of  the  noitluin  Atlantic  sealioaid  \sere  not  as  old  as 
the  mountllitiilders.  The  latter  seem  to  lie  the  older,  simply  hei  aiise 
the  trai  es  of  antii|uily  on  the  seaboard  have  Ueen  overlooked,  or 
stranj,'elv  ('.isrej^arded.  lieiauM-  ^o  nniin  ilin_:,',  when  rompari'd,  wiili  the 
rii  h  har\  est  of  strange  ohjecN  that  reward  .  the  explorers  of  the  \M'>lern 
mo'nid>. 

'rhrnn,i,'hout  all  the  river  valleys,  east  of  ilu'  Alleghany  mountains, 
thv'e  perforated  ceremonial  oljerts  are  found  in  about  equal  abun- 
dance. In  every  localits.  where  there  ii  a  navig.ible  stream,  there  was 
an  Indian  village.  ( )t'ten  there  xwre  several,  as  at  the  mouth  of  eacli 
of  the  smaller  (  reek>.  and  wlu-ri'\cr  these  villages  stood,  wi-  may  i  on- 
fldentlv  e\pe<  t  to  Ibid  tiigmenl^.  at  least,  of  llnse  ])rettv  objects. 

In  New  I'.nglan«l,  they  are  probably  not  so  free piently  found,  though 
thev  are  bv  no  means  >mcommon.  In  Maine,  be.  ides  those  of  (om- 
nion  form,  one  h.is  been  foimd  of  rem.nkable  (  har.u  ter.'-''-  I'rofessor 
l'erkin>'''''  has  described  them  tVom  the  (hamplain  valK-\  ;  and  the 
,\rc  ha'ologii  al  murium  at  (  ambridge,  Mass.,  contains  several  fronj 
Massachusetts  ,md  ( 'onnei  til  ut.      'Ihioughoul  New   \'ork.  they  are  of 


<^'  !*Miti:ini.     niitli-ciii  *t(  ihc  I'lftHcv  Institute,  vtil.  iii,  p.  ()ji.     s.tlciit,  Mahft. 
"^  IV-rkini..     Amo.  N.itiir;tli»t,  \ol,  v,  y.  tj^  fiys.  j  .iiiil  4. 


ci:ki;M()Mai,  uiiji-n-s. 


35  > 


rommon  ocoirrctK  e.  'I'lic  t  olknioii  of  sionc  iinplciiRiits  froi'.i  Ww 
Jersey,  in  tlic  Miisimiih  at  I'ainlnid^^e,  (onlaiiis  forty-scvcn  s|)c'<  iincns  ; 
iiiany,  <>f  <  tiiirsc,  in  a  iVaj^mtiit.iry  i ondition.  ( )(  tiu-sf,  sonic  arc  so  far 
unfniislu'd  that  tiic  inMlnratitin  has  not  lacn  licgnn,  or  is  only  |.ariially 
roni|ililc  ;  tiiiis  (li-nionstraliM^  thi'  iiitiTcMing  fart,  that  tlusc  ohjcits 
wiTc  otherwise  linished,  jpefore  the  iieilor.ition  was  iie^nii. 

1  »r.  ('lias.  11.  Sliilihs  of  Wakelieid,  laiiiastiT  Co.,  iVnn..  has  Keen 
fortunate  enoiij^h  to  fnid  a  \ery  fine  series  of  these  iin|iienients,  mostly 
made  from  the  I'otsdam  slates.  They  arc  in  l!ie  v.irions  staples  of 
maniifai  tiire,  and  show  lh.it  the  sl.ite  was  first  coarsely  c  lii|i|ied,  then 
|ie(  kfi  1  or  more  delw  aU  iy  <  liipiied  until  the  outline  was  se<  t'.re(l  ;  after 
whi(  h  tluy  were  <  arefiilly  iM>li>iud,  ami  finally  jierfor.iled.  'Ihis  was 
done  not  only  with  a  hollow  reed,  liut  sometimes  with  a  solid  stone  drill. 
It  would  seem  from  their  unusual  al)iiiidan(  e  in  some  portions  of  the 
.Sus()uehanna  ri\er  \ alley,  th.it  many  were  made  there  for  h.irter  with 
(Jther  trihes  or  communities,  as  was  the  case  with  some  forms  of 
chijiiied  iiuiil(iiK''ils,  as  the  arrow  lu. ids. 

(  If  the  series  of  siie(  iiiKiis  from  .New  Jersey,  the  greater  iiuiiiliiT 
are  made  of  steatite,  .iiid  of  the  striped  Siluri.m  slate,  so  nan  h  iiseil 
for  all  orn.iiuenial  oKjei  ts.  Not  all,  howe\er,  are  of  sii<  h  e.isily 
worked  materi.il.  M.uMe,  diorite,  vompact  s<-r|>entine,  i|uarl/.  and 
jas|)er  arc  all  rejiresented  in  the  series  ret'ern-d  to.  One  small  spc  i- 
nien  is  lie.iutil'ully  workeil  from  a  yellow  j.is],ir  pehlili',  and  has  been 
drilled  with  . I  reed  or  other  hollow  ilrill,  with  s.ukI  and  w.iti  r,  Meing 
broken  in  the  line  of  the  jierfoiMtion.  the  slrix-  are  verv  pLiinlv  seen. 
While  many  of  these  olijects  arc  of  lieautifully  ( olored  stone,  others, 
of  ei|u.illy  line  workmanship,  are  m.ide  from  the  dullest  tinted  san<l- 
stone  pi  Miles.  \\  hen  color  was  so  greatly  prized  in  every  arti(  Ic  of 
|)ersonal  .idornment,  it  sei'ins  stiaiiye  that  so  l.ir^e  a  numlier  of  these 
olijei  ts  should  h,i\e  lieen  iii.ide  of  iil.iinly  tinted  stones,  when  other 
minerals,  eipially  <lesiral)lc  in  other  respc  ts.  and  of  hrii^ht  (olor>.  were 
always  to  he  had  in  any  i|iiantity. 

'■"'K-  ^^5  represents  a  symmetric. illy  ilesii;ned  example  of  these 
ceremoni.il  oljects,  made  of  steatite  of  .i  yelluw-brown  color.     It  may 


352 


PKiMiiivr   ;mi!  -irv. 


l)f  taki'n  as  a  fairly  ri'|irfsi-ritativf  sptM-iraen.  s«i  tar  as  tho  shape  is 
riinccTHi-il.  I  ho  prrfDralion  in  this,  a^.  in  tin-  inajorily  nl  stu-alilc 
s|ic-<  iiiu'MS,  h.i-.  iiii'ii  inacK-  with  .i  luillow  driii,  workcil  in  hut  oik' 
ilirii  ticiii.  W  iii-ii,  huwi'Ncr,  mali-nal  >ci  hunl  as  jaspiT  was  prrlDralcil, 
tin-  (hill  was  hill  iVdin  lai  h  --kIc.  in  iiuinr  exsch,  tlic  hurin}^  Iriim  tho 
two  diii'i  lii)i)>  was  iini  (diriit,  ami  did  rint  iiioct,  mi  tiiat  the  hulo 
ihnm^^h  tlio  i(1mo<1  was  iimro  or  los>  i  ninktd. 

'I'ho  dosi^i)  III"  stii  li  an  iilijci  t  as  lix.  vo  i'  \'ory  i  Km..  'I  lu'  ]n-rt"iira- 
tiiiM  riiiild  unlv  hi\o  lioon  iiitoiidod  tur  tin-  iiisortion  ul'  a  handli  .  and 
tlic  ftiono  thii-.  Mimnitoii  Miiisl  lia\o  lioiii  i  arriod  as  a  tniiii  liinn,  as  die 


material  in  M»  M«r  arnl  ibr  Mado  is  tun  thin  to  liavt-  liot-n  nl'  aiu' 
fmu  til  il  WW  as.iiu  .jao.  'iSRIu-ii  \vc  >  (in»i<ifr  liow  mtx  lund  nl  dani  os, 
parailr*  ami  dJH^la)  -  tb«  Indians  won-,  it  i-.  xrry  natiir.l  that  thoy 
sliniild  h.ivo  Ijadiniam  cjUioi  is  inioinlud  i*n  uav  mi  mu  !•  on  asimis,  .md 
tiir  1111  «nlM-r  ]>iiqiosL'. 

Fiji.  .VV'  ro] )ri:soirts  a  i.iMiitihil  o\aii,|.ii  .  ni  a  soniowlial  dilli  ront 
shape  trill. I  tlio  fnoiodi'i;.  It  i-.  iiiadei'r.i  iinil'nrm,  i  nnipai  I  ■•ind 
sidiu',  and  h.is  lu-on  i  aretully  pnlished  until  e\ery  trai  i  nl  nnexoniiess 
has  liren  nliliti'rati'd.  The  'ipptr  .md  luwcr  i'd;;es  .ire  lliite:>ei|;  and 
the  ends,  wliii  h  \ar\  in  DUlline.  are  sn  ii.irrir.Md  that  it  .ilni«>st  aiiiounts 
to  a  entiiiiji  •■■'Ifi'^"'      11"  pirl'tiratinii  is  \er\  ,ii  i  nr.ile. 


CKRFMONIAI.   (iIIJF.CrS. 


353 


4 


While  occasionally  one  of  those  lonj;  ami  narrow  si)c<  imens  is 
e\cii  of  j;ivatir  iiii^'tli  lli.iii  li;;.  ;  ?f»,  the  ^TvAl  liulk  of  ila-iu  arc  sliurtcr ; 
aixi  iii'iii  I'  it  iii.iy  t<c  I  Mn^iilircil  as  of 
alxtiil  ihc  iiiaMiiuini  sj/c,  iiir.i --m r<'il 
I'nnn  Ii|>  to  ti|>.  (  )i  iii.ri\  th.it  I  have 
inra,-.liri'i|,    i)llt    loMf    Wilr     ln||j;iT    tiiail 

thii  -in'c  imeii. 

Itj.-:  ,5,^7  .Mill  , ;,;;./  niinsciit  aiiotlier 
examiile  ol'  ihi-.  lunn  of  iierforated 
stonf.  It  I-.  shorlcr  ami  hroaiKT  ilian 
llir  pn-i  iilin^,  liiit  it  i-,  Will  iiiade,  and 
drilled  with  that  Mnoothness  and  Ix-'atity 
whii  h  are  marked  lealures  of  ll),'.  _;36. 
The  iiiitlini-  drawing;  of  .i  sim  tional  slew 
of  tilt-  N|>ei  mu  I)  ;<li(n\  ,  liial  the  pertor- 
alion  i-.  soniewlial  o\al,  iii^liad  nf  jn-r- 
le<  tl\  I  !ii  iilar.  .md  the  dianielcr  nf  the 
drilling  )■<  .i  liitle  li's-^  .ii  the  a|ie\  than 
at  the  liasc.  'I  lie  dnllinj^'  of  thi-.  hole 
Mui-'i,  tluri'loii-,  ii.iM'  ln-i-ii  il.iiie  with 
something  dilfiTenl  tioin  a  sei  Imn  i^r  a 
inniiinr  of  sci  immw  of  ni-il  uf  idi-;r  i  al 
di.iiiuler.  I  lii>  >|ii  (  imen  h  ii  prMliably 
JK'en  d'llied  jiy  the  a|i|il  •  atioii  of  sand 
and  wati'i',  ill  I  oMiu'i  iioti  will)  a  >olid 
drill,  as  a  iioiiited  wooden  stH  k,  Imt  the 
jierfor.ition  heKini  helow  has  Keen  <  <in- 
tiniied  liiii  half  the  i!i>taii<  <■  .uul  re 
( oiniiuiu  ed  nil  ilii'  oilur  side  as  is 
tisiial  Ml  Mil  h  I  aies. 

I'K-  .?.?■■'  ie|ireseiits  a  vi  ry  gracefully 
<le-ii;;ned  e\ani|ile,  made  "of  a  ^reeiUMh 
sandstone,  .iml  a->  smooth  .is  the  materi.d  allows."'^'     It  is  eight  and 


Ki«i.  }jft.  —  Nrw  JcrM'y,     |. 


'■•  I't-rl^in".     Aiiicr   N.mu.iliM,  vi>l.  v.,  p.  ■}. 


U3 


35J 


lUIMlim     l\l>l-IKV. 


onc-loiirih  in«  lies  hm^.     'Ilu'  |».ints  of  this  siwinu'ri  arc  smooihci 
tli;iii  tlu-  i^ciicral  snrl.K  r,  .iiul  .nc  siiii|K)-.ol  iIhivuhv  to  >h>i\v  ll>.U  it 

h.iil  !ki  a  |.iit  lo  SI  line 

llsi-.        I  hi>i  i»,  <  011^itl■ 
tcmj;   till'    M  /  c   ;iiul 

sl'Ulpl'     <ll     till'     ItlljOf  t, 

iiiiliroS.ililr,  it'  not  im 

<  M  I'.ic  siK'i  inu-iis 
III  ihiMii. 11.11  ii  I  Iniinil 
ill  (  >hii>,  MIA  iii.i II \ 
;iiv  o!  till',  ii.iturn  ; 


l''li.      (17-  — ^1^*  jnx'V       \, 


iithi-rs  luvi'  ll)i'  wiiif;  liki"  luojiTtiuns  rvliixirii  .il  iiiMi-.k!  uI'  ll.itU'iu-tl. 
A   (liiiilii.iii'l    I'.ittiTii   of  tiuM-    iihi)li.'iMi.iit-»    I  uiihihlri    in   two    hii<  l\ 


I  1...    ,    ;.i. 

s'.c<iin.iis   as   I1-.    ,V!'^    i>!.m..I    |..^.cilirr,    1.      lluir   miui'v    f.i- is  ;    so 

lh.it  tUi-  iiriloiMtiou-,  I.I'  th.-  two  -.IliII    !"■  i  inlmnoux      l',\.iiiii>Us  o| 

lliis  ii.itlrrn  an    li.;nri-.l   111    \l  ic 

Irm"-.''"'    work   oil    ilv   An  h.i'-  .^ff^'lii^  „^  "*■*>". 

(ilo- V  of  ( »hlo.      No  >iiiiii.ir 

sjii'i  iiufiis    h.u'i"  \>vvn  foimil,    I 

lirlivM-,  ill  \i-.v  Jcrsfv,  or  in  .my 

1)1'  thr   Niw  I  ii;.;! mil  Mates. 

|.JM,  J.,,  n|inHciits  a  si.niinrn  of  roiiimon  sh.ijii',  ut   nolin'ilily 
ilifi'irciil  in  not  l-cint,'  )Krt'oral.<l  tor  .1  l..in.ll<  .  but  siinply  ^n.ovcl  upon 


K|i..  ii8.  —  Vtrim.iil      i. 


"*  .M.i.  LiMii.      1  111.  .Mt.mulUiiUUin,  [i.  irs  f'ti"'«  *i-    *-'"»-""'."i.  * ''"  ■•  '   '•  '■ 


(  I  kl  MoMAI.   ii|;||(-IS. 


355 


one  silk' ;  llic  Kroovo,  tijo,  lioing  narrow  ami  very  >l(all()\v.  The 
^|K•<  i'liu'n  i>  of  horri>tnni',  am!  was  Tir^l  |ici  ki'il  jnio  its  |iri-M'nt  sliapi', 
ami  Milisri;ui  Jiiiv  iioiisiiiij  wvcr  ilic  wlmli-  s'lrl.K  (•  of  one  !>iiit'  ami  oiu'- 
h.iil  nf  tlif  '-ini.K  I-  111'  till-  iitlu  r  >iili'.  'I'iie  u'I'om  is  |Mili-,iu'c|  omt  its 
fiitir"'  MiM.u  •  .  1  ill-  r.ir^ins  arc  all  liliinl,  ami.  altiinu-li  t|iiitc  rv.n'iiar 
in  oulliiic,  iiavi-  not  ln'iii  i  ari-iiili\'  lini^luil. 

W  lull'  tlie  aiipi'aram  e  III  liK- .i,)9  ""Kr!'^""''^  '''•"  't  ini;.;Iit  lia\e  Im-n 
^jilit,  and  that  tin.-  groove  was  the  ri-sult  of  an  .iriiilinl,  it  is  lAiiUnt 
thai  Mil  h  i-  not  tlu*  i  aso,  as  a  nuinlni  of  tlii->i'  arlii  l^•^.  :.'roo\ii|  in  the 
hanie  niannur,  haxc  \n<.\\  luinul,  and  in  tlRin  uc  liavi.  a  simple  funn  of 


J^ 


Kii>i  jj^.  —  Ntw  Jti.v).    \. 


what,  in  its  hij^lust  fniish.  is  an  elaltoraltlv'  ile»i^neil  olijt-ct.  .'vaine 
imleiil.  i>f  the  j-roosed  sjiei  iincns,  are  so  very  ]irimiii\r,  tn.it  it  is  not 
iin|iro)i.'lilf  Ihi'v  are  tin-  |irodm  tioiis  of  i  hildri'ti.  and  wen-  miii|i!\-  lnv-.. 
Thox-,  fur  in^ian.  e.  tiial  .m  in  shapf  .iml  si/e  like  l"i^.  5  jij,  luil  iii.ide 
of  .1  Mill  I  h.ilky  slaie,  ininht  n-.idiiy  he  l.i^hiomd  I^\  .my  1  hild. 
(•^  an  r\ani|ilr  of  wliat  is  lioin'Md  tn  In' 


''(^'  .\\"  ri|>resi'nl'^  an  r\ani|i 


the  v.iine 


olijei  I  as  those  di-Mrihed  on  liu'  |irer(  dliij^  |i'it;e>.      It  i-.  of  \i'r\'  dif- 
fi-rrnt  shape,  hi. tte>ir.  and  ni.i)    h.ive  had  a  diHi-n  nl   '■imanin^,"  if 


there 


IS  any  siieci.il  Mjjmluam  e  in  .my  ol  Ihiin.      tins  spi'i  nneii   is 


four  iiKhe.-»  in  leiiglli,  .iml  nearly  a^  luo.nl  .it  thi;  loii,  as  shown  in  the 


J5^' 


I'K1MII1\):    IMM-SIKV. 


illiiNiratlnii.  S|ii'<  inuMs  nt"  tliis  [i.iiuiM  ;iri-  rrci|iiint!\  fduiul  ilir(iuj,'li- 
otit  Ni'w  iji;;l.uitl,  :iii<l  arc  i>t'  I  nimiuHi  •»  i  iirri'iii  i-  in  Ntw  Jitm')'. 
U  lull'  ;;<'iur.illy  in, nil"  iil'  Siluri.m  siii|nil  sl.iU',  or  stcaiitf,  <m  i  aNionally 
nidfi'  <  (ini|iat  l  niiiu-ral  was  ii>i,(l.  'IIil-  lalmr  uf  I'liiishin^'  mk  h  an  oh- 
ji'i  I.  \\luii  inai'.c  i>r  (limilf  I'r  jl^lll■|•.  niMst  Ii.im'  In- ai  (amrniiiMs.  (  )f 
tlii-.  |i  iiiiin,  the  ivMi  l,ui;i -I  slid  inirhN  nuasurtil  n  >|ii<  livflv .  sfVi'ii 
anil  si\  ami  laic  hall'  ini  lus  in  Irn^th,  I  'V  si\  ami  t'lvc  im  Ins  in  laiailth. 
I'lii'  larj^rr  s|iit  iinrn  was  fniisliiil  to  tin-  iioli.>liMij,',  liiil  (lu-  [ifrtoralioii 
lias  Mill  lutii  i(ii;Mn.  In  tlii'  snialkr  tin-  iicrloration  was  ( oniiiU'if. 
'I'lii'  u  in,:,,'liki'  portions  iil' ilu--r  Kroail  »  cninonial  ohjots  \ar\  i  (ln•^i^ll■r• 
alily  Ml  width,  anil   iit    sonii'    i^.t'iiplit,    tiny  art-   so    nnniw.   lli.it    iIr' 

olijii  t   looks   likf   .1   tulii-  will'.   I'arallil 
!iil.L,<"<    on    1  II  h   siilr.   cv tcniliU:;   its 

\\l.olr  li'llLjth. 

\  Ml  nu:\  (  \aiii]i|i'  of  ihr-M.'  I,irj;i' 
,iiiil  I'Io.hI  1 1  ri'iiioni.il -.tom-s  roiiiiil  at 
Miiiikloii,  Wrnioiil,  1-.  rr|iri'^(nUil  ol' 
a<  tii.il  si/c.  in  li^.  ,^  ( I . 

Its    Kii^iii    i-,    In'ir    .mil    oiu'  foiirth 
im  lu-s  ;    tlu-  wulih   at    tin-   l.nj;<r  iii'l 
tliri'i"    anil    one  liall    iiu  lu's,    .it    tin- 
sni.illcr,    two    ami    onr  ii^hili    an  his. 
TIk"  p;ri'ati'^t  ihii  kni>^  i-  at  tla-  l.ir^ir  iml  ami  iiKasiiris  inu'  im  h,  .mil 

is  olii    I  i^iuh  ir>>  ,lt  tilt'  o|i]iositc  cllil. 

1  111-  |ii  lioi.iiinn.  whiili  i-,  I  iiiii|ilcti ,  is  fiM- cij^litlis  oi  an  im  1»  in 
(li.iiiiiiir  .11  oiir  1  ml,  .Mill  soimwhii  sni.illi  r  .it  ilu"  oiIht,  as  shown 
in  llir  siipiili-imnt.uy  Ii;;n.  _;.,  i .;-/.  h  i.  iiraiiy  (  in  iilar.  ami  nt.iiiis 
tin-  iii.irks  111"  thf  ilrill.  ( )iii'  siili-  orilu'  'pn  iiiicii  is  m-.irl)  pl.iin,  with 
a  slight  loiimliiij;  .it  tlu- t  <l^is  nnlv.  Tin- o|i])o>,iif  siiU-  slopo  to  tlic 
L'(I^;l' Iroina  liiif  (  orris|ii  mliii^  to  th.it  ol'  thr  ]n-it'or,iiion.  Iln^  |i-,iUiiv 
of  one  il  It  .mil  one  i  iirM-d  or  liulnin;:  siirl.n  r  is  i  oiiinion  to  ihi-  ;,'ri-.it 
in.ijority  of  tlu'  spirimi'iis  of  this  p.i'tcrii. 

I'i;,'.  l.^\  is  smoothly  polishi'il,  though  sonii'  of  tin-  tool  marks 
made  in  shaping  the  ohjiHl  sti'.l  rini.iin.      Thf  inalcn.il  I'nnn  whi«  h 


^u..  J40.— \ 


Vlll..'ltt>  |. 


(I  kl  Mii\|\l.    iiMJIi   IS. 


357 


it  i>  iiiMilc  i-.  ;i  Mift,  ;^ri'cii,  ;irj^i!l.ii  riiii-<  -.lili'.     <  >Hc'  )MPrli(iii  <>(  \\h-  --tdin.' 
is  nl'  ,1  liL;iil,  llic  Diht"'  dl'  ,1  ij.iik,  f;rci-ii  -.liailt'. 

li>r  till'   Mm'   i<(   llif   tills   n  |iris(i,liiij<   this   r'ljiTt,    I    ;im    iiidihlrtl 
U)  tl\L-  kiiuliRhs  ol'  Mr.  J.  M.  C  urriLr,  ot'  (  aMtlct-in,  Winiuiit. 


V\ti.  ,\4:  n-jirrsmts  ;,  (1.itii-ti«ii  ox.il  |iii-»t'  "f  stni'in!  vKit.',  whji  li,  on 
.■tii'iMiMt  <»♦  lli>-  j«T(««r,ilii>M.  i-<  lii<»Hf(!  with  rttf  s|KTinitii  ]>uf  At-witftl, 
Of  ilsrit.  a  i-  »-*  ^  |-.*rtii  Tjiirly  attmi  tivi  >>iin«t,  and  it  ■.ft-^M  rt;»t'.n- 
alilf  t<»  ^it|i.|«iNr  :    -•    -ix  ii  ilt'i  uratumi  wvrv  ..u.h'IriI  in  ii,  ur  to  (l^f 


v,^ 


I'KIMIIIVI,    IMil'^IRV. 


Ii.iiullc  tli.it  i^  ^MpjioM-il  U>  h.iM'   p-i'-Mil  tlir(iii|;!i  llif  |ifir<)r.iiiiiii  ;  as 
llir  iii.iki  !'•>  r.iiK  y  iitiglit  sti;,'j^i>l.     It  i^  a  lilllf  <  urniu-  tli.it  no  iiu'iitiuii 

i^  111, I'll-  !•!    tllr^l-  lllljci  t>  ''\  .111)  I't'   llu-  WlltilS  wild  MMtl'il  tills  i  <  .tiilr), 

ill  the  Mvciiticntli  <  i-iiliu  y.     Sill  1\  inniiniuiit  ami  (o'linioii  <(l>ict  is,  .is 
they  uiit  c  wiv,  jiitlycd  l.j   the  iiiiiulHrs  iiuw  rutiiul,  <  unlit  m  .irtcly 


!  IKI- 

h.i\i.' lifi-ii  i>mt1ii"!;'i1  li.iil  tlu\  Mm  thru  in  iwi .  \\  liy  iluy  shoulil 
li.i\f  111  I  n  iliM  .irK-iil.  |iniir  ti'  l.uiii|ir.in  i  iinl.k*  t  ami  thr  iiitrDiItu  iinii 
ut'  f;aii(ly  iiirlallic  haiililo,  h  a  iii\--tir\.  Ki-h  rrin?<  ti>  tin-  iminliiTs  ul" 
tliisi'  ••iiriuiiuMital  a.M.'s."  Cnl.  (  .  ('.  juiu-s,  jr..""  n'lnark-.,  "it  iiia>  he 
that   tlu-   .Vjanriian  \var-«hiLlMi-^<iiuUil  trmu   his  htll  uui'  ul' these 


(•It..    HIP. 

ililii  .itf  iiiiiikim  nt-..  all'!  iiLi.niltil  it  will)  iinuimns  iii'.ir  .ikiii  lu  ihu-e 
w  hii  li  |M  i>MSM'i|  till-  III!  .ivt  of  the  Sc  iiii|in.i\  i.m  w.iiii'ir  as  hf  i  h'  ii^iu'il 
aiiii  ili^]il,i\i'i|  his  jh^iin-i/iini."  This  |iussiliU'  <  \|ilain>,  in  a  Irw 
VMiiils,  tin-  (Utile  imrjiuit  i>(  ilu-f  iiiirn-^linj^  nlijeris. 

I''K-  .vJ,>  ii|'ii  ■'inl->  a  sinrlar  ^iin  iiiifii,  I'niinl  near  l..ivvreii«'e,  Mass. 
'Ihe  |ir(  iiliarilv  I'lthi-.  sjin  imen  is  in  the  hulluvv  un  uni-  si<le,as  shown 


i'*J.nii-N.     AnliU'iitirs  «if  ih.*  soiiilterit  lii.li.itt*.  |..   I'ti .     Nt'w  V.irk ,  litf  |. 


c^K^^i«lSUl.  (Hiiit  is. 


359 


in  till'  ilhistration.     <>n  the    oinxi-iic  side,  liurf  is  ,i  (i 
riilgi',  lull  iu>i  I'liu.il  ill  liii,<lu 
U»  the  ili'iith  t)l"  till  ilcinTsMiiii. 
.\>  is  scldmii  tlu:    i  .im-,   wIkii 
the    s|)i<  iiiiiii^   iiif    Mil. ill,    the 


rri'spoinlmg 


luTloiMtiiin,  wlinh  li.ii    liiiii 

lll.ull'     I'idlll     f.ll  h     Mill',     is     Il'it 

str.iij;lil,  till'  iw'i  iihI-.  not  join 
ing  ;m  iir.itrl). 

l-'ig.  \.\.\  niiri'si-nts  ,i  \ii\ 
iiitiii  siiii^  I'liiii,  III  Int. ill)  lilt- 
tVniii  sIliih-  liDiii  am    ui    tin' 


l.ri- 


I   I'll  I  11;/     f\.lllllill-». 


■II 


■Nv.  Jv 


-.jiii  iiiu-n  !->  ;m  ia.u  iir  i-".  .>ui  , 

i  I  Hi. 

jiiill^luil   iiRi  I-   111'    the    >tll|ii>l 

(ir  Siliiii.iii  sl.ilr,  sii  I  iiiiiiiiniily  usid   Ini    in.ikin;,'  mn.iiiH'ii'.iI  ulijci  Is. 

'I'lu  tvvu  IuKl>,  il  we  tli\iili-  It  ilir>tii^;l\  tin-  iniiii'  <>(  tlir  |nrt'>ii.itiiiM 

Willi  li  t All  ihU  Imin  llu'  li>ji  111  the 
IhiIImiii,  will  III'  liiiiiiil  iik'iiiii  ,i|  ill 
i'M'i\  ii.irlii  iil.ir  (if  sli,i|ii.-  ,ini|  ili- 
iiK  ii-mii.     'llu-  li.i-.i'iif  llti'  i|if(  i- 

111(11    il    Mlllli'M  ll.lt    inntc    tl.lttilHil 

til. in  iIk   tii|i,  .iml  .i|i|i(',irs  tu  li.ivc 

llli  II  111  I  nlllli  t  wit  II  .1  P.lit  IllT 
stnllr,    .l->    it    l->  \Miril  nil"  sill' "  illlh, 

Imt  \iilli  a  v.iri.ilik-  wiiitli.  1  his 
\Mirii  Mirl.ii  I'  n  nl'  .i  l.^^htir  titU 
til  III   till'   (itliir   |iiirtiiins  ut'   i  ho 

spi  1  illli  II.  'llu-  |ii!liir.ilinli  I-,  .1  lit- 
tle K  >,  ill  ili.iiiiiii  I  til. in  tli.it  nf  l"i^, 
3  {(I,  lint  it  i-.  nl  1  in.ii  bcuiiy  of 
\\nrkiiiaii''lnii.  'I  lie  tlianu'ti-r  is 
the  ■^lliU'  tllliilli;lln'it,  tlw  |it'rt'i)- 
raliuii  lii'iiig  a<  i  iiratily  rin  iil.'a,  ami  slmwni^  tin'  mi^'.  wlm  li  imliiatc 


(lij*  ^4j.  —  Ma--»4i.huM.'ll». 


360 


I'kiMiTivi:  iMii-ikv. 


drilling  witli  ;i  l>iilluw  tnln'.  I'm  .i  ^Imrt  ilisliiiu  »•  fnim  ihr  li.ise, 
(.AltiiiliiiL;  ii|i\\.iiil  ;il(Pii^  ihi'  ^ill^•^  of  ilii-  |ni li )r,iiii Ml,  ilic  "  mii;^"  .irc 
not  iliitiiij;uiili.il»lf,  ixi  i-]>t  li\  llu-  <  liiM -.i  >i  iiiliii).  ,111(1  .i|>iKMr  l«i  have 
bci'ii  worn  away  t>y  tin-  riiMiin^  of  wIi.iUmt  jmiii'iI  iliriiii;;h  llu-  Imlc 
as  a  liamllr.  I''ri>iii  pdiiii  tn  |iiiiiil,  tiii><  ^]K■l  mu-ii  iiua^iirt-<  two  ami 
I'lM' eighths  in<!u->,  anil  .11  Ki-^s  llir  iiiiilillc  inu-  m<  li  .iiu!  a  li.ill.  Ihc- 
liiaii  I ol'  llii'  ]iiiri)i,iiiiiii  i^  JU--1  mif  lialt  an  ini  ii,  nr  nnc  llutil  ■>( 
tho  total  VMillii  ol  llu-  --I'll  iimn  itsi'll'. 

I'ig.  345  rL'|iiVM'nis  one  ol   llic  nio'-t   tlalioiaiily  laiMil  an<l  oiIkt- 

ui-.i'  inltri'Nlinj^  ^lui  inun-.  ol  |u  rioialcd 
.  TLiiionial  olijic  i>.  thai  Imm-  )it  lui'n 
ili>ioMinl.  It  wa-.  fonnti'''"  "al  llu- 
|ioiiil  «hirr  l.ikc  W'ankiwan  (■  Ml  i-iy 
I'ond')  «inj;nially  I'niiiiu-d  inio  lake 
W  Miniiiisco};!'!',  Ntw  I  lain|iN!uir,  al  a 
diptli  of  iluiui  h\o  Icit,  in  till'  sandy 
diilt  at  iIk'  luad  of  the  lakr.  wl  iii-  the 
ground  a|i|Mitnll\  had  not  Imn  dis- 
tiulud  lot  1 1  ntuiio." 

"  The  stmu-  is  of  an  o\  al  l.n  ni, 
smoothly  linislKtl  ii|ion  tin-  siirlai  c,  and 
ol  as  piil'ii  t  « ontour,  a>  il  inrimi  in  a 
latht'.  lis  dinunsions  an-  timr  and 
si'Vi-n  cijihths  in<  l\is  m  Unnih.  and  hvo 
and  tlnvi-  iij^hths  im  ix  s  in  lim  kni'ss. 
'I'hc  niati'ial  is  a  silic  ioiis  sandslom-  of  a  j;iiiinsli  ( lay  dial)  <  olor 
and  of  rnii'  j;rain.  'I'lii'  si  nliilun-s  ,\rv  niostl\  in  lias  tvliif.  ti|ioM  a 
(jroniul  sunk  IkIow  tin-  snrfai  c  ol  the  stone,  and  of  a  hiiihiT  uradc 
of  art  than  iisnal  in  Indian  woiknianshiii.  ll  is  dilVi«  nit  to  <  om  livo 
thai  sui  h  work  ronld  I'l-  done  without  tin-  aid  of  nulal  t'lols.  A 
holt-  was  drilli-d  throiij^h  tiu'  lon;^rst  diuiuii  r  wliuii  tainTnl  nni- 
fuinilv  lhri'i--fi«litlis  of  an  iiu  h  al  llic  laiK' '   <  I'd,  to  oiif  iilIiiIi  al 


Kltt.   )44.       Nt'W  JcrM'v.     |. 


'"  Taplry.     Aimrii  .111  S'.uiir.ili^l,  \iO.  \i,  p.  i./>,  fi|!>.  ivi— 141  iiiil"»ivc. 


CrKTMONIAI.   onllCIN. 


$6t 


till.'  MiKilliT,  llic  Use  (if  \vlii(  li  was  |irii|i.ilil\  tlic  s.imr  .w  in  tlu-  (  I. ins  of 
stones  kiiiiwii  as ')^or>4(ls,'  tn  «l'ii  !i  we  slmulil  re  fir  it.  Aroimd  tin- 
ajtcrlure  at  i-a<  li  iiul  was  a  IkimUi  ni   |niiiiis  likr  a  star,  as  \iill  lie  seen 


Kn.i   l4^.  — Ni"  ILHhpOiiii.     |, 

liy  ttTiTiiK  (•    In    till'    fiivl  (if  ilic    fdiii    illusiraiiiins    rc|ir('sctiliiit;    tlio 

!i|)l-(  illUll. 

"  I'ij;.  5.(5  i-.  iiitciulcil  ti)  ^i\c  an  iilca  nf  the  Inrni  f  the  sIoik.',  llic 
fiHtiri's  at  tlic  sides  \n-'\\\^  the  |ir(>filis  of  fij^s.  \.\(t  and  jjS'.  'I"hc 
Indian  'nii^k'  lia-  llic  ( iiaia(  iciiNlii  (niilinc  and  |iriiic(  linL;  ninulh  seen 
in  (iliur  sjKM  iniciii  nl  Indian  art,  'llic  \\a\  v  lines  on  die  torciiead  arc 
sii|i|)ose(!  til  induatc  the  hair.  1  lie  finish  ol  tiiu  whole  is  (|uilc 
elaborate. 


.1^'^ 


I'RIVUIVr.  IMU-IKV. 


"In  fiflH.  \.\(>,  5  17  ami  ?.|.S.  llu'  ilmtiil  line  i-.  iiiltivlccl  In  imlicalc 
till-  |iii>ili(in  (if  the  pii  lull's  nil  llic  stiiiir.  I  111'  Imi's  III  tlu'  •wi^u.iin' 
arc  regularly  "Ir.iwM  .mil  tin- Mirl.u  r  i->  ■|iriil>iil  up' ur  rnML;lKiuil.    'Ilic 


Ik.,   u"^'' ~  •"^«*  """'I""""'      t' 

rirclf  liflow  is  pirtfi  tlv  rnuiiilril  .uid  siiitposeil  to  ri'prosonl  the  full 
iiiuun.aiiluMiKli  i'\ir>  (uu-  lias  llu  inivilc^c  of  lnruiinj,'  lii-^  nwn  theories 
ill  rif^anl  to  tlie  sij^nilit  am  e  of  ilu'  syiiilxils. 

"  I'iK'-  .VJ7  '>■'''  •'  <leliiu'ation  of  four  '.irnnv-,'  iiuiiti-il.  rmlrriieatli 
•  his  is  a  'luvv  iuimhi,'  .ui'l  ll.i'  t\sn  rmiml  ilui',  ih.ii  ni.iv  ii'pnscnt  stars. 
Iltliiw  this  an-  two  '.iirows,' crosseil,  iiiil  .i  i  oiunluti'  or  < ml  wliii  li 
may  In;  a  'sirpiiU.' 

-rij'.  .i.j.S  -luhvs.m  -i-.u  of  rorn.'  uii  ely  (  ul,  ami   in  .i  ilejiresseil 


CIKIMiiMAI,   fillJF.crS. 


^f^^ 


{•in  If  .ur  ilinc  ('i-iiri''',  tlic  < ciitr.il  niu'  n  pn-sj-ntin;;  ;i  *<1».'it's  li  j,','  ;m<l 
llir  (iilu  1^  111'  (luiiliiliil  iiitrrprctatiiMi. 

"Ai  III  illii>ir.iiiiin  oi  the  Miriiiisis  ni'  ilmsc  who  arc  inlinsicd  in 


Fk..  j^;.— New  ll.iiii|>»liiTc.     \, 

(lo<  iphi-ritii;  siirh  inscriptions  wf  ),'ivi'  tlic  (nllnwiiij,',  w'liih  is  ( iiiainly 
inj,'i-iiii>iis  and  cxcn  platisi))lr. 

"  It  i>  Mi^^fslirl  that  thi-  stinu-  <  (nanu'mnr.iti  s  ,i  immu  l^-iwct  m  two 
trihi's.  'Ilu'  ii'SiTsctl  arrows  in  li^nrc  ^.i;  s\iiilioli/f  \>\m  v  ;  i!»-  iiinnii 
and  star-^  ihc  dale;  llu' irosscd  arrows  a  union  ol  the  t«o  |i>ri  I's  for 
iijjgrfssiM'  ol  dffi  n^i\l•  purpoxs.  fir,  'Ihc  \vij,'wain  nii.ulii  indii  iic  the 
|ila<  I'  uliori.'  thf  treaty  wis  t onsnininaifd,  and  the  cum  and  ot'.ur 
ciublcins  tlif  least  by  whiih  it  was  i Dinincniuralcd." 


#.   -'V^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


g 
^ 


// 


// 


fc 


i/.x 


%! 
^ 


1.0 


|15 


1.1 


u. 

1^ 


2.0 


11.25  ■  1.4 


1.6 


V] 


<^ 


/^ 


>>. 


7 


w 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  Vtft5  <  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


;V 


A 


364 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


Trof.  F.  W.  Putnam,i38  in  calling  attention  to  this  peculiar  relic  of 
the  New  England  Indians,  lias  reniarketl  tliat  it  appears  "  to  be  far 
more  elaborate  than  anything  he  had  known  as  the  work  of  the  earlier 


Vu'i,  34S.  —  New  II:nni)sliii'e.      -j  . 

inhabitants  of  New  iMiglaml.  On  this  stone  we  have  tlie  character- 
istic Lulian  face,  similar  to  the  few  others  that  have  been  found  in  New 
England,  with  an  attempt  at  an  artistic  result  in  the  finish  of  the  stone 
and  the  other  figures  carved  upon  it,  tiiat  would  certainly  lead  us  to 
infer  that  its  maker,  if  an  Indian,  was  of  a  for  higher  caste  as  an  artist, 
than  the  distorted  and  childlike  outlines  of  animals  and  men,  ordinarily 


^3*  I'utiuun.     riiilktiii  of  I'.sscx  Institute,  vol.  iv,  j),  y2.     Salem,  Mass.,  1S72. 


CEREMONIAt,   OBJECTS. 


365 


cut  or  painted  l>y  them,  have  heretofore  impressed  us  as  possil)le ;  and 
were  it  not  for  the  fact,  that  tlie  flice  is  so  similar  to  undouljted  Indian 
representations  of  the  human  fiice  whkh  we  have  from  New  England, 
he  would  be  inclined  to  think  that  it  might  have  been  the  work  of 
some  other  race.  The  position  in  which  the  stone  was  found  marked 
it  (]uite  an  ancient  piece  of  workmanship  ;  and,  from  its  shape,  and  the 
fact  of  its  having  a  hole  through  the  centre,  lie  belie\ed  it  would  be 
classed  with  the  singular  perforated  stones  called  gorgets,  found 
throughout  the  ccnmlry,  always  more  or  less  elaborately  finished,  and 
were  sujiposed  to  have  been  worn  on  the  breast  as  an  ornament  or 
badge  of  office." 

The  artistic  merit  of  the  various  carvings  on  stone,  executed  by  the 
Indians,  is  so  variable,  that  it  is  unsafe,  from  this  cause,  to  infer  that 
any  production  may  have  some  other  than  an  Indian  origin.  That 
they  hatl  the  ability  to  invent  tasteful  designs  and  to  execute  thein 
creditably,  is  fully  shown  by  some  specimens  of  pipe  sculpture  that 
have  been  preserved.  If  we  compare  the  pipe  with  a  turtle  carved 
upon  the  stem,  fig.  317,  with  the  caricatures  of  human  foces,  rudely 
cut  upon  flat  oval  pebbles,  described  in  this  chapter,  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  imagine  that  the  three  si)ecimens  have  the  same  origin. 
As  an  artistic  production,  the  carved  face,  from  New  York,  de- 
scribed on  a  succeeding  page,  ecjuals  that  of  the  "gorget"  from  Lake 
Winnipiseogee ;  and  the  curious  carved  "  bird  stones,"  common  to 
our  Atlantic   coast  states,  are,  as  a  class,  even  of  greater  merit. 

Fig.  349  represents  another  example  of  this  form  of  carved  orna- 
mental stone,  made  of  green  steatite,  which  is  of  nuich  simpler  (h.-sign, 
but  more  nearly  approaches  the  New  Hamjjshire  specimen,  th:in  either 
of  the  three  car\-ed  faces  from  New  Jersey,  illustrations  of  which  are 
given.  .\s  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  illustration,  the  perforation 
extends  through  the  long  diameter  of  the  stone,  and  is  of  large  size, 
thus  suggesting  its  close  relationship  with  the  ceremonial  objects  of 
various  patterns  described  in  this  chapter.  Like  the  jveceiling  very 
elaborate  specimen  from  Lake  ^\■innipiseogee,  it  has  decorative  mark- 
ings upon  it  other  than  the  face 'figured  in  the  accompanying  illustra- 


366 


I'RIMiriVK    IMIUSIRY. 


tion.     TIicsc   consist  of  shallow  (k'i)rL'ssions  which   may  jjossibly  be 
jiarts  of  an  unfinished  attcni[)t  to  rcpix'sciit  liie  human  face. 

The  fact  that  one  surface  on!)'  of  the  thin  slabs,  that  are  per- 
forated for  suspension,  is  ornamented  in  any  manner,  apparently  in- 
dicates that  they  were  used  solely  as  personal  ornaments,  and  rested 
upon  the  clothing  of  the  wearer.  This  would,  of  course,  ])revent  the 
under  siile  of  any  i>endant  from  being  exposed,  and  render  useless  any 
marks  put  upon  it ;  but  in  tliis  and  the  preceding  examines,  as  in  all 
the  objects  which  are  here  considered  of  ceremonial  im[)ort,  and  not 
personal  ornaments,  the  i)erforation  is  of  greater  diameter,  and  ex- 
tends lengthwise  through  the  specimens,  so  that  a  handle  or  staff  could 

be  used  as  a  means  of  carrying  them 
about  in  a  conspicucjus  manner;  and 
thus  exhibit  all  sides  ecjually  well. 

If  it   be  objected   that   we   have,   in 
fig.  349,  too  small  an  object  to  be  used 
in  the  manner  suggested,  then  in  this 
specimen,  we   have   an   interesting  ex- 
amj)le  of  a   particular   form  of  carved 
stones,  which  UKiy  be  differently  classed, 
in  accordance  with  their  si/e.     In  this 
case,  fig.  349  should  be  considered  as 
an  ornament. 
Fig.  349  was  found  by  Rev.   li.    F.   DeCosta,   at  Wellfleet,   Cape 
Cod,  Mass.,  and  by  him  kindly  presented  to  the  museum  of  Archae- 
ology at  C-'ambridge,  Mass. 

Common  as  are  these  perforated  ceremonial  stones,  they  neverthe- 
less were  not  so  readily  made  as  arrowheads,  or  the  thin  sandstone 
disks  which  so  often  did  duty  as  ornaments.  A\'hen  broken,  they  were 
not  always  discarded,  but  were  often  utilized  as  ornaments. 

Fig.  350  represents  an  ornament,  as  it  is  now  supposed  to  be,  which 
was  originally  a  ceremonial  object,  of  an  unusual  i)attern,  made  of 
Silurian  striped  slate.  The  specimen  has  been  broken  in  the  line  of 
the   perforation,   and   the    fractured   edges   have  subsequently  been 


Fic;.  349. —  Massachusetts.    \t 


CKKKMONIAI,    ODJIOCIS. 


367 


Fig.  350.  —  New  Jersey 


ground   down,  until  tliey  are   as   smooth   and  well  finished  as  any 
other   part.     Having   no  perfo- 
ration, whereby  it  could  be  sus- 
pended, it   is  not  clear,  how  it 
was  worn  or  used. 

Fig.  35 1  represents  another 
dlk  these  fragments,  which  has 
been  subseciuently  utilized. 

The  broken    edges  of  this 
specimen,  whicli  has  been  fract- 
ured along  the    perforation, 
have   been  carefully  smoothed   down,   and   through   the   middle    of 
one  of  them  a  small  hole  has  been  drilled.     This  has  been  drilled 

from  both  sides,  showing 
that  the  specimen  was 
broken  after  the  larger  per- 
foranon  had  been  com- 
pleted. 

Such  an  oliject  as  fig.  351 
might  have  been  used,  as 
were  fossil  sharks'  teeth, 
shells  and  pebbles,  as  a  pendant,  or  one  of  several,  on  the  same 
necklace  ;  and  therefore  might  properly  be  referred  to  under  the  head 
of  ornaments. 


Fig.  351.  —  New  Jersey.    \- 


^'^.:, 


^C^-^ 


CHAPTER    XXVI. 


BIRD-SHAl'K.D  STONES. 


Under  this  title,  which  is  not  accurately  descriptive,  though  of 
common  acceptance,  it  is  proposed  to  consider  a  class  of  can'ed  stone 
objects,  which  are  of  comparatively  frequent  occurrence  over  the  en- 
tire area  of  the  United  States,  east  of  the  Mississippi  river.  Their 
significance  has  been  discussed  more  than  that  of  any  other  form  of 
stone  miplement  or  ornament  made  by  the  American  Indians. 

Schoolcraft '™  has  designated  this  form  of  relic  as  a  handle  for  a 
knife,  the  blade  of  which  was  obsidian  or  jasper.  One  of  these 
"  knife-handles  "  is  figured,  found  on  Cunningham's  island,  lake  Erie, 
New  York,  which  is  considered  to  be  "  apparently  a  sacrificial  or  a 
flaying  knife."  The  relic  is  so  described,  although  there  is  no  indi- 
cation of  a  blade. 

By  many,  they  have  been  called  "  idols,"  and  strangely  enough, 
have  been  seriously  described  and  commented  upon  as  "  corn  busk- 
ers," although  their  use  as  a  husking  peg  would  tend  rather  to  retard 
than  facilitate  that  work,  as  none  have  yet  been  found  with  a  really 
sharp  point,  or  one  in  any  way  available  for  piercing  the  husks,  as  the 
common  hicko-y  peg,  now  used,  is  expected  to  do. 

Probably  Messrs.  Stiuier  &  Davis ''"'  correctly  cover  the  whole 
ground  concerning  them,  in  stating  that  "  it  may  reasonably  be  con- 
cluded from  the  uniform  shape  of  these  articles,  and  from  their  appar- 
ent unfitness  as  implements,  as  also  from  the  wide  range  of  their 
occurrence,  that  they  were  invested  with  a  conventional  significance 
as  insignia,  or  badges  of  distinction,  or  as  amulets.    We  know  that  the 


'3** Hist.  Gondii.,  etc.,  N.  A.  1.,  vn!.  iv,  p.  17s,  pi.  xxiii,  fig.  2. 
****  Squier  &  Davis,  Anc.  Mon.  Miss.  Valley,  p.  239. 


24 


(369) 


37° 


PRIMITIVK   INDUSTRY. 


custom  of  wearing  certain  stones  as  preventives  of  disease,  or  as  safe- 
guards against  accidents  or  the  malice  of  evil  spirits,  has  not  been 
confined  to  one  continent,  or  to  a  single  age.  it  is  not  entirely  ob- 
literated among  certain  classes  of  our  own  peo])le.  Regal  authority 
is  still  indicated  by  rich  baubles  of  gold  and  gems.  It  matters  little 
whether  the  index  of  royalty  be  a  sceptre  or  a  simiile  carved  and 
polished  stone,  so  that  it  is  sanctioned  with  general  recognition." 

In  a  description  of  arclia:ological  sj)ecimcns  found  in  Michigan, 
Mr.  Henry  Clillman  ' "  has  described  one  of  these  bird-shaped  stones, 
"  formed  from  a  beautiful  jiiece  of  variegated  slate,  of  a  grayish-green, 
interstralified  with  veins  of  a  darker  shade,  and  is  neatly  made  and 
finely  polished;"  and  further  remarks,  that  "similar  ornaments  have 
been  found  throughout  the  United  States ;  and,  as  there  has  been 
considerable  discussion  as  to  their  use,  I  will  here  state  that  I  have 
learned  through  an  aged  Indian,  that  in  olden  time  these  ornaments 
were  worn  on  the  heads  of  Indian  women,  but  only  after  marriage. 
I  have  thought  that  these  jieculiar  objects,  which  are  always  made  of 
some  choice  material,  resemble  the  figure  of  a  brooding  biril ;  a  fa- 
miliar sight  to  the  'children  of  the  forest ; '  that  thus  they  are  emblem- 
atic of  maternity,  and  as  such  were  designed  and  worn." 

This  view  of  their  significance  has  been  met  with  considerable 
ridicule  on  the  i)art  of  some,  who,  however,  offered  no  better  expla- 
nation of  these  objects,  as  a  substitute.  Their  occurrence  in  graves, 
that  were  known  to  be  those  of  females,  by  the  fact  that  they  were 
not  asso(  iated  with  weajjons  of  any  kind,  is  certainly  in  favor  of 
the  \iew  expressed  by  Mr.  (lillman.  In  a  local  jjublication,  the  au- 
thor'''- asked  for  information  with  reference  to  these  bird-shajjed 
stones  :  and,  soon  after,  had  the  pleasure  of  receiving  from  Col.  Chas. 
Whittlesey  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  the  following : 

"Dr.  ]'",.  Stirling,  of  this  city,  says,  such  biril  effigies,  made  of  wood, 
have  been  noticed  among  the  Ottawas  of  (Irand  Traverse  liay,  Michi- 


"I  ()illni:iii.     Siiiilh',c)ni;in  Annual  Ucporl  for  1873,  p.  371.     W.ishir.slon,  1).  C. 
'"Abbott.     Curiosity  Hunter.     January,  1878,     Kockford,  Illiuois. 


mRD-SHAPKD    STOS'KS. 


571 


gan,  fastened  on  tlie  top  of  the  lieads  of  women,  as  an  indication 
tiiat  they  are  jireijnant. 

"All  of  tlie  stone  Mrd  etifigies  I  liave  seen  are  ])erforated  for  attaeh- 
ment  to  some  other  object. 

"No  doubt  all  the  ornamented  stones  of  jiolished  slate  with  holes 
for  attachment  had  a  meaning,  and  were  significant  of  something  per- 
sonal to  the  wearer." 

As  further  evidence  that  ol)jects  having  this  significance  were  not 
imknown  to  many  of  the  Indian  tribes,  it  may  be  mentioned  that 
AVilliam  I'enn  refers  to  a  custom  among  the  .Shawnees  and  Delawares, 
with  whom  he  formed  liis  celebrated  treat)-,  in  16S2,  that  bears  indi- 
rectly upon  this  snbjec',.  He  says,  'when  the  young  women  arc  fit 
for  marriage,  they  wear  something  on  their  heads  for  an  advertisement, 
but  so  as  their  faces  are  hardly  to  be  seen,  but  when  they  i)lease." 
(Harvey's  History  of  the  Shawnees,  j).  14,  Cincinnati,  1S55.)  \\'hile 
there  is  nothing  to  imply  that  the  "something"  that  these  Indians  wore 
was  bird-shaped,  or  was  made  of  stone,  wood  or  cloth  ;  it  does  .add  to 
the  probability,  that  the  objects  now  under  consideration,  whether  bird 
or  mammal-shaped,  or  of  so  conventionalized  a  form  that  all  trace  of 
realism  is  lost,  do  ha\e  some  such  significance  as  mentioned  l)y  .Mr. 
Gillman. 

As  an  indication  that  these  bird-shaped  stones  were  not  knife- 
handles,  or  corn-huskers,  attention  has  been  called''''  to  the  fact,  that 
halves  of  these  objects  have  been  carefiilly  ground  smooth  and  pol- 
ished on  the  fractured  end,  and  a  hole  subse(iuently  drilled  for 
suspending  them,  which  could  be  done  more  conveniently  through  the 
new  hole,  than  through  the  two  basal  j)erforations  common  to  all  of 
these  bird  effigies.  ICasily  i)leased,  as  the  Indian  doubtlessly  was,  in 
the  matter  of  decoration,  it  is  hardly  probable  that  a  broken  "hu.sking 
peg"  would  ever  have  been  used  as  a  charm  or  pendant;  but  if  the 
unbroken  object  had  a  significance,  such  as  has  been  mentioned  by 
Mr.  Gillman  and  by  Col.  Whittlesey,  then  nothing  is  more  natural  than 


"'Abbolt.     Nature,  vol.  xii,  p.  436,  fig.  2.     London,  1875. 


I 
I 


! 


372 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


that  a   jiicco    of  one   shoulil  have  been  vitili/ed  in  the  manner  de- 
scribeil. 

Fig.  352  represents  the  comn.on  form  of  these  so-called  bird-shaped 
stones,  much  reduced  in  size.  It  is  a  fraction  over  four  and  a  half 
inches  long.  The  body,  or  main  portion,  is  very  accurately  sloped 
to  the  back,  which  is  a  narrow  flat  ridge,  of  a  uniform  width  of  one 
thirty-second  of  an  inch.  The  "  iiead "  of  the  specimen  is  nearly 
square,  and  not  unlike  the  iiead  of  a  blunt  muzzled  mammal  in 
shape.  The  knob-like  protuberances  stand  out  from  the  head  one- 
third  of  an  inch,  antl  have  a  narrow  neck,  about  one-half  the  width  of 
the  "knob"  itself.  The  bottom  of  tiie  implement,  as  the  illustration 
shows,  is  flat.  There  is  at  each  end  of  the  specimen  a  small  hole, 
drilled  obliciuely  upward  and  outward  from  the  flat  base. 


Fig,  352, —  New  Jersey,    -f. 

This  specimen  was  found  near  Trenton,  N.  J.  On  the  bluffs  form- 
ing the  eastern  bank  of  the  Delaware  river,  south  of  Trenton,  N.  J., 
on  the  site  of  one  or  more  extensive  Indian  towns,  fractions  of  these 
bird-shaped  stoni;s  in  great  numbers  have  been  found,  and  a  few  that 
are  only  "blocked-out."  All  are  of  brightly  colored  or  handsomely 
marbled  or  striped  stones,  and  none  are  without  some  degree  of  polish. 
The  size  varies  exceedingly,  the  largest  being  aljout  seven  inches  in 
length,  the  smallest  scarcely  three.  In  a  series  of  eighty-four  frag- 
ments, there  were  about  equal  numbers  of  each  of  the  sizes  mentioned, 
with  i)erhaj)s  a  slight  excess  in  the  numbers  of  those  of  medium  length, 
say  of  about  five  inches.  None  of  those  of  the  largest  size  were  too 
heavy  to  have  been  worn  upon  the  top  of  the  head,  an  objection  which 
has  been  urged  as  to  their  use  in  the  manner  suggested. 

r"'{3-  353  represents  an  interesting  specimen  of  one  of  these  bird- 


BIRD-SHAI'KI)   STONES. 


373 


effigies,  made  of  striped  Silurian  slate.  It  was  found  in  Cumberland 
Co.,  New  Jersey,  and  is  now  in  tiie  archaeological  museum  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.  Unlike  most  of  the  other  examples  of  this  class,  tiiis 
specimen  has  not  the  eye-like  projections  from  the  side  of  the 
head.  Being  found  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  D^'nvare  bay,  and 
not  far  from  the  ocean,  it  has  bcon  suggested  that  it  was  in- 
tended to  represent  a  "diver"  or  duck,  and  that  the  elongated  "neck" 
was  quite  characteristic  of  these  birds  when  rapidly  swimming.  On  the 
other  hanil,  it  has  been  stoutly  maintained  that  it  was  a  "husking  peg," 
and  it  must  be  admitted,  that  it  is  better  adapted  to  this  use,  than 
either  the  preceding  specimen,  with  the  knobbed  proiuberances  on  its 
head,  or  the  succeeding  one  with  its  broad  circular  base. 
The  fact  that  there  is  a  marked  individual  difference  in  all  these  bird- 


FiG.  353.  — New  Jersey.    \, 

sha])ed  stones  is  one  of  much  interest,  even  if  it  has  no  bearing  upon 
their  significance.  Of  a  very  large  number  of  specimens  examined,  no 
two  can  be  considered  as  strictly  alike,  although  most  forms  of  stone 
implements  can  be  very  readily  duplicated. 

Fig.  354  represents  one  of  these  bird-shaped  stones  found  in  Ver- 
mont."'' "It  is  made  of  a  pretty  breccia  composed  of  light  and  dark 
material.  It  is  finely  wrought  and  very  smooth,  though  not  polished. 
The  iii)per  side  is  worked  to  a  sharp  edge,  from  which  the  sides  round 
outwards  towards  the  rectangular  base,  in  which  there  is  a  hole  at  each 
end  running  obliquely  through  it.  The  length  of  the  relic  is  four  and 
one-half  inches,  and  the  height  nearly  two  inches." 


***Perkins.     Amer,  Nat.,  vol.  v,  p.  16,  fig.  6.     Salem,  M.iss..  1871, 


374 


PRIMITIVE   INOUSTRY. 


Fij;.  355  represents  another  example  of  tliis  class  of  olijects,  but  is 
morr  like  a  iiiainiiial  tiiaii  any  binl.  Siieciiuens  with  a  broad  circular 
base,  like  figure  355,  are  t)f  more  common  occurrence  in  the  west,  than 
along  the  Atlantic  seaboanl.     A  iierfect  facsimile  of  this  specimen, 


Fiii.  j;4.  —  VLTmunt.     J, 

except  in  having  a  pointed  rather  thi'n  blunt  n<(.-.e  •)rbeak  (if  it  maybe 
so  considered),  is  among  the  inle'-esting  series  of  grave  contents  found 
near  Swanlon,  Vermont.  Another  from  Indiana  diff.'red  onl}'  in  being 
of  a  \ery  tlense  granitic  rock,  of  a  dull  gray  color. 


Fio.  353.  — New  Jersey.     \. 


A  varietv  of  this  form  of  ornamental  stone,  of  which  but  few  speci- 
mens appear  to  have  been  found  east  of  the  Ohio  valley,  consists  in 
the  supposed  tail  of  the  bird  being  repeated,  as  though  the  posterior 
halves  of  two  of  such  specimens  as  fig.  352  had  been  placed  end  to 


BlRIJ-SllAI'lJt    SIOXKS. 


375 


end.  'I'his  is  rertainly  a  highly  conventional  manner  of  rejircsenting 
a  bird,  l)Ul  tiiat  sue  li  Uvu-tailed,  headless  exainiiles  are  the  same  object 
really,  as  the  typical 
form,  is,  without 
(U)ubt,  a  fair  infer- 
ence. (See  Smith- 
sonian Contributions 
to  Knowledge,  \(j. 
287,  fig.  211).  To 
this  latter  type  of 
these  so-(  ailed  bird- 
shaped  objects  nmst 
be  referretl  the  i'Uer- 
esting  s[)e<iuicii,  figs. 

35'     'I'l  35  7- 

This  oriiamiMital 

stone  bears  liut  little 
reseml)laii(e  e\en  to 
those  modified  biril- 
shaped  objects,  which 
have  only  the  "tails" 
of  the  su])posed  birds 
represented  ;  but  the 
characteristic  obli(iue 
perforations  al  the 
ends,  the  flattened 
base  and  slightly 
curved  upper  surface, 
are  well  defined. 

This   specimen    is 
made  of  a  fine  grained 
sandstone  of  an  olive- 
green  color,  and  is  carefully  worked  over  its  several  surfaces.     An 
interesting  feature  of  this  specimen  consists  in  the  series  of  narrow 


Fir.s.  356  and  357.  —  New  Jersey,    4» 


376 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


and  now  indistinct  marginal  notches  extending  along  the  edge  of  that 
side  of  the  specimen  shown  in  fig.  356.  Other  than  these  is  a  series 
of  similar  cuts  or  grooves  of  different  lengths,  extending  down  the 
middle  of  the  back  or  upper  surface  of  the  specimen.  That  these 
are  probably  decorative  only  is  questionable. 

This  rare  form  of  ornament  was  found  near  Freehold,  Monmouth 
Co.,  N.  J.,  by  Rev.  S.  Lockwood,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  an  oppor- 
tunity to  figure  and  describe  it. 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 


GORGETS,  TOTEMS,   PENDANTS  AND  TRINKETS. 


Inasmuch  as  the  name  "gorget"  given  to  a  class  of  supposed  dec- 
orative stones,  or  insignia  of  office  or  rank,  has  been  so  generally 
adopted  by  American  archa;ologists,  it  is  here  retained  as  the  specific 
designation  of  those  large,  thin  slabs  of  stone,  which,  having  two  or 
more  holes  through  them,  are  supposed  to  ha\e  been  firmly  attached 
to  the  clothing,  and  not,  like  the  various  trinkets,  simply  suspended. 

Probably  nothing  in  the  whole  range  of  the  stone  implements  anil 
ornaments  of  the  lr.',''an  has  been  more  discussed  and  written  of  than 
these  simple  slabs  of  slate  and  sandstone.  That  they  were  really  insig- 
nia, as  the  designation  "gorget"  implies,  is  i)erhaps  not  known,  but 
it  is  quite  possible  that  such  was  the  case.  Certainly,  if  not 
badges,  they  were  merely  personal  ornaments.  Beyond  tiiis  we  are 
not  warranted  to  theorize  concerning  them. 

The  following  suggestion  of  Schoolcraft  ''•^  is  here  offered  as  cover- 
ing the  whole  ground  ;  and,  adojiting  it,  they  are  classed  as  one  fonn 
of  several  decorative  ol)jects  described  in  tiiis  chapter.  They  are 
"one  of  the  forms  of  those  ancient  badges  of  authority,  to  which,  as 
a  generic  term,  the  modern  .Mgomiuins  apply  the  n.ime  A'u-/>e-hm'-a- 
gitn.  The  native  tribes,  from  our  first  actiuaintance  with  them,  evinced 
their  fondness  for  insignia  of  this  kind.  The  modern  medal  is  the 
result  of  a  compliance  on  our  part  with  this  i)assion." 

F'g-  35^  represents  a  common  form  of  gorget.  This  specimen  is 
four  and  five-sixieenths  inches  long  and  one  inch  and  five-eighths 
wide  at  the  midok' ;  it  has  been  very  rudely  drilled  in  two  places  from 
each  side  until  the  depressions  met,  the  distance  between  the  holes 


"°Tr  ins.  Amer.  Ellinol.  Society,  vol.  i.,  p.  401,  pi.  i.,  fig.  2. 

(377) 


1 


3/8 


rRIMITIVE    INDUSTRY. 


on  one  side  being  exactly  four-fiftlis  of  an  inch,  a  distance  noticed 
particularly  by  Sciuicr  and  Davis,'"'  in  several  of  the  specimens  they 
figured.  They  remark,  "  It  is  a  singular  fact  that  the  holes  in  the  three 
specimens   first  noticed,  as  also  in  some  of  those  which  follow,  are 

placed  exacdy  four-fifths  of  an  inch 
apart.  This  coukl  hardh'  have  been 
the  result  of  accident.  'I'hese  relics 
were  found  at  dilTerent  localities, 
several  miles  distant  from  each 
other."  If  this  similarity  of  distance 
between  the  perforations  was  inten- 
tional, it  would  seem  that  the  stone 
had  some  use  other  than  that  of  a 
breast-ornament  merely.  Certainly, 
in  such  case,  the  mere  distance  sep- 
arating the  jioles  could  have  had  no 
special  use.  In  fig.  358  this  distance 
is  variable,  inasmuch  as  one  hole  is 
obliiiuely  drilled,  and  so  jiroduces  a 
greater  s]iace  between  the  two  per- 
forations on  one  side  than  on  the 
other. 

I'ig.  35S  is  made  of  reddish  sand- 
stone of  a  fme  grain,  and  is  suscep- 
tible (if  high  p(jlish.  Other  speci- 
mens, the  same  in  all  respects,  except 
material,  from  the  same  neighbor- 
hood, are  made  of  variegated  slate; 
and  in  one  case  the  striped  Silurian 
slate,  of  which  so  many  of  those  found  in  Ohio  are  made,  is  used. 
The  drilling  in  such  of  these  gorgets,  as  are  made  of  soft  slate,  is 
usually  verv  irregular,  when  tompared  with  that  of  specimens  made  of 


z.  333.  —  New  juiacy. 


""  Anc.  Moil,  Miss.  Valley,  p.  237. 


GORGETS,    JOTEMS,    PENDANTS   AND   TRINKETS. 


379 


a  harder  material.  Why  one  scries  should  be  bored  with  great  accu- 
racy, and  the  other  so  indifferently,  is  indeed  puzzling;  all  tlie  more  so, 
as  the  material  that  is  easier  to  perforate  is  the  more  clumsily  worked. 

Kigs.  359  and  360  represent 
the  two  sides  of  an  exceed- 
ingly interesting  specimen. 
As    the    illustr..tions  so  dis- 
tinctly show,   the  entire   sur- 
faces are  covered  with  incised 
lines,  so  closely  arranged  that 
their  purpose  is  ])rol)al)ly  only 
decorative.    As  is  conunon  to 
a  majority  of  gorgets  and  of 
allied  trinkets,  the  margins  of 
this  sjjec  inien   are   cut   into 
deep,   closely   set   not 'dies. 
The  theory  that  specimens  of 
this  chara(  ter  were  firndy  at- 
tached  to   the    dress  of  the 
wearer,  and  thus  exposed  to 
the  gaze  of  others,  only  upon 
one  side,  is  somewhat  contra- 
dicted liy  the  fact  that  an  e(iual 
amount  of  decoration  is  found 
on  the  two  sides.     Were  the       HiJ5^i^''5J*^^^ 
con,lnna.inns  of  straight,  ob-       M^^^ii§^§!0. 
lupie  and  zigzag  lines    less       '^iftgR^JS 
closely  placed,  and   fewer  in        ^TkMES 
number,  i)ortions,  at  least  of 
them,  might  be  considered  as 
a  reconl,  rather  than  an  orna- 
ment, especially  as  the  lines  are   by  no  means  as  distinct  as  in  the 
illustratiiins,  whi<  h  are  reproduced    from  a  photograph,  after  it  had 
been  careful!)-  chalked,  to  bring  out  clearly  thv;  narrow,  hairiike  lines. 


38o 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


The  surface  of  fig.  360  has  a  smaller  amount  of  supposed  oma- 
mciilation,  is  also  a  little  smoother,  and  is  nearly  a  perfect  level, 
between  the  perforations.  From  these  considerations,  it  would  ap- 
pear that  fig.  359  represented 
the  upper  and  fig.  360  the 
lower  side. 

Of  a  series  of  over  one 
hundred  of  these  gorgets  from 
New  Jersey,  this  alone  exhib- 
its any  trace  of  incised  lines, 
or  other  ornamentation,  other 
than  the  little  notches  about 
the  margins,  whicli  appear  to 
be  the  rule,  rather  than  the  ex- 
ception. This  specimen  was 
found  near  Freehold,  Mon- 
mouth Co.,  N.  J.,  and  is  now 
in  the  cabinet  of  Prof.  Samuel 
Lockwood  of  that  j)lac;e. 

Thin  plates  of  native  cop- 
per have  been  occasionally 
met  with  in  New  Jersey, 
which,  although  considerably 
smaller  than  the  gorget  here 
figured,  were  umiucstionably 
ornaments,  and  used  in  es- 
sentially the  same  manner. 
They  are  mentioned  here 
from  verl)al  descriptions  only, 
Fiu.  360.— New  Jersey.  \.  jj,.  ,^y  specimens  havc  been 

preserved  in  our  museums.  In  Ohio,  copjier  gorgets  of  the  usual 
size  are  frequent.  A  handsome  sjiecimen  is  figured  among  the  illus- 
trations (if  mouiidbuilder  relics  from  Ohio,  in  MacLean's  volume  ;'^' 


"^  MacLean.    The  Moundbuilders,  p.  164,  fig,  35.    Cincinnati,  1879. 


GORGEl-S,   TOTEMS,    PENDANIS   AND    'JRINKETS. 


381 


and  another  in  the  account  of  mound  explorations  in  Ohio,  by  the 
late  Prof.  E.  B.  Andrews. ■'« 

P'ig.  361  represents  an  interesting  example  of  a  gorget,  which, 
although  broken,  was  evidently  not  discarded.  The  lower,  cun-ed 
antl  unbroken  end  is  two  and  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  width,  and 
notched  as  usual.  The  narrower  end,  where  the  fracture  occurred, 
has  been  carefully  ground  down,  and  now  has  as  good  a  polish  as  the 
uninjured  sides.  The  perforations,  four  in  number,  are  very  rudely 
executed.  They  have  apj^ar- 
ently  been  bored  in  pairs, 
those  near  the  middle  of  the 
plate  at  one  time,  and  the 
others  at  another.  The  latter 
are  more  evenly  bored,  and 
the  holes  are  straight.  In  the 
central  pair  the  perforations  are 
slightly  olilique.  The  marginal 
notches,  in  this  specimen,  are 
nine  in  number.  The  same 
number  of  nt)tches  are  upon 
the  under  side,  but  they  are 
not  merely  continuations  of 
those,  seen  in  the  illustration. 

While  far  from  being  disposed 
to  credit  the  native  American 
tribes  with  any  advance  in  culture  beyond  what  the  traces  of  their  handi- 
work unquestionably  warrant ;  there  is  offered,  in  the  frequent  occur- 
rence of  these  marginal  not  -hcs,  an  opportunity  to  inquire  whether 
the  early  race  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard  did  habitually  record  jiromi- 
nent  events,  in  the  way  indicated,  by  such  carcfuUy-cut  notches  as 
characterize  the  great  majority  of  these  gorgets.  Have  these  notches 
a  significance,  or   are  they  merely  ornamental?     We  know,  indeed, 


Fig.  361.  — New  Jersey. 


""  Aiulrews.     Tenth  Annual  Report,  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1877. 


Mi 


382 


PRIMITIVK   INDUSTRV. 


that  tlie  savage,  like  the  child,  is  "pleased  with  a  rattle,  tickled  with 
a  straw;"  ])Ut  were  ideas  of  ornamentation  so  jjriniitive,  tiiat  he  could 
see  any  lieaiity  in  these  marginal  notches?  Is  the  theory,  that  they 
were  merely  decorative  in  character,  consistent  with  the  fact  that  the 
same  ])eople,  who  cut  these  little  notches,  also  sha])ed  the  truly  beau- 
tiful ceremonial  and  bird-shaped  stones,  and  carved  lifelike  portraits 
of  both  men  and  animals? 

Gorgets  are  found  in  great  abundance  along  the  whole  Atlantic  coast. 
In  New  England  they  are  as  abundant  as  in  the  midiUe  stales,  and 
perhaps  the  rich  regions  of  the  Ohio  valley  have  not  yieldeil  a  greater 
number.  In  the  Champlain  valley  of  Vermont  "gorgets,  with  one 
hole  or  two,  are  found"  everywhere.'''''  ".As  is  the  case  elsewhere, 
these  are  usually  made  of  some  comiiact,  fine-grained  stone  that  is 
capable  of  taking  a  smooth  jjolish.  Slate  is  the  most  common  mate- 
rial in  tiiose  that  I  have  seen,  sometimes  a  red  roofing  slate,  often  a 
dark-greenish  talcose  slate  ^eined  with  black.  The  gorgets  with  one 
hole  are  less  common  and  less  eleganUy  made  than  those  with  two, 
and  the  materi  \1  seems  less  carefiiliy  selected.  Of  the  'two-hole 
stones,'  tliose  of  rectangular  outline  are  most  abundant ;  not  that  all 
these  are  rectangular,  but  with  some  modification  of  this  form,  as 
with  corners  cut  off  making  an  octagonal  figure,  or  roundeil  more  or 
less." 

One  variety  of  these  gorgets,  fre<iuently  met  wiUi  in  the  west  and 
south,  is  shaped  like  a  boat,  which,  while  very  rarely  found  in  New 
Jersev,  is  occasionally  gathered  with  other  relics  from  certain  village 
sites  and  burial  jilaces  of  the  Indians  in  New  England.  Erom  ancient 
graves  near  Swanton,  Vermont,  a  nvmiber  of  these  boat-shaped  gorgets 
have  been  obtained,  associated,  however,  with  others  of  plainer  pat- 
terns, but  of  efjually  workmanlike  finish.  All  are  made  of  ornamental 
stone,  and  jjcrforated. 

Fig.  362  represents  an  example  of  this  form  of  gorget  found  at 
Bradford,  New  Hampshire.     This  specimen,  which  is  four  inches  in 


"•Perkins,  /.  e.,  p.  742. 


GORGETS,   TOTEMS,   I'ENUANTS   AND  TRINKETS. 


383 


length  and  but  little  more  than  one  in  width,  is  nut  so  kngL-,  nor  so 
deep  as  iiu.se  found  in  Vermont,  but  may  be  taken  as  a  <:unnecting 
link  between  the  ilat  or  plain  gorgets  an<l  tiiose  that  are  even  more 
distinctly  1  Joat-shajK-d. 

Some  of  tlie  latter  are  not  oval  upon  the  convex  side,  but  angular, 
giving  them  a  triangular  outline.  An  example 
of  this  kind,  figured  by  Foster,'--^"  was  found 
near  Danville,  Illinois;  and  others  are  in  the 
Museum  at  Camljridge,  from  Tennessee.  The 
perforations,  in  all  of  tliis  triangular  pattern, 
arc  near  tlie  ends,  and  are  drilled  in  an  obliciue 
direction.  In  others,  that  are  not  so  deeply 
excavated,  the  jjerforations  are  variously  placed. 
A  class  of  objects,  closely  allied  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  from  their  more  elaborate  char- 
acter, sui)posed  to  have  been  invested  with 
greater  significance,  are  those  jierforated  stones, 

which  are  either  shaped  to  represent  animals, 

or  have  representations  of  animals  carved  upon 

them.     These  carved  and  ornamented  stones 

are  here  classed  as  "  totems."     Schoolcraft  '•^' 

has  explained  their  origin  and  object,  as  being 

connected  with  "  the  system  of  names  imposed 

on  the  men  composing  the  Algonquin,  Irofiuois, 

Cherokee   and   other   nations."     With   these, 

"a  fox,  a  bear,  a  turtle,  etc.,  is  fixed  upon  as 

a  badge  or  stem,  from  which  the  desccnilants 

may  trace  their  i)arentage.     To  do  this,  the 

fi'nire  of  an  animal  is  employed  as  a  heraldic 

sign  or  surname.     This  sign  is  called,  in  the  Algoncpin,  town-mark  or 

totem." 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  well  also  to  refer  briefly  to  the  tradi- 


Fir..  362.  —  New  Hamp- 
shire.    1. 


iw  Foster.     Prcl.istoric  Races  of  the  U.  S.,  p.  2^2,  fig.  28.     Chicaso,  1873. 
'■■'  History  of  InJiaii  Tribes,  vol.  i,  p.  52. 


384 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


tional  history  of  the  Delaware  Indians,  as  recorded  by  Heckewelder.i^s 
He  mentions  that,  in  accordance  with  their  tradition,  after  they  dis- 
covered the  Delaware  river,  they  explored  "  tlie  Scheyichbi  country, 
now  named  New  Jersey."  These  migrating  Indians  finally  settled  on 
four  rivers,  "making  the  Delaware,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of 
Lenapc  Wihittuck,  the  centre  of  their  possessions."  They  here  di- 
vided themselves  into  three  tribes,  two  of  them  distinguished  by  the 
names  of  the  turtle  and  the  turkey  ;  the  latter  settling  nearest  the  sea. 


Fig.  363.  — New  Jersey.    \, 


The  third  tribe,  the  Minsi  or  wolves,  setded  in  the  mountainous  region 
north  and  westward  of  Musconetcong  creek. 

Fig.  363  represents  a  highly  polished,  black  hornstone  pebble,  oval 
in  shape,  flat  upon  the  under  side,  and  slightly  convex  upon  the  other, 
perforated  at  each  end  ;  and  upon  the  upper  side,  as  seen  in  the  illus- 
tiation,  there  is  clearly  and  quite  artistically  engraved  a  turde.  This 
most  interesting  object  was  found  near  Titusville,  Mercer  Co.,  New 
Jersey,  in  the  very  neighborhood  where  the  turde  tribe  of  the  Dela- 
ware nation  were  settled.  The  inference  is  that  this  stone  is  not 
simply  an  ornament,  as  a  liead,  a  bear's  tooth  or  a  perforated  pebble, 


'5' Heckewclder.      Hist.  Account  of  Indians:  Vol.  ist,  Transactions  Atner.  Phil.  Soc,  p.  33. 
Philadelphia. 


COKGKIS,     lOTKMS,    I'I'.XDANTS    AND   TUINKKl'S. 


3«5 


hut  has  that  tribal  or  totemic  significance  which  is  mentioned  l)y 
.Sclioolcraft  as  <()nHn(jn  to  the  Algoncj'.iin  Indians. 

Tills  is  not  the  only  specimen  of  its  kind  that  has  been  discovered 
in  the  valley  of  the  Delaware.  The  turtle  on  the  pipe  (fig.  317),  fi'om 
Lewes,  Delaware,  may  ha\e  had  a  totemic  significance  ;  and  the  heads 
of  birds  etched  upon  a  stone-knife  (fig.  43)  and  a  bone  implement 
(fig.  192),  clearly  show  that  animal  representations  were  not  uncom- 
mon, although  ]>robably  none  were  of  totemic  significance,  excejit 
fig.  363  and  possibly  the  turtle  j)ipe. 

Objects  made  by  carving  the  stone  to  rei)resenl  an  animal  have 
frequently  been  met  wiih  in  New  Mngland.  I'"ig.  364  rei>resents  an 
interesting  example  found  near  I])s\virh,  Mass.,  and  described  by 
Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam,  as  follows  : — • 

"This  stone  was  evidently  carved  with  care  for  the  purpose  of  lieing 
worn  as  an  ornament,  and  was  probably  suspended  from  the  neck.  It 
is  of  a  soft  slate,  easily  cut  with  a  sharp,  hard  stone.  The  markings 
left  in  various  places  by  the  carver,  showing  v.here  his  tool  had  slipped, 
indicate  that  no  very  delicate  instrument  had  been  used,  while  the 
several  grooves,  made  to  carry  out  the  idea  of  the  sculptor,  indicate 
as  plainly  that  the  instrument  by  which  they  were  made,  had,  what  we 
should  call,  a  rounded  edge,  like  that  of  a  dull  hatchet,  as  the  grooves 
were  wider  at  the  top  than  at  the  bottom,  and  the  strirc  show  that  they 
were  made  by  a  sort  of  sawing  motion,  or  a  rubbing  of  the  instrument 
backwards  and  forwards.  In  flvct,  the  car\er's  tool  might  have  been 
almost  any  stone  implement,  from  an  arrowhead  to  a  skin  scraper,  or 
any  hard  piece  of  roughly  chipped  stone. 

Fig.  364  represents  the  stone  of  natural  size,  its  total  length  being 
two  and  a  half  inches.  It  is  of  general  vmiform  thickness,  about  one- 
fifth  of  an  inch,  except  where  the  angles  are  slightly  rounded  off  on 
the  front  of  the  heail  and  on  the  abdominal  outline,  and  the  i)ortion 
representing  the  forked  tail,  or  caudal  fin,  which  is  rapidly  and  sym- 
metrically thinned  to  its  edges,  as  is  the  notched  portion  rejjresenting 
the  dorsal  fin. 

The  car\-ing  was  evidently  intendeil  to  rei)resent  a  fish,  with  some 


386 


I'RIMIIIVK    1X1)1  ^STRV. 


pcailiar  ideas  of  the  artist  added  and  several  important  characters  left 
out.  The  three  longitudinal  grooves  in  front  represent  tiie  mouth  and 
jaws,  wliile  the  transverse  grcjove  at  their  termination  gives  a  limit  to 
the  length  of  tlie  jaw,  and  a  very  decided  groove  on  the  under  side 
divides  tlic  under  jaw  into  its  right  and  left  i)ortions.  The  eyes  are 
represented  as  slight  depressions  at  the  top  of  tiie  head.  The  head 
is  separated  from  tlie  abdominal  jiortion  by  a  decided  groove,  and  the 
t  audal  fin  is  well  represented  by  the  forked  portion,  from  the  centre  of 
whicii  the  rounded  termination  of  the  whole  projects.  In  this  jjart 
there  is  an  irregularly  made  hole  of  a  size  large  enough  to  allow  a 
strong  cord  to  jiass  through  for  the  purpose  of  suspension.  The  por- 
tion of  the  sculpture  rising  in  the  jjlace  of  a  dorsal  fin  is  in  several 


Fiu.  364. — ^Massachusetts.    \, 

ways  a  singular  conception  of  the  ancient  carver.  ^Vi^i!e  holding  the 
position  of  a  ilorsal  fin,  it  points  the  wrong  wa)-,  if  we  regard  the  por- 
tion, looking  so  mu(  h  like  a  shark's  tooth,  as  intended  to  represent  the 
fin  as  a  whole.  It  is  very  likely  that  the  designer  wished  to  show  that 
the  fin  was  not  connected  with  tlie  head  and,  as  he  was  confined  by 
the  length  of  tlie  ])iece  of  stone,  after  making  tlie  head  so  much  out 
of  proportion,  he  was  forced  to  cut  under  the  interior  jjortion  of  the 
fin  in  order  to  express  the  fact.  If  we  regard  it  in  this  light,  the  notches 
on  the  upper  edge  may  be  considered  as  indicating  the  fin  rays  ;  but 
the  figure  best  shows  the  character  of  the  sculpture,  and  j)ersons  inter- 
ested can  draw  their  own  conclusions. 

"The  symmetry  of  the  whole  carving  is  well  carried  out,  both  sides 
being  alike,  with  the  exception  that  the  raised  i)ortion  at  the  i)osterior 


nilKCKlS,   Tl  n'RMS,    I'l-.N'DANTS    .\\l>     IKINKI  IS. 


387 


part  of  wliat  I  liave  called  the  dorsal  fin  is  a  little  more  marked 
on  the  left  side  than  on  the  right,  and  the  edge  on  the  same  side 
is  surrounded  by  a  faint,  irregularly  drawn  line. 

"The  carving  was,  I  think,  umiuestionably  made  by  an  Indian  of  the 
tribe  once  numerous  in  this  vicinity  ;  and,  as  it  was  almost  beyond  a 
doubt  cut  by  a  stone  tool  of  some  kind,  it  must  be  considered  as  (juite 
an  ancient  work  of  art,  i)robably  worn  as  a  'medicine'  and  ])ossil)ly 
indicated  eidier  the  name  of  the  wearer  or  that  he  was  a  noted  fisher- 


man. 


I'ig.  365  represents  a  carved  stone,  found  at  Seal)rook,  New  Hamp- 
shire, which  is  supposed  to  "rudely  represent  a  porpoise  or,  still  better, 
a  white  whale  or  Beluga,  as  it  had  no  protuberam  e  r.'presenting  the 
dorsal  fm  of  the  porpoise,  and  the  Beluga  is  without  the  fin.  The  flip- 
pers or  pectoral  fins  were  represented  by  the  protuberances  on  the 
sides,  and  the  mouth  was  cut  in  and  well  indicated.  The  broad  hori- 
zontal tail  was  decidedly  cetacean  in  character,  and  the  whole  car\-ing, 
though  rudely  done  by  picking  the  sienitic  rock,  from  which  it  was 
made,  with  stone  implements,  was  yet  so  characteristic  as  to  indicate 
at  once  that  a  porpoise  or  Beluga  was  intended.  A  hole  through  the 
portion  representing  the  tail  shows  that  the  object  was  suspended,  but 
the  stone  is  so  large  and  heavy  that  it  can  hardly  be  classed  as  a  per- 
sonal ornament,  though  it  is  probably  to  be  regardetl  as  a  totem.  It 
measures  ten  inches  in  length  by  about  two  in  depth  at  the  pectoral 
fins,  and  is  about  two  and  a  quarter  inches  wide  across  the  pectorals 
as  measured  on  die  under  side.  This  interesting  specimen  was  found 
at  Seabrook.  N.  H.,  and  it  is  said  that  two  other  similarly  worked 
stones  have  been  found  at  the  same  place. 

"The  figures  here  given  represent  the  'object'  in  profile  and  from 
the  under  side." 

Fig.  366  represents  a  typical  specimen  of  a  well-known  class  of 
perforated  stones,  generally  called  jjcndants,  or  gorgets.  A\'hcther 
any  distinction  really  exists  cannot  now  be  determined;  but  the  foct 


'"  Puliuiiii.     IJullttiil  Kssex  Inst.,  vol.  v.     Sak-m,  Mass. 


.^sx 


IMJIMIIIVI.'    INIilSiKV. 


tluit  soiiiu  of   tlicso  stoiU'S  havi.'  oiii'    lHTt\ii;Ui(iM,   wliilsl   otluMS    liavc 
Uvo    ov   more,    induatL's    a    ililTctviu  i;    in    i!k-    nictluid    of  atUchiiig 


a  I 
Ir 

ni 
ol 

TV 


w 


^■f^ 


'M-. 


Ife. 


Kit;.  365.  —  N'cw  II:unpshirc.     J. 


them  to  tlie  rlothing.  This  (Hfforcnce  may  also  bo  an  indication 
tlial  the  two  forms  had  (hffcrunt  uses,  the  so-called  gorget  having  been 
ai)plied  to  some  special  purpose  while  the  pendant  proper  was  simply 


COKCJKIS,     lOlKMS,    fKNIlANI'S    AN'l)   TKINKI'/IS. 


389 


an  ornament.  Fij,'.  366  is  m:u\c  of  sri|)i.'iitiiu',  and  is  lii,L;liIy  ))olislic(l. 
In  outline  and  fini>h,  it  is  tiie  ( ()iinU'r])arl  of  sions  <jf  similar  articles 
yatliered  from  every  i)art  of  the  Atlantic  coast.  Many,  liowever,  arc 
much  !ar;^cr.  ]ii  the  Museum  at  ("aml)ri(l;;e,  Mxss.,  are  two  cxami)le.s 
of  these  large  jiendants,  one  of  which  (!'.  M.  No.  602)  measures 
nearly  seven  inches  in  length,  by  two  and  three-eigliths  inihes  in 
greatest  \vi(hh,  with  the  iierfjration  very  near  one    end.     'J'he  other 

is  shorter  and  broader  and  has  the  jier- 
foration  an  incli  from  the  end. 


Fk;,  366.  —  New  Jersey. 


Fk;,  y<7-  —  New  Jersey,    •}  • 


Among  the  contents  of  a  series  of  ancient  Indian  graves,  examined 
by  Mr.  Putnam,'"''  were  th.ve  of  these  pendants  of  large  size.  One  is 
without  a  jjerforation,  and  another  has  a  series  of  well  defined  notches 
on  one  end. 

!■"'{?•  3''7    represents  a  second    example  of  a  stone   pen<lant,  and 


'•'•*  I'liiiKtiii.     Ihitleiin  Ksscx  Inst.,  vul.  iii,  ji.  i~m 


390 


l-KIMITIVl!-.    INUUSTRV. 


differs  fruivi  the  preceding  in  liaving  u  rude  attenipl  at  ornamentation, 
'iiie  pebble,  from  wliich  tliis  specimen  is  made,  remains  otherwise 
unaltered.  Tiie  fracture  on  one  side  was  jjrobably  caused  by  the 
plouLili.  The  lines  are  only  upon  one  side,  and  are  so  far  apart  and  so 
few  in  number,  that  they  cannot  no7i'  be  considered  as  adding  to  its 
beauty.  Indeed,  so  rude  in  many  respects  is  tliis  example,  that  it 
may  have  been  intended  for  some  other  puqiosc, — possibly  as  a 
sinker  for  a  fishing-line,  to  which  use  it  had  been  applied  before 
coming  into  the  eager  possession  of  a  relicdiunter. 

Several  pendants  of  the  character 
and  size  of  figs.  366  and  367,  made 
of  hemati'.e  and  similarly  perfor- 
ated, have  been  found  in  Hunter- 
don Co.,  N.  J.  Tiiese  jircscnted 
no  j)eculiarity  whatever,  other  than 
in  the  character  rf  the  material, 
which  was  very  seldom  used  by  the 
New  Jersey  Indians,  although  it 
exists  in  the  greatest  abundance  in 
the  inmiediate  vicinity  of  the  place 
where  these  s[iecimens  were  ftiund. 
Ornaments  and  small  celts  of  hema- 
tite seem  to  be  principally  found  in 
Ohio,  judging  from  the  large 
j)roportion  of  objects  from  that 
state,  made  of  this  material,  that  are  contained  in  our  i)rincii)al 
museums. 

Fig.  36S  represents  an  interesting  specimen  (if  the  usual  f,.rm,  but 
matle  of  a  pebi>le  and  thicker  than  the  usual  pendants  of  slate,  'ilie 
remarkable  feature  of  this  example  is  the  extremely  rude  represen- 
tation of  a  human  face  cut  upon  one  side.  The  stone  is  an  accurate 
oval  in  outline,  and  near  the  smaller  end  a  hole,  for  suspension,  h.is 
been  drilled.  Unlike  all  other  representations  (jf  the  human  face, 
this  one  is  produced  by  a  curious  combination  of  straight  lines.     The 


Flc.  368.  —  New  Jersey.     \. 


fJOUfilVlS,    luri-.MS,    I'l-.NUANIS    AND    JKINKKl'S. 


39' 


eyes  ■  '■  shallow  co'.intersiink  holes,  enclosed  in  diamond-shaped 
figures,  the  ii(«e  is  represented  by  straight  lines,  the  surface  of  the 
stone  on  each  side  having  been  slightly  gnjund  down,  so  as  to  bring 
that  feature  more  prominently  into  relief. 

This  specimen  was  taken  from  an  Indian  ^rave  near  Vincentown, 
Burlington  Co.,  N.  J.,  and,  associated  with  it,  were  fjund  two  celts, 
a  dozen  arrowpoints,  and  a  fe'v  glass  beads.  l"he  presence  of  the 
last-mentioned  articles  shows  that  the  burial  was  after  the  general 
introduction  of  articles  of  lairopean  nianu- 
ficture  among  the  native  tribes ;  though  it 
does  not  nec-essarily  imply  that  the  relic  it- 
self was  of  modern  date.  It  is  well  known 
that  many  objects,  the  handiwork  of  their 
own  ancestors,  generations  before,  were  held 
in  veneration  and  preser\eil  as  relics  by  the 
recent  Indians. 

]'"ig.  369  re])resents  a  second  examiile  of 
a  pendant,  in  this  instaiMC  of  inu(  h  smaller 
size,  with  a  stil!  ruder  representation  of  tiie 
human  face.  In  this  specimen,  the  features 
are  delineated  by  a  few  lines,  within  an  oval 
that  marks  the  boundaries  of  the  face.  This 
face  car\lng  bears  considerable  resemblance 
to  one  found  in  i' ihio,  and  figured  in  the 
Po]>ular  Science  Monthly.'-''  The  work- 
manship in  that  case,  however,  is  reall)'  artistic,  and  the  stone  on 
which  it  is  carved  is  carefully  and  symmetrically  shaped  and  polishe<l. 
In  fig.  369  we  have  simpl)'  a  fiat,  elongated  oval  pebble,  without  any 
alteration  of  the  surfaces  other  than  the  perforation  and  the  rudely 
incised  free. 

In  this,  aii<l  the  pre<-eding  spe<imens,  we  have  examples  of  carving 
upon  a   vcrv  hard,  lunit'ldiug  Imrnslone,  wiii<  h  may  account  for  the 


I'l.;.  ,^<: 


'  New  Terse 


L'y. 


"'Abljolt.     I'lijiuLir  Scitnci;  Muiitlily,  vul.vii,  1876.      New  York. 


392 


I'KIMiriVK  IN'DUSTRV. 


nidf  finish  ;   as  steatite  objects,  of  a  similar  cliaracter,  are  inucli  more 
artistically  executetl. 

Pendants  of  this  ])attern  are  very  rare,  and  none,  as  yet,  ha\e  been 
found  in  New  England.  In  the  southern  states  tlieir  place  seems  to 
have  been  supi)lied  in  jjart  by  the  shell-disks  or  totems,  upon  which 
are  inscribed  birds'  heads,  sjjiders,  rattlesnakes,  and  in  some  instances, 
the  human  face.  Examples  of  the  latter,  quite  as  rudely  executed  as 
the  one  figured  above,  have  been  taken  from  mounds  in  Virginia,'-'''' 
Tennessee  and  Arkansas. 

Fig.  370  represents  a  small  human  foce,  carved  in  steatite,  found 
many  years  ago,  on  the  shores  of  Cayuga  Lake,  New  York.  This 
sijccinien  is  very  interesting,  as  it  is  the  only  one  of  the  series  of 
illustrations  given,  wh.erein  the  Indian  face  is  truth- 
fully expressed  or  jiortrayed.  While  this  sjjecimen 
can  scarcel)-,  from  its  small  size,  be  called  a  pen- 
dant, yet  it  IS  most  api)ropriately  considered  here, 
in  connection  with  the  attemiits  at  jiortraiture 
shown  in  the  ]>receding  examples.  A  specimen  of 
a  stone  fue,  of  somewhat  smaller  size,  but  of  the 
same  character  of  workmanship,  and  j)eculiar  In- 
dian cast  of  countenance,  was  lately  found  in  a 
shell-heap,  opposite  Red  I'.ank,  Monmouth  Co.,  New  Jersey.  The 
mateiial  is  steatite  of  a  dark  greenish  color.  Associated  with  it,  were 
fragments  of  pottery,  and  half  of  a  "ceremonial  object,"  which  was 
profusely  marked  with  the  short,  deep  notches,  scj  common  to  gor- 
gets. This  account  is  taken  from  a  letter  addressed  to  the  Museimi 
of  Archa;oiogy,  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  by  Chas.  F.  Woolley,  l]s(i. 
(the  gentleman  who  found  the  specimen),  of  Eatontown,  Monmouth 
Co.,  New  Jersey. 

Representations  of  the  human  face  njion  stones  a;e  of  c  onmion 
occurrence,  not  only  among  the  relics  if  the  modern  Indians,  but  also 
of  the  western  moundbuildcrs.     In  many  cases,  these  carvings  were 


Fig.  370.  —  New 
York.    ■{. 


*'"'C\nr.     'IVmll  Aniiu.il  Ucport  (if  I'tj.iljudy  Museum,  p.  87,  ti;^.  ^     CauibrKli;!:,  1077. 


COKULTS,     TOITMS,    I'l.NDAN  IS    ANM)   'IKIN'KllTS. 


3<J3 


merely  (jrnamcnts,  thoii;^'a  some  of  them  a]ipcnr  to  have  been  held 
ill  great  reverence.  In  tliis  conneetiiMi,  tlie  ful'/jwing  statement,  tran- 
scribed from  a  Kansas  jjaper,  is  of  interest. 

".Vaout  the  lotli  of  July  (i86S),  the  Kiowas  had  a  battle  with  the 
Utes,  in  which  the  chief,  Heap-of-Hears,  and  seven  other  Kiowa  braves 
were  killed.  Heap-of-Bears  had  on  his  iierson  the  medicine  of  the 
Kiowas,  which  was  captured  by  the  I'les,  who  still  retain  it.  This 
medicine  consists  of  an  image  about  eighteen  inches  in  length, 
car\-cd  to  represent  a  human  face  and  covered  with  the  down  and 
feathers  of  the  eagle  an.l  other  bir^ls,  and  swathed  in  wrajipers 
of  different  materials  of  value.  Although  I  have  been  conversant 
with  Indian  habits  and  customs  for  a  long  time,  1  was  surprised  to 
find  the  value  these  people  attach  U>  this  medicine.  They  begged 
and  implored  Col.  Murphy  to  recover  it  for  them,  and  promised  to 
pay  tlie  Utes  as  many  horses  as  they  wanted,  and  also  to  make  a  per- 
manent and  lasting  peace  not  only  with  the  Utes,  but  also  to  refrain 
from  further  depredations  on  the  Texas  border,  if  this  should  be  re- 
stored. Col.  Murphy  promised  to  endeavor  to  recover  it,  but  I  think 
his  success  in  the  matter  will  be  doubtful,  as  the  I'les  als(j  attach 
great  importance  to  their  capture,  belie,  Ing  that  while  they  retain  it, 
the  Kiowas  will  be  ]iowerless  to  do  them  harm." 

The  hu!  ,an  face  was  not  only  represented  in  the  several  ways  that 
have  been  described  ;  but  the  Atlantic  coast  Indians  appear  to  have 
occasionally  attempted  works  of  a  more  pretentions  character,  although 
their  success  in  human  portraiture  cannot  be  commendc<l. 

Fig.  37,  represents  a  stone  mask  found  at  Trenton,  X.  J.'-"  Stone 
masks  like  this  have  l)een  somewhat  frequently  found  in  the  mound 
region  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  valleys,  but  arc  not  common  east- 
ward of  these  l<3calities.  The  specimen  here  figured  is  probably  the 
only  one  yet  discovered  in  New  Jersey,  and  thus  far  but  few,  if  any 
specimens,  have  been  found  in  New  laiglaud.  I'ig.  37 >  '"^  '••  l^'"''! 
sandstone    i)ebble.  and    measures   six  iiK'hes  in  length  by  a  tVa.tion 


'o^  Al,lj„ii,     Nature,  vol.  xii,  1..  .(I,  I"':-;'!"-':  ""'  i"ii»tj<-''';'l-     I.oiiJ"">  >875. 


594 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


ovLT  four  inches  in  greatest  breadth.  It  is  conravo-convex,  llio  con- 
cavity being  shallow  and  artificial.  The  carving  of  the  front  or  convex 
side  is  very  rude,  and  certainly  shows  no  evidence  of  the  work  of 
metallic  tools.  The  eyes  are  simply  conical,  countersunk  holes ;  just 
such  dei)ressions  as  the  larger  stone  drills,  so  common  among  the 
surface  relics  of  this  neigliborhood,  would  produce.  The  eyebrows  or 
superciliary  ridges  are  well  defined,  but  are  angular  rather  than  curved, 

and  in  this  respect  the 
specimen  resembles  fig. 
360.  Tlie  nose  is  very 
flat  and  an^'.ilar ;  tlie 
nioutli  i'.iere!y  a  shallow 
groove.  The  ears  are 
broken,  but  api)ear  to 
have  been  formed  with 
more  care  than  any 
other  of  tlie  features. 
The  chin  is  slightly  pro- 
jecting. I'ntil  other 
specimens  of  like  ( liar- 

acter   shall    iiave    been 

t 

found  along  the  Atlantic 
seaboard,  it  is  scarcely 
safe  to  conjecture  even 
as  to  the  significance  of 
this  specimen.  Its  re- 
scmblaiue  to  tliose  found  in  the  region  occupied  by  the  mound- 
builders,  and  also  to  the  Mexican  masks,  will  at  once  be  remarked; 
but,  that  it  has  any  bearing  on  the  relationship  of  the  "Red  Indian 
to  the  moundbuilders,  or  the  latter  to  ancient  Mexicans,  is  very 
doubtful. 

In  the  l''ast  collection  of  Alaskan  antiquities,  in  tlie  r.ui  .rum  at 
Cambriilge,  Mass.,  there  are  two  specimens  of  car\ed  stone  orna- 
ments, one  of  wliich  bear.i  a  marked  resemblance  to  fig,  368,  although 


Fi<;, 


Sew   icrsL'V. 


GORGETS,   TOTEMS,   I'ENDAN-I-S   AND   TRINKETS. 


395 


finished  much  more  artistically.  The  other,  while  of  a  different  char- 
acter, being  a  flat  ring  with  eight  human  faces  carved  upon  it,  is  also  of 
interest,  as  the  faces  are  <iuite  similar  to  those  upon  the  New  Jersey 
specimens. 

The  Alaskan  example,  with  a  single  face  carved  upon  it,  is  a  flat, 
oval  pebble,  two  and  one-half  inches  in  width  and  three  inches  long. 
This  ornament  or  charm  has  a  hole  through  it,  at  the  upper  c:h1,  simi- 
lar to  the  perforations  in  figs.  368  and  369.  Tiie  surface  ui)on  which 
the  flice  is  cut  is  convex,  but  with  a  wide  flattened  margin  ornamented 
with  closely  set  parallel  lines.  The  back  of  the  stone  is  flat  and  with- 
out markings  of  any  kind. 

The  similarity  of  these  Alaskan  si)ecimens  of  stone  carvings  to  those 
of  the  eastern  coast  Indians  is  not  the  only  instance  of  tiiis  kind,  of 
whicji  there  is  evidence.  Already,  reference  has  been  made  to  the 
identity  of  the  semilunar  slate  knives  of  Alaska  and  those  fountl  so 
abundantly  in  the  New  luigland  and  middle  states. 

The  sameness  of  the  productions  of  distant  and  distinct  people 
must  be  very  cautiously  taken  as  an  indication  of  their  former  contact, 
or  remote  relationship,  especially  when  there  have  always  existed  geo- 
graphical barriers  which  were  practically  impassable.  In  the  present 
instance,  however,  it  is  not  strange  that  a  marked  similarity  should  be 
traced  between  the  implements  and  ornaments  of  the  Indians  and  the 
handiwork  of  the  Arctic  races.  These  two  people  have  certainly  been 
frequently  in  contact,  and  the  belief  that  the  Indian  displaced  the 
Eskimo  over  a  considerable  territory,  far  south  of  the  present  range  of 
the  latter,  is  founded  on  much  strong  evidence. 

Fig.  372  represents  a  most  interesting  carving  in  stone  that  differs 
materially  from  all  the  others  mentioned  in  this  chajiter.  'i'iie  others, 
with  perhaps  one  exception,  are  representations  of  familiar  objects, 
or  are  merely  smoothed  j)ebbles  with  decorative  lines ;  but  in  this 
instance,  by  the  use  of  effective  lines,  there  is  apparently  a  departure 
from  the  representation  of  natural  forms  towards  conventionalism. 

If  tills  be  the  correct  understanding  of  this  carving,  it  is  probable 
that  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  conventionalized  human  foce ;  and  as 


396 


I'KlMUlVli    INDUS.  -«Y. 


iMi;. 


-  Nt^w  Jersey. 


siK  li  is  of  iinirh  interest  from  the  rarity  of  sucli  work  in  the  relirs  o. 
tlie  tril)es  of  the  eastern  seaboard. 

'I'lie  material  is  steatite,  now  black  from  age  and  exposure.     The 
upper  suriaee  and  back  of  this  object  are  perfectly  i)lain  and  pol- 
ished.    The  deep  upper  groove  on  the  front  surface   is  suggestive 
of  a  means  whereby  tlie  stone  could  have  been  suspended  or  at- 
tached,  but   it  is  as   likely  tliat  such  objects 
were  carried  in  jjouches  as  attached  to  their 
])ersons.     As  will   be    seen   by  reference   to 
the   illustration,  the  upper  portion    is    ([uite 
suggestive  of  the  eyes  and  nose  of  a  human 
face;    but  the  lower  portion  c  ui  only  be 
construed  as  representing  cheeks,  a  mouth 
and  chin,  by  closely  regarding  these  lines  in 
connection   with   those  of  the    upper  part  of 
the  carving. 
I'\>r  this  inlerestuig  specimen,  the  author  is  indebted  to  the  kindness 
of  Master  Herbert  C'oleman,  cf   Recklesstown,  liurlington  Co.,  New 
Jersey,  wjio  found  it  on  the  bank  of  a  small  creek  near  that  village. 

]''ig.  373  represents  a  very  interesting  example  of  a  carving  in 
stone,  representing  the  head  of  a  fox.  In  no  one  particular  is  the 
car\  ing  correct,  yet  the  general  resemblance  is  unmistakable,  and  no 
(lotibt  can  exist,  but  that  tlie  ancient  sculptor 
intended  to  ]iortray  a  fox's  head.  'Hie  small, 
knob-like  protuberance  at  the  necK,  in  con- 
nection with  the  deei)  groove  that  separates  it 
from  the  head,  shows  that  this  little  carving  was 
suspended ;  and,  either  as  a  single  ornament 
attadied  to  the  dress,  or  as  the  pendant  and  jjrominent  feature  of  a 
string  of  beads,  was  used  for  personal  adornment. 

Animal  carvings,  like  fig.  373,  have  been  very  rarely  met  with  in 
the  valley  of  the  Delaware  river,  or  anywhere  in  New  England.  In 
central  New  York,  and  along  the  valley  of  the  Susquehanna,  they 
are  more  frequently  found. 


'''><••  J73-—  Peniiii.    ^. 


(;i)K(;Krs,   roiKMs,  i'KNDANTs  and   iuinkkts. 


.V)7 


This  specimen  of  a  carving  in  stone  was  found  near  Columbia, 
Lancaster  Co.,  I'a.,  l)y  C.  \V.  Ca!c)-,  l';s(|.,  and  !))■  iiini  presented 
to  tlie  late  Prof.  S.  S.  llaldenian,  from  whom  the  autiior  received  it 
for  pur[)Oses  of  description  and  figuring  in  tliis  worlc. 

A  second  example  of  these  charms,  jiendants  or  trinkets,  as  the  case 
may  be,  fig.  374,  which  was  also  received  from  my  lamented  friLiid,  is 
a  carved  arrowpoint  of  steatite,  which  is  (juite  elaborati-ly  ornamented. 
On  one  side  of  the  specimen  there  is  drawn,  by  incised  lines,  a  spirited 
representation  (jf  our  well-known  "snapper"  iyChchJra  server, tina'), 
and  on  the  other  si<le,  there  are  closely  arranged  series  of  i)arallel, 
straight  and  oblicjue  lines,  which  give  a  net-like  ap[)earance  to  this  :-ide. 
'I'his  is  the  only  instance  known  to  the  author  of  well-known  forms  of 
weapons  being  reproduced,  in  miniature,  as  orna- 
ments. The  representation  of  the  turtle,  however, 
is  of  common  occurrence. 

In  chapter  V,  attention  has  been  called  to  the 
occurrence  of  birds'  heads  engraved  upon  a  :;late 
knife,  and  to  the  proljabilit)-  that  they  were  in- 
tended to  represent  the  heads  of  turkeys.  In  this 
instance  we  have  the  other  "totemic"  animal 
represented,  of  the  three  which  were  chosen  l)y 
the  Lenni  Lenape  as  the  clan-marks  of  their  nation  :  the  wolf,  the 
turkey  and  the  turtle.  Interesting  as  the  specimen  is,  irrespective 
of  the  totemic  significance  of  the  animal  engraved  upon  it,  this  liis- 
torical  knowledge  of  the  political  divisions  of  the  Delaware  Indians 
certainly  adds  to  tliat  interest  very  materially.  Unlike  many  of  the 
objects  described  in  the  present  chapter,  this  specimen  may  not  be 
simply  an  ornament ;  but  what  significance  it  had  can  now  only  be 
conjectured. 

This  unic[ue  specimen,  fig.  374,  was  found  by  Mr.  (1.  W.  Caley,  at 
Washington  Boro',  Lancaster  C^o.,  Pa.,  and  presented  to  the  late  Prof. 
S.  S.  Hakleman. 

Under  the  name  "trinket"  is  included  a  miscellaneous  series  of 
small  objects,  which  from  their  size,  general  appearance  and  material 


Fic.  374.  —  Pcnna.    \, 


39« 


rKIMiriVF,    INDHSTRV. 


of  whicli  many  are  made,  are  believed  to  have  been  simply  small  orna- 
UKMits  \v(jrn  eitlier  singly,  or  in  numbers,  as  a  string  of  bcails  ;  or  car- 
ried al)out  tl.e  person,  as  "<;harms."  Almost  ail  such  objects  are  either 
])erforate(l  or  grooved,  and  so  were  evidently  attached  to  the  dress  or 
l)er.;on  by  a  cord.  Many  of  these  small  ornaments  were  i)rol)ably  also 
attached  to  scalps  ;  and,  thus  bedecked  with  small  perforated  stones, 
human  fmger  bones  and  shells,  these  scal|)s  were  borne  aloft  in  many 
of  the  well-known  Indian  dances.  No  object  seems  to  have  been  too 
crude  for  the  foncy  of  an  Indian,  and  it  is  not  strange  that  so  many 
fragments  of  commonplace  objects  even  are  found,  which  show  that 
they  had  been  used  in  some  such  manner  as  described.  These  objects 
represent,  in  great  part,  the  jewelry  of  the  present 
day,  and  while  not  possessing  the  same  intrinsic 
value,  or  any  of  the  beauty  of  modern  bijouterie, 
they  certainly  are  no  less  meaningless. 

No  classification  of  such  objects  can,  of  course, 
be  made,  and  but  little  can  be  said  with  reference 
to  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  various  forms. 
In  some  localities,  perforated  teeth  and  shell  orna- 
ments are  more  freciuenUy  found  than  in  others, 
where  stone  trinkets  are  abundant ;  but  in  no  locality 
does  there  appear  to  be  any  common  form  of  trin- 
ket strictly  peculiar  to  that  neighborhood. 
Fig.  375  represents  a  small,  but  symmetrical  trinket,  which  has  a 
marked  peculiarity  in  the  ornamentation  upon  one  side.  The  speci- 
men itself  is  short,  being  but  one  inch  and  three-quarters  in  length. 
The  upper  or  perforated  end  is  but  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  width, 
and  from  this  upper  margin  the  specimen  increases  uniformly  in  width 
until  near  the  bottom,  when  it  rounds  off  in  an  almost  regular  curve. 
The  hole  appears  to  have  been  drilled  wholly  from  the  plain,  or  under 
side,  being  wider  there  at  the  surface  than  upon  the  opposite  side, 
which  has  a  slightly  worn  edge  occasioned  by  the  rubbing  of  the  cord 
that  suspended  it. 

The  ornamentation  of  fig.  375  differs  from  any  other  specimen  col- 


Fic.  375.  —  New 
Jersey. 


HORGKTS,    -lOrKMS,    I'KNDANIS    ANU   TRINKETS. 


399 


Iccted  by  the  author.     The  surfixcc  of  the  stone  has  l)een  smootlily 

worn  off,  leaving,  a  sliort  distance  below  the  perforation,  a  qiiatlran- 

gular  figure  tliat  may  be  called  a  hollow  s(iuare,  there 

being  a  cleanly  cut  depression  in  the  centre  of  the 

projecting  "square,"  the  width  of  which  is  just 

double  the   depth.     Lelow  this  figure  commences  a 

second,  which  can  be  compared  to  an  inverted  pic  k- 

axe,  with  the  iron  arms  slraighter  than  usual.     It  is 

simply   a    "raised"   ridge,   the   surrounding  surfue 

being  cut  away  to  leave  it  in  bold  relief.     It  is  \v)t 

exactly  in  the  centre  of  the   specimen,  but  near  it, 

the  upper  ridge  or  handle  of  the  pick  being  slightly 

inclined   to   one  side.     I!elow  this,  the  specimen  is      i'"^  37<^--srassa. 

cluisclls.     \. 

smoothly  polished  and  somew  hat  sloped  to  the  end. 

P'ig.  376  represents  an  ornament  made  of  a  metacarpal  bone  of  a 
deer.  One  end  is  very  much  worked  by  Ijeing  giound  down  and 
perforated,  but  the  sides  of  the  bone  and  the  lower  end  (/.  r.,  lower 
end  as  seen  in  the  illustration)  are  not  altered 
in  any  way.  Small  bone  trinkets  or  ornaments 
of  this  character  are  not  uncommon,  wherever 
the  soil  has  been  of  such  a  character  as  to  pre- 
vent the  decomposition  of  the  bone.  The 
marked  absence  of  bone  implements  generally, 
in  some  districts,  is  doubtless  due  to  this  cause. 
Fig.  376  was  found  in  an  Indian  grave  in 
Lagrange  street,  Salem,  Mass.  With  it  were 
several  bone  spoons,  made  from  the  jaw  of  a 
porjjoise. 

Fig.  377  represents  an  interesting  specimen 
of  this  class  of  relics.  It  is  a  piece  of  black, 
well-worn  stone,  but  with  no  polish  ;  it  is  thin, 
but  irregulariy  so,  and  has  a  greasy  feeling  which 
is  most  deceptive.  One  can  almost  smell  the  grease,  now  stale,  with 
which  the  object  seems  to  be  saturated.    The  specimen  is  leaf-shaped, 


Fin.   377.  —  New  Jer- 
sey.   |. 


4«o 


I'RIMHIVk  iNi)i;srkv. 


more  pointed  at  one  end  than  llie  other,  and,  when  viewed  hori- 
/Dntaliv,  bears  sunie  resemblance  to  a  I'lsli. 

So  generally  are  these  stone  trinkets,  such  as  fig.  377,  found  singly 
liolh  ni)on  the  surface  and  in  graves,  that  it  seems  probable  that  they 
were  worn  singl)',  to  a  great  extent,  as  lias  been  suggested,  and  not 
as  one  of  many  similar  objects,  as  a  string  of  beads,  unless  the  beads 
have  decomposed.  Their  occurrence  in  New  Jersey,  in  ancient 
graves,  is  very  unusual ;  and  they  are  not  mentioned  as  among  the 
contents  of  ancient  graves  found  in  New  I'Jigland.  'J'hese  jierforated 
stones  certainly  can  be  nothing  else  than  ornaments,  ami  as  they  are 
so  abundant  on  many  of  our  fields,  it  seems  the  mure  suri)rising  that 
none  shoul<l  be  founil  with  skeletons,  especially  as  glass  beads  and  or- 
naments of  European  origin  so  generally  occur  in  the  more  recent 
burials.  It  is  jjossible,  however,  that  all  such  (jrnaments  and  trinkets 
of  every  description  are  really  from  graves  which  have  been  obliterated 
by  the  destruction  of  the  forest  once  covering  these  fields,  and  their 
long  subsecjiient  cultivati(jn.  If  the  Indians  placed  their  tlead  in  very 
shallow  graves,  it  is  jiossible  that  all  the  relics  of  this  ])eople,  now 
found  upon  the  surface  in  some  localities,  are  really  grave  contents ; 
but  it  is  not  certain  that  they  practised  this  method  of  disposing  of 
the  bodies  of  their  dead.  'I'hey  certainly  had  otiier  mortuary  customs 
also,  as  burying  in  tumuli,  and  in  placing  the  body  in  a  sitting  ])osture 
in  holes  dug  sufficiently  deep  to  be  beyond  the  reach  of  the  plough- 
share. 'I'he  general  levelling  of  our  fields,  however,  through  the  action 
of  winds  and  rain  may  have  brought  these,  since  the  cultivation  of  the 
soil  has  been  in  progress,  (juite  near  the  surface.  It  requires  but  a  very 
short  time,  geologically  considered,  for  a  tract  of  coimtry,  which, 
while  coveretl  with  trees,  was  quite  rolling,  to  become  comparatively 
level,  when  once  denuded  of  its  forest  growth  and  put  under  culti- 
vation. 

Fig.  378  represents  a  more  marked  example  of  these  thin,  black 
hornstone  pebbles,  which  has  been  utilized  as  an  ornament.  Whether 
the  natural  cordate  outline  of  this  j)ebble  t;aused  it  to  be  chosen,  or  nt)t, 
is  doubtful.'    The  fact  that  it  is  a  smooth,  jet-black,  and  thin  pebble, 


GORGETS,    TOTEMS,    PENDANTS   AND  TRINKETS. 


401 


was  probably  the  sole  cause  of  its  being  perforated,  and  made  thereijy 
an  ornament.  Wiiile  tiiis  stone  to  us  is  a  conventional  heart  in  shape,, 
it  certainly  had  no  meaning  of  this  kind  to  the  Indian  who  made 
it.  "The  two-lobed  form  is  Ijut  a  conventional  device  of  civilized 
man  to  represent  the  human  heart,  and  it  is  not  at  all  probable 
that  the  North  American  Indian  employed  such  a  figure  before  he: 
came  into  contact  with  the  Europeans,  especially  as  he  does  not  use 
it  in  his  paintings  and  etchings  at  the  present  time,  but  copies  directly 
from  nature."  '^'* 

Occasionally  this  form  has  been  found,  of  wholly  artificial  outline,, 
which  shows  that  it  is  a 
"tyj)e  "  of  ornamental 
stones,  the  origin  of  which 
may  have  been  the  natural 
pebbles  of  this  shape,  which 
were  chosen  simply  for  their 
attractive  appearance. 

Of  a  later  date  are  heart- 
shaped  pieces  of  sheet-brass 
which  have  been  found  in 
considerable  numbers  in  In- 
dian graves,  in  the  northern 
parts  of  New  Jersey  and  in 
the  New  England  states. 
As  the  material  was  derived  from  the  Europeans,  it  is  probable 
that  these  brass  "hearts,"  like  brass  arrowheads,  were  made  l)y  the 
whites  and  sold  to  the  Indians,  and  not  generally  designed  by  the 
Indians  themselves. 

Fig-  379  represents  a  split,  water-worn  jasper  pebble,  of  somewhat 
irregular  shape,  with  an  extensive  perforation  through  it.  Tlie  hole 
upon  the  under  or  split  side  is  about  one-half  the  diameter  that  it  is 
upon  the  upper.     The  under  side,  however,  has  an  equally  weather- 


FiG.  378.  — New  Jersey.    \, 


'•'  Enrber.    American  Naturalist,  vol.  xi,  p.  45.     Boston,  Mass.,  1S77. 
26 


4o: 


I'RIMITIVK   INUUSTRY. 


worn  polish  with  the  upper,  indicating  that  the  perforation  was  made 
subsetiuently  to  tlie  splitting  of  the  pebble,  or  that  many  years  have 
elapsed  since  the  "split"  pe1)ble  was  ilrilled,  the  peculiar  gloss  of  the 
fractured  surfoce  indicating  great  age.  The  somewhat  irregular  out- 
line of  the  perforation  upon  the  "split"  side  of  the  pebble  favors  the 
belief  that  the  fracture  occurred  after  the  drilling.  This  specimen  is 
interesting  from  its  resemblance  to  an  African  example  figured  by  Sir 
John  Lubbock.'M  This  African  drilled  stone  is  s(iuare  instead  of 
pentagonal,  and  the  drilling  is  of  much  less  diameter  at  the  iunction 
of  the  two  depressions  which,  together,  make  the  perforation. 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  tjuestioned  if  perforated  pebbles,  as  large  as 


Fig.  37g.  — New  Jersey.    \, 

fig-  379>  ^^^""^  habitually  used  as  ornaments  or  charms.  May  not 
such  a  stone  as  this  have  been  used  simply  as  a  sinker  for  a  fishing 
line?  For  this  purpose  it  is  certainly  well  .dapted  ;  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  jwssesscs  no  one  attractive  leatnte  to  suggest  its  use  as  an  orna- 
ment. 'I'his  is  judging  such  a  ptribni.ed  pebble,  however,  from  our 
own  standpoint;  and  every  one  will  surely  be  misled  in  such  mat- 
ters, if  he  base  his  opinion  of  the  use  of  any  object,  or  its  value 
iu  the  mind  of  a  savage,  upon  his  own  experience.  The  similar 
specimen  from  Africa,  to  which  reference  has  been  made,  was  used 
as  an  ear-ornament,  and  the  weight  and  size  of  fig.  379  are  not  ob- 


'"  Jour.  Anthrop.  Inst,  of  Great  Britain,  vol.  i,  pi.  i. 


ipv 


GORGFrrS,  TOTKMS,   PENDANTS  AND  TRINKETS. 


403 


jections  to  tlie  supposition  that  this  specimen  may  have  been  worn  in 
lilcc  manner.  Kaniiigs,  so  called,  of  greater  weight  and  l)ull<,  are 
still  worn  by  many  of  the  western  tribes. 

Numerous  specimens,  of  larger,  naturally  jjcrforated  pebl)les,  have 
been  found  in  New  Jersey,  esi)ecially  on  village  sites,  and  it  is  higiily 
probable  that  all  these  had  been  carefully  gathered  and  mostly  worn 
as  ornaments.  When  much  larger  than  fig.  379,  their  use  as  weights 
for  nets  and  lines  is  probable  ;  as  large,  artificially  perforated  pebbles 
were  so  used,  as  described  in  chapter  XVIII. 

Fig.  380  represents  a  small  perforated  disk  of  steatite,  which  varies 
much  from  the  preceding,  and  notably  in  being  wholly  of  an  artificial 
shape.  Steatite  rings,  or  'i.,ks  of 
this  size  and  smaller,  are  quite 
abundantly  met  with  in  many 
parts  of  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  from 
which  locality  this  specimen  was 
derived.  That  such  specimens 
were  proljably  used  only  as  orna- 
ments is  indicated  by  the  si/e 
and  the  lightness  of  the  material 
of  which  it  is  made.  It  is  pos- 
sible, also,  that  these  small,  per- 
forated disks  were  used  as  gaming-stones.  Whether  the  larger 
specimens  were  used  as  spindle-whorls,  mace-heads  or  weights  for 
digging-sticks,  uses  ascribed  to  them  as  found  in  other  countries. 
cannot  be  determined  ;  but  the  relative  scarcity  of  these  objects  is,  of 
itself,  an  indication  that  their  use,  except  as  ornaments,  was  with  the 
Atlantic  coast  tribes  wholly  exceptional.  Steatite  rings,  of  a  (luite 
different  character,  being  more  like  modem  napkin  rings,  are  not  un- 
common in  the  region  of  the  mounds,  not  only  in  Ohio,  but  south- 
ward and  westward  of  that  state.  A  single  fragment  of  such  a  ring 
has  been  found  in  New  Jersey ;  a  second  whole  specimen  was  found 
in  a  grave  in  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.  From  the  position  in  which  it 
was  lying  when  found,  it  appeared  to  have  been  attached  to  the  hair 


Fig.  380.  —  Pennsylvania.    \, 


404 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


of  the  person  buried ;  a  third  specimen,  nearly  entire,  was  ploughed 
up  in  a  field  near  Bushkill,  Pike  Co.,  Pa.,  in  the  spring  of  1S79. 

Fig.  381  represents  a  very  handsomely  designed  steatite  bead,  of 

which  ver)'  many  have  been  found  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsyhania,  and 

in  fewer  numbers  in  New  England.    The  illustration  so  clearly  con\e> s 

the  character  of  this  pattern  of  bead,  that  a  detailed  description  is 

not  required.    This  specimen  was  found  with  a  small  string  of  shell 

beads  in  an  Indian  grave  in  Mercer  Co.,  New  Jersey.     From  this  it 

might  be  inferred  that  objects  of  tliis  pattern  were  only  used  singly  in 

association  with  small  beads  of  other  kinds  ;  but  such  was  not  always 

the  case ;   as  several  strings  of  beads,  all  of  the  size,  pattern   and 

materiel!  of  fig.  381,  are  reported  to  have  been 

taken  from  ancient  Indian  graves  in  New  Jersey. 

With  the  native  tribes  of  the  .Adantic  seaboard, 

as  with  tlie  Indian  everywhere,  beads  were  the 

commonest  form  of  all  personal   ornaments. 

They  were  made  of  stone,  bone,  shell  and  baked 

clay,  and  jtresent  a  greater  range  of  patterns  than 

do  even  the  arrowheads.     Those  of  stone  and 

baked  clay  were  probably  never  as  al)undant  as  the  shell  and  tone 

jeadr^,  ani  as  the  date  of  earliest  luiropean  contact  is  that  of  the 

abandonment  of  their  manufacture,  they  are  not  now  ver\'  frequently 

met  with. 

A  simple  form  of  a  bead  is  a  small  pebble  that  has  a  natural  per- 
foration. Many  such  occur  in  our  tertiary  gravels.  Occasionally,  a 
series  of  these  have  been  found  in  a  grave.  May  not  such  jtebbles 
ha\e  been  the  starting-point,  fiom  which  were  developed  the  manu- 
facture and  general  use  of  elaborate  beads  of  all  patterns? 

Figs.  382  to  386,  inclusive,  represent  a  pretty  series  of  small  disks 
of  sandstone  and  other  more  compact  minerals,  which,  by  a  single 
perforation  and,  in  some,  a  notching  ot  the  edges,  have  been  converted 
into  veritable  trinkets.  These,  it  can  readily  be  seen,  are  by  fact  of 
being  thin  disks  not  available  as  l)eads  ;  but  as  additions  to  a  string 
of  beads  they  might  be  used,  and  also  as  small  pendants  with  which 


Fig.  j8i.  — New  Jersey.    \' 


GORGETS,  TOTEMS,  PENDANTS  AND  TRINKETS. 


405 


their  pipe-stems  were  decorated.     Indeed,  there  is  scarcely  a  limit  to 
the  methods  of  utilizing  these  objects  for  decorative  purposes. 

In  many  localities  these  small  perforated  stone  disks  are  very  abun- 
dant, and  tiiey  have  been  found  by  the  score  where  beads  were  rarely, 
if  ever,  met  with.  That  they  really  took  the  place  of  beads  is,  how- 
ever, exceedingly  improbable.  As  a  series  these  sm.^U  perforated 
stones,  both  with  worked  and  unworked  edges,  bear  a  STong  resem- 
blance to  the  beautiful  shell  ornaments  from  southern  California."^'' 


FlGft.  382  tr)  3?,'..  —  New  Jjrsey,     \, 


Fig.  387  represents  a  conimon  object  in  all  scries  of  Indian  orna- 
ments found  in  New  Jersey.  'l"he  fossil  siiarks'  teeth,  tliat  orcur  so 
abundantly  in  the  cretac-jous  formations  of  New  jersey,  did  not  es- 
cape the  ([uick  eye  of  the  Indian,  ami  tl.cy  were  used,  when  perforated, 
as  in  fig.  387,  as  ornaments,  anil  very  jirobably  to  some  extent  as 
arrowheads.     'l"heso  are  probably  the  "fishes'  teeth,  fastened  in  with 


"■"  r.  S.  CJcng.  Survey  West  of  njoili  Mciiillaii,  vol.  vii,  Arcliieology,  \i\.  >ii. 


4o6 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


glue,"  to  which  Hohn  refers.'"'     They  do  not  appear  to  liave  been  in 

common  use,  in  any  manner,  much  Ijcyond  the  valley  of  the  Delaware 

river. 

Fig.  388  represents  a  canine  tooth  of  a  bear,  with  a  perforation 

near  the  base.  This  is  one  of  tlie  most  common  objects  of  all  the 
Indian  trinkets,  and  is  to-day  as  nuich  in  use  as 
even  in  ancient  times.  Frequently  a  dozen  have 
been  found  in  a  single  grave. 

A\'hile  canine  teeth  of  other  ani.iials  were  also 
usetl  as  ornaments,  as  of  the  wolf  and  wild-cat, 
those  of  the  bear  were  generally  chosen,  or,  at 
least,  largely  outnumber  the  teeth  of  other  an- 
imals   that    have    been    thus   utilized. 

!•'  i  g .    389    represents   a 
curiously-shaped  clay  ori.^ 
ment,  such  as  are  of  com- 
mon occurrence   in   some 

localities,  but  are  rarely  met  with  in  others.    This 

spec  inien  is  made  of  nearly  i)ure  clay,  and  has 

been  bu'-nt  to  nearly  a  black  ccilor.     There  are 

two  holes  or  ])erforations  in  eac  h  end  of  the 

globular  i)ortion  of  the  object,  but  these  do  not 

extend    through.      A    cord    therefore    was    not 

passed  tlirough  it. 

Objects  of  this  character,  and  otliers  that  are 

rude  representatio'is  of  animals'  and  birds'  heads, 

are  (juite  rarely  met  with  ii;  southern  New  Jerse}', 

but  are  common  in  the   neighborhoiid   of  the 

Delaware  Water  (lap  and  througiiout  the  eastern 

portions  of  New  York  state.     In  New  Fngland  they  are  less  froiuently 

found.     Mr.   Frey"'-  figures  two  examples  of  these  <'lay  ornaments. 


Fig.    387.  —  Nt-w  Jcr- 
-y.    1. 


Fig.  3?8.  — New  Jer- 


'"'Holm,  A  ■•.,  J..  iL..,. 

Kia  l-'rcy,     Amcr.  Nat.,  vnl.  ij,  p.  783,  figs.  la  .".'ul  ii. 


. 


GORGETS,   TOTEMS,    I  ENDAN'IS    AND   TRINKETS. 


407 


Fig.  389.  — New  Jersey.    V' 


one  representing  an  owl's  head,  the  other  that  of  a  fox.  These,  as 
he  remarks,  "are  rude  in  style  *  *  *  but  by  no  means  iriferior  to 
similar  terra-cottas  fn^m  Mycenre  anil  Cyprus." 

Some  of  the  Atlantic  coast  pottery  had  the  margins  of  the  vessels 
ornamented  with  objects,  either  mean- 
ingless like  fig.  389,  or  rej)resenting 
animals'  head.s,  as  is  so  commonly  the 
case  with  the  mound-builders'  pottery 
of  the  southwestern 
states.  Objects  of  this 
kind,  therefore,  when 
fountl  in  a  fragmentary 
condition,  and  showing 

by  th':  iracture  that  they  had  been  detached  from  a 
vessel,  can  be  readily  oNtinuiiished  from  those  that 
were  made  as  separate  ornaments. 

Figs.  390  and  391,  whk  h  conclude  the  scries  of 
objects  described  in  this  chapter,  may  be  thought  to 
be  misplaced,  when  considered  as  ornaments.  That 
these  small,  cylindrical  i)el)bles,  with  the  groove  near 
one  end,  are  possible  sinkers  for  fishing-lines,  is  a  very 
natural  view  to  take  of  them  prol)ably,  but  it  is  one 
I, J I  that  cannot  be  shown  conclusively  to  have  been  the 
case.  While  they  are  in  shape,  the  mini- 
mum size  of  tiie  well-known  "phnnmet" 
of  New  England,  they  are  so  small  and 
■  lu.  .  .).-Ncw  j^^_^j^>  „f  j.y  ]i^^i,t  a  stone,  that  they  would 
be  of  little  use  as  ^^inkers  ;  and  the  fa(-t  that 
one,  identical  with  the  larger  of  these  two,  was  found  in  a 
grave  with  a  series  of  shell  beads,  and  three  brass  biittous, 
made  it  evident  that  it  had  finally  been  used  as  an  orna-  fig.  39>. 
ment,  if  it  had  had  other  uses  in  the  lifetime  of  him  in  >"^^^  J'-'^^V' +• 
whose  grave  it  was  found. 


4o8 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


The  custom  of  wearing  and  carrying  aboat  tlie  person  small 
trinkets,  such  as  have  been  described  in  this  chapter,  is  by  no  means 
confined  to  the  Indians  of  this  continent.  Mr.  Ludwig  Kumlein,  in 
his  valuable  notes  on  the  Eskimo  of  Cumberland  Sound  (liulletin 
of  the  National  Museum,  No.  15,  p.  45,  Washington,  I).  C,  1879), 
remarks  of  this  people :  "  Among  their  many  superstitious  notions, 
the  wearing  of  charms  about  the  person  is  one  of  the  most  curi- 
ous. These  a"-*  '••ailed  amgoouk,  or  ainusit,  and  may  be  notliing 
but  pieces  of  i   w  wood,  birds'  bills  or  claws,  or  an  animal's 

teeth  or  skin.     To  charms  they  attribute  supernatural  powers, 

and  believe  them  to  (je  able  to  keep  the  wearer  from  sickness  or 
misfortune.  It  is  a  common  custom  for  the  wife  to  throw  a  piece 
of  seals'  blubber  on  her  husband's  kyack  when  he  is  about  to  go 
hunting ;  this  will  give  him  success.  Little  strips  of  deer-skin  are 
hung  about  the  person  in  different  places  to  insure  success  in 
some  undertaking  or  to  ward  off  some  misfortune,  rc^.l  or  imagi- 
nary. We  discovered  one  of  these  charms,  whici:  seemed  to 
possess  unusual  interest.  It  was  worn  by  a  little  girl  about  eight 
years  old.  She  had  a  small  envelope  of  seal-skin  that  was  worn 
on  the  back  of  her  inside  jacket.  We  succeeded  in  bribing  her 
grandmother  to  show  us  the  contents  of  the  envelope,  wliich  proved 
to  be  two  small  stones,  the  one  a  bluish  flint,  the  other  apparently 
meteoric  iron.  The  tradition  connected  with  these  stones,  the  grand- 
mother said,  is  that  a  very  long  time  ago  an  Eskimo,  from  wiiom  she 
was  a  lineal  descendant,  had  discovered  the  iron,  and  had  picked  up 
a  stone  to  break  a  piece  off  and  take  home  with  him ;  but  when  he 
struck  the  iron  fire  flew  from  it,  and  he  soon  learned  how  to  make  use 
of  this  accidental  discovery,  and  became  a  great  man  among  the 
people.  At  this  jioint  we  lost  the  thread  of  the  old  woman's  narra- 
tive, and  all  we  could  further  learn  was  that  these  two  small  pieces  had 
been  preserved  in  the  flimily  for  successive  generations,  and  were 
inheiited  by  her  from  her  mother,  and  that  .she  had  now  given  them 
to  hei  grandchild,  the  child's  mother  being  dead.    The  child  will  in 


flORGETS,    TOTEMS,    PENDANTS   ANU   'JKINKETS. 


409 


turn  give  it  to  her  children.  She  thought  this  chann  of  inestimable 
value,  and  could  not  be  induced  to  part  with  it,  for,  she  said,  'no  one 
has  yet  died  while  wearing  this  charm.' 

".\nother  charm  of  great  value  to  the  mother  who  has  a  young 
babe  is  the  canine  tooth  of  the  j)olar  bear.  This  is  useil  as  a  kind  of 
clasp  to  a  seal-skin  string,  which  passes  around  the  body  and  keeps 
the  breasts  up.     Her  milk-supply  cannot  fail  while  she  wears  this." 


CHATTER     XXVIII. 


COPfKR  IMPI.KMKN'IS. 


If  wc  arc  to  judge  of  the  extent  to  which  cojjper  was  used  by  the 
native  populations  of  the  northern  AUantic  sealxxird  of  tliis  country, 
by  the  number  of  objects  made  of  it,  wiiich  liave  been  discovered,  it 
is  evident  that  we  must  look  upon  tJie  use  of  tiiis  mineral  as  an  ex- 
ceptional occurrence,  interesting  in  itself  but  of  no  ethnological  sig- 
nificance. Indeed,  the  character  of  the  fe\vcoj)per  implements  found, 
judging  from  their  size  and  shai)e,  although  ai)parent]y  indicating 
that  the  value  of  this  material  for  certain  useful  purposes  had  been 
recognized,  does  not  really  establish  the  fact,  inasmuch  as  they  cer- 
tainly are  not  as  seniceable  as  their  counterparts  of  polished  stone. 
Native  copper,  worked  merely  by  hammering,  as  was  done  by  these 
people,  is  not  sufficiently  hard  to  retain  a  cutting  edge.  To  this 
end,  it  must  be  converted  into  bronze.  .As  jiure  copper,  it  is  not  so 
valuable  for  cutting  purposes,  as  newly  chipi)ed  or  even  polished 
stone. 

It  is  quite  probable  that  the  copper  "celts,"  made  by  the  Indians 
of  the  .'Vtlantic  coast,  were  never  designed  for  use  as  weapons  or 
implements,  but  were  intended  for  display  upon  special  occasions  ;  as 
for  instance  in  their  various  dances,  when  much  ceremony  was  ob- 
served, and  various  objects  were  displayed,  that  at  other  times  remained 
hidden  in  the  custody  of  their  fortunate  owners,  or  of  the  ap[)ointed 
keepers,  if  tribal  property. 

In  the  description  of  the  white-deer  dance  of  the  Hupa  Indians 
of  California,  to  which  reference  has  already  been  made  on  page  307, 
Mr.  Powers  remarks  that  there  are  many  articles  paraded  and  worn  in 
their  various  ceremonial   dances,  that  are  held  in  great   esteem,  as 

^411) 


412 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


"rendering  their  possessors  illustrious  in  the  eyes  of  all  men."  Among 
them  "  is  the  flake  or  knife  of  obsidian  or  jasper."  In  this  manner 
the  copper  celts,  found  along  our  Atlantic  coast,  which  when  new 
were  bright,  lustrous  and  attractive  looking,  were  jiossibly  used  ;  and 
hence  they  might  be  classed  with  the  ceremonial  objects  described  in 
a  preceding  chapter. 

The  several  forms  of  small  copper  implements,  such  as  the  awls, 
needles  and  spoon-shaped  objects,  met  with  in  some  western  localities, 
and  particularly  in  A\'isconsin,  have  not  been  found  on  the  Atlantic 
coast ;  and,  indeed,  unless  the  imi)lements  of  this  material  have  been 
so  far  destroyed  l>y  chemical  action  (through  exposure  to  the  atmos- 
phere and  soils  unfitted  for  their  preservation),  it  is  strange  that  there 
should  be  so  very  few  examples  within  the  limits  of  New  Jersey,  con- 
sidering the  amount  of  material  accessible  to  the  native  tribes. 

The  late  Prof.  Lewis  C.  Beck,"'^  in  an  able  account  of  the  occur- 
rence of  copper  in  New  Jersey,  remarks  that  "small  pieces  of  this 
metal  have  been  found  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  in  various  parts 
of  New  Jersey.  In  the  vicinity  of  Somerville,  specimens  weighing 
from  five  to  ten  pounds,  have  been  obtained.  The  largest  mass 
which  has,  to  my  knowledge,  been  found  in  New  Jersey,  is  now  in 
possession  of  James  C.  Vandyke,  Esfi-,  of  New  Brunswick.  Its  weight 
is  seventy-eight  pounds ;  but  a  large  piece  has  been  detached,  and 
it  is  said  to  have  weighed  when  first  obtained,  one  hundred  and 
twenty-eight  pounds.  It  was  ploughed  up  by  a  farmer  near  Somer- 
ville. On  examining  this  specimen,  pure  metallic  copper  is  visible  in 
various  parts  ;  but  with  it  is  mixed  the  lead-gray  oxide,  and  it  is  gen- 
erally incrusted  with  the  green  carbonate  of  copper."  Prof.  G.  H. 
Cook  '•"  also  reports  copper  as  occurring  in  the  city  of  New  Bruns- 
wick. He  remarks  that "  flakes  of  metallic  copper,  from  one-sixteenth 
to  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  one  or  two  feet  across,  have 
been  found  in  cutting  the  street  east  of  the  college,  and  also  in  digging 
a  cellar  in  Somerset  street." 


""Tieik.     Amer.  Jmir.  of  Science;  vol.  .\xxvi,  p.  107.    New  Haven,  Conn. 
'"*  Cook.    Gcoloiiy  of  New  Jersey,  p.  678.    Newark,  1868. 


COPPKR   IMPLEMENTS. 


413 


Kalni  mentions  (Travels  in  N.  A.,  vol.  i,  p.  300,  2n(l  ed.,  1772) 
that  '•  tlie  Indians,  before  the  arrival  of  the  Europeans,  had  no  notion 
of  the  use  of  iron,  though  that  metal  was  abundant  in  their  country. 
However,  they  knew  in  some  measure  how  to  make  use  of  cojjper. 
Some  Dutchmen  who  lived  here  (Philadelphia)  still  presei-ved  the  old 
account  among  them,  that  their  ancestors  at  their  first  settling  in 
Neiv  York  had  met  with  many  Indians,  who  had  tobacco  pijjcs  of 
copper,  and  who  made  them  understand  by  signs,  that  they  got  them 
in  the  neighborhood  ;  after\vards  the  fine  copper  mine  was  discovered 
upon  the  second  river  between  Klizabethtown  and  New  York  (/.  c,  in 
New  Jersey).  On  digging  in  this  mine,  the  people  met  with  holes 
worked  in  the  mountain,  out  of  which  some  copper  had  been  taken, 
and  they  found  even  some  tools  which  the  Indians  probably  made 
use  of  when  they  endeavored  to  get  the  metal  for  their  pipes.  Such 
holes  in  the  mountains  have  likewise  been  found  in  some  parts  of 
Pennsylvania,  viz. :  below  Nc^o  Castle  towards  the  seaside,  and  always 
some  marks  of  copi)er  are  along  with  them.  Some  people  have  con- 
jectured that  the  Spaniards  *  *  *  »  made  these  holes  in  the  moun- 
tains :  but  ***»itis«**»  almost  imdoubted  that  the  Indians 
dug  these  holes." 

It  would  seem  from  the  above  that  the  Indians  had  access  to  a 
great  deal  more  copper  than  they  ajipear  ever  to  have  made  use  of, 
limited,  as  it  was,  in  comparison  to  the  supply  obtainable  in  the  Lake 
Superior  region.  Indeed,  it  is  not  improbable  that  all  the  copper 
articles,  found  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  were  brought  from  western 
localities  ;  and  that  the  metal  that  was  at  hand  in  New  Jersey  was  not 
recognized,  or,  at  least,  not  utilized.  Covered  in  part  by  earth,  dis- 
colored by  oxidation,  and  lying  among  rock  of  many  descriptions 
in  a  densely  wooded  country,  it  might  well  have  escaped  even  the 
notice  of  the  keen-eyed  redskin. 

Whether  the  cojjper  of  New  Jersey,  or  that  from  other  localities,  was 
utilized,  it  is  certain  that  there  was  enough  in  use,  when  the  Euro- 
peans first  visited  these  shores,  to  attract  their  attention.      Robert 


414 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


Juet,'"'''  who  served  under  Hendrick  Hudson  as  mate  in  the  Half- 
Moon, relates  in  his  journal  that  the  Indians  "had  red  copper  tobacco- 
pijjes,  and  other  things  of  copper  they  did  wear  about  their  necks." 

']"he  use  of  this  mineral,  it  would  ajjjiear  from  the  account  given  by 
Brereton,  was  much  more  connnon  among  the  Indians  of  Massachu- 
setts, than  among  these  tribes  occupying  the  territory  between  the 
Hudson  and  the  Susciuehanna  rivers.  Brereton's  statement  is,  as 
given  in  his  Brief  and  True  Relation  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Northern 
Part  of  Virginia  ;  London,  1602,  that  "they  have  great  store  of  copper, 
some  very  red  and  some  of  a  pale  color:  none  of  them  but  have 
chains,  car-rings  or  collars  of  tJiis  metal :  they  head  some  of  their 
arrows  here  with  *  *  *  *  »  •  broad  arrowheads,  very  workmanly 
made.  Their  chains  are  many  hollow  jiieces  cemented  together,  each 
piece  of  the  bigness  of  one  of  our  reeds,  a  fmger  in  length,  ten  or 
twelve  of  them  together  on  a  string,  which  they  wear  about  their 
necks  :  their  collars  they  wear  about  their  bodies  like  bandeliers  a 
handful  broad,  all  hollow  pieces,  like  the  others  very  fine  and  evenly 
set  together.  Besides  these,  they  have  large  drinking  cups  made  like 
skulls,  and  over  them  thin  plates  of  copper,  made  like  our  boar  spear 
blades,  all  which  they  so  little  esteem,  as  they  offered  their  fairest 
collars  or  chains  for  a  knife  or  such  like  trifle  ;  but  we  seemed  litde  to 
regard  it,  yet  I  was  desirous  to  understand  where  they  had  such  stove 
of  this  metal,  and  made  signs  to  one  of  them  (with  whom  I  was  very 
familiar)  who,  taking  a  piece  of  cojiper  in  his  hand,  made  a  hole  with 
his  finger  in  the  ground,  and  withal  pointed  to  the  main  from  whence 
they  came." 

Celts  made  of  copper  have  been  occasionally  found  in  Maine, 
Massachusetts,  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey.  Many  un- 
recorded specimens,  of  course,  have  been  gathered,  and  are  lost  to 
science,  but  their  number  is  probably  not  sufficient  to  affect  the 
statement,  as  to  their  comparative  rarity  in  the  territory  mentioned. 


ie»  Sec  Rau  in  Smithson.  Annual  Report  for  187a  for  an  able  essay  on  Copper,  from  which  the 
above  reference  is  derived. 


COPPER   IMPLEMENTS. 


415 


Mr.  A.  F.  Berlin  "'"  has  described  a  specimen  found  near  Milibath, 
Lebanon  Co.,  Pa.,  which  is  much  smaller  than  usual,  measuring  but 
two  and  a  quarter  inches  in  length. 

Mr.  L.  W.  IJrodheail "''  has  recorded  the  finding  of  "a  copper  axe, 
made  however  from  the  raw  material  (/'.  c,  hammered  into  shape) 
and  ground  down  to  the  reciuircd  size  and  form." 

Mr.  Elias  Lewis,  jr.,"**  of  the  Long  Island  Historical  Society,  has 
kindly  sent  me  the  following  information  respecting  copper  implements, 
in  the  cabinets  of  that  institution.  He  writes  that  among  various 
other  implements  "are  two  cojiper  axes,  one  very  rude,  the  other  well 
formed ;  both  obtained  from  one  spot,  with  a  i)olished  axe  of  hard 
jasper ;  surrounded  by  twenty  large  flint  arrowheads  setting  upright. 
They  were  two  feet  below  the  surface." 

Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam  "''-'  has  recorded  copper  celts  as  found  at  Wake- 
field, Mass. 

Fig.  392  represents  the  more  common  form  of  the  copper  celts  found 
along  the  northern  Atlantic  seaboard.  This  specimen  measures  three 
and  one-fourth  inches  in  length,  and  has  a  cutting  edge  of  two  inches 
in  extent.  The  upper  and  lower  margins  are  almost  twice  as  thick  as 
the  blade.  The  marks  of  the  hammer,  by  wiiich  this  celt  has  been 
shaped,  are  plainly  seen  over  most  of  the  surface  except  at  the  edge 
and  on  th  ^  adjoining  portion  of  the  blade  from  which  all  hammer- 
marks  have  been  removed  by  subse(|Ment  grinding.  It  was  found 
near  Damariscotta,  Maine,  and  is  jireserved  in  the  museum  of  Ar- 
chaeology, at  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Mr.  Squier  mentions,  in  his  Aboriginal  Monuments  of  New  York 
(Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  vol.  ii,  p.  78),  the  dis- 
covery of  a  copper  celt,  similar  to  figure  392,  "ploughed  up  some- 
where in  the  vicinity  of  Auburn,  Cayuga  county."     He  further  says, 


"•Berlin.     American  Antiquarian,  vol.  ii,  p.  154.    Chicago,  1879. 
>0'  nroJhcad.     Delaware  Water  Cap,  p.  89.     Printed  for  author.     Philadelphia,  1870. 
""  Elias  Lewis,  jr.     Omcial  Correspondence  of  Long  Island  Historical   Society.     Brooklyn, 
1877. 

"•Putnam.    Bulletin  of  Essex  Institute,  vol.  i,  p.  90.    Salem,  Mass.,  1869. 


4i6 


PRIMITIVE  l^rDUSTRV. 


"it  appears  to  he  pure  copper,"  and  does  not  express  the  belief  that 
it  was  "cast"  but  that  it  simply  had  that  appearance,  due  to  "the 
granulations  of  the  surface  ;"  unless,  indeed,  it  was  made  from  molten 
copi)er,  either  by  the  Europeans,  or  by  the  Indians  after  they  had 
ac(iuired  the  art  of  moulding  coi)per,  from  the  white  settlers.  It  is 
now  well  ascertained,  however,  that  the  granular  surfaces  of  many  of 
the  coi)per  objects  found  are  due  to  the  oxidation  of  these  surfaces. 
Still,  it  should  be  here  mentioned  that  Roger  Williams  (Key  to  the 
Indian  Language,  p.  55)  says,  of  the  Indians  of  Rhode  Island,  that 


Fig.  393,  — Mains.    \, 

"they  have  an  Excellent  Art  to  cast  our  Pewter  and  Brasse  into  ver^ 
neate  and  artificiall  Pipes." 

Through  the  kindness  of  Rev.  W.  I.  Beauchamp  of  Baldwinsville, 
New  York,  I  have  been  able  to  gather  some  important  facts  v/ith  refer- 
ence to  the  occurrence  of  native  copper  implements,  to  all  appearanc  e 
the  handiwork  of  the  Indians,  and  am  indebted  to  him  for  the  follow  - 
ing  illustrations  of  characteristic  forms. 

Fig.  393  represents  a  "copper  gouge  belonging  to  Albert  Hopkins 
of  the  town  of  Phoenix,  on  the  Oswego  river.  New  York.  It  wis 
found  in  Oswego  Co.  of  that  state."  This  specimen  is  "convex  on 
the  lower  side,  nearly  flat  upon  the  upper,  with  long  ridges.     The  cut- 


COPPER   IMPLEMENTS. 


4«7 


ting  edge  is  liammered  into  a  hollow  on  the  upper  side,  and  is  round 
(convex)  on  the  lower."  This  specimen  has  recently  been  somewhat 
mutilated. 

Mr.  licauchamp  has  kindly  informed  me  of  other  specimens  of  celts, 
and  gouges  found  in  the  same  neighi)or- 
hood,  one  of  which  is  remarkable  for  its 
size.  This  specimen,  of  which  I  have  a 
beautifully  executed  drawing,  made  1,'y 
Mr.  Deauchairi]),  is  described  by  him  as 
a  "large  copper  im])lement  found  by  Mr. 
J.  Schultz,  in  May,  iS.So.  One  side  is 
nearly  flat,  very  sligiitly  hollowing;  the 
other  ridged,  as  in  like  implements,  and 
a  little  hollowing  on  each  side  of  the 
ridge.  There  are  the  usual  flattened 
rough  lines,  which  I  now  see  are  probably 
part  of  the  original  surdice,  the  rest  being 
corroded  and  granulated.  It  has  a  dull, 
chisel  edge.  Its  weight  i>;  two  pounds, 
fourteen  ounces."  Tiiis  si)ecimen  meas- 
ures one  and  three-eighths  inches  in 
width,  at  the  upper  end  ;  one  and  three- 
fourths  inches  wide  at  the  cutting  edge, 
antl  eleven  and  one-half  inches  in  length. 

In  reply  to  enfpiiries  concerning  the 
evidence  still  existing  of  the  use  of  cop- 
per by  the  Indians  formerly  occupying 
western  New  York,  Mr.  Ik'auchamp  fur- 
ther says  "shreds  of  sheet  copper  are 
common  at  Indian  Hill,  in  Pompey, 
having  apparently  been  used  to  make  ornaments  on  the  si)ot.  Pen- 
dants of  thin  copper  may  yet  be  picked  up  there,  and  arrows  of  the 
same  are  found." 

Fig.  394  represents  a  spearpoint  of  native  copper  "  found  near  a 
27 


KlG.  393.  —  New  Vurk. 


4x8 


PRIMITIVK  INDUSTRY. 


Stockade  site  on  Seneca  river.    The  site  is  preiiistoric,  an  !  I  found 

a  rolled  copjjer  bead  there.  This 
spear  is  in  tiie  collection  of  Mr.  Otis 
M.  IJigelow,  of  ISaldwinsvilie.  N.  V." 

Fit:.  395  represents  a  "cop])er  ar- 
row cr  sjiear  found  near  the  river, 
six  miles  west  of  here  (Haldwinsville) 
liut  not  on  a  village  site,  .\nuiher  of 
the  same  pattern,  certainly  pure  cop- 
per, hammered,  was  discovered  under 
the  roots  of  a  larje  tree  which  had 
been  felled.  This  specimen,  also,  is 
in  the  possession  of  Mr  IJigelow." 

Mr.  lieauchamp  further  informs 
me  that  "the  other  copper  finds  in 
that  neighborhood,  so  fir  as  he  can 
leirn,  are  "one  large  arrow,  two 
gouges,  two  large  and  uniijue  celts, 
and  a  copper  bead  or  sinker." 

.Arrowheads  and  other  objects, 
both  of  cojjper  and  brass,  are  also 
found  in  this  same  locality,  which  are 
(jf  European  manufacture,  but  Mr. 
lieai'diamj)  considers  them  readily 
distinguishable  from  bimilar  articles, 
made  of  hammered,  nati  j  copper. 
It  ii  not  at  all  improlxible  thai 
copper  weapons  were  in  (juite  gen- 
eral use,  at  the  time  of  Kuropean 
contact,  and  the  early  voyagers  see- 
ing iiese  objects  of  cojiiier,  simply 
introduced  a  better  fmisheil  article, 
just  as  they  did  glass  beads,  and 


Fio.  394.  —  New  York.     J. 


so 


led  to  a  discontinuance  of  the  manufacture  of  native  copper  arti- 


'  t 


COPPER  IMPLEMENTS. 


419 


^i 


\v 


K, 


\ 


\ 


cles,  by  the  Indians.  That  the  two  patterns  (as  well  as  a  third  form, 
which  is  tiiat  of  Indian-made  objects  of  European  sheet  co])per) 
slioiild  now  Ije  found  associated  is  ([uite  natural, 
for  tlie  intrcxUiction  of  European  cojiper  would 
not  have  led  tcj  the  <hsc;arding  of  home-made 
objects,  of  tile  same  material.  Judging  from  tiie 
number  of  ol)jecls  of  brass  foimd  in  many 
localities  near  tlie  seacoast,  it  is  ])robble  th.-i.t  this 
material,  rather  than  pure  cofijier,  was  mostly 
used  in  manufacturing  such  objects  as  were  used 
in  barter  witli  the  coast  tribes.  On  tlie  other 
hand,  objects  like  figs.  393  and  394  may  ha\e 
li.cn  made  in  Wisconsin,  where  so  many  similar 
sjjecimens  have  been  found,  and  brought  as  far 
east  as  western  New  York,  by  that  system  of 
trade,  which,  it  is  well  known,  existed  between 
the  many  tribes  or  nations,  occu[)ying  the  whole 
,       '  i\  i\'    ni»     North  /Vmeriiaii  contineiil. 

n        \  ,')    ^  I        The  ornaments  of  cojjper,  as  yet  discovered 

*Hi  i  \  VI  ;l  f  along  till- Atlantic  coast,  do  not  differ  in  pattern 
from  those  of  .;tone.  So  far  as  ascertained,  there 
have  been  a  few  examples  of  plain  gorgets, 
disks  with  one  or  more  perforations,  and  a  few 
globular  and  long  cylindrical  beads,  found  in 
graves ;  and  less  fre(iucntly  single  specimens 
have  been  ])K)ughed  up ;  but  all  the  material 
now  j)reserved  in  our  museimis  would  not  suggest 
to  any  one,  that  any  of  the  New  Vj-.  :!and  tribe> 
or  those  occupying  the  .:oast  sf  lar  south  as 
New  Jersey,  ever  had  "great  .stoti  of  copper." 
The  tobacco  pi])es  made  of  copper,  to  which 
Juet  refers,  may  possibly  not  have  been  copper,  but  merely  wraiiped 
with  a  thin  sheet  of  that  metal.     This  suggestion  is  based  upon  the 


\ 


\\[ 


\lA 


^^■ 


Ml 


F^o.  395.  — New  York.    \ 


""'  ■'"'""Tll^piP»^T'»li^»^W^^WW 


420 


PRiMinvr.  iNDLsruv. 


fact  tliat  clay  pi'.os  covcri'd  in  tliis  iiianiKr  ha\c  been    taken   from 
Indian  graves  ni  Massacluisctis. 

In  tiiis  connection,  I  desire  to  <all  attention  to  an  miusualiy  long, 
cylindrical  head  or  tube  niaile  of  sheet  brass,  recently  found  by  Mr. 
Win.  Wallace  'i'ooker  of  Sag  Harbor,  New  N'ork,  at 
"Sabonic  Neck,  Shinnecock  Hills.  Long  l>kind;"  and 
whicii  has  been  kindly  loaned  for  illustration,  fig.  396.  It 
measures  four  and  one-(iuarter  inches  in  length  and  one- 
fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  It  is  neatly  rolled  and 
the  diameter  is  nearly  uniform  throughout  its  entire  length. 
Judgmg  from  the  smallness  of  the  jjcrforation,  and  the 
character  of  the  material  of  \vlii(  h  this  spec  inien  is  made, 
it  may  be  safely  said  that  it  was  used  as  a  head  or  iiendant, 
and  not  as  a  pipe. 

In  the  collection  of  the  same  gentleman,  there  is  also 
an  interesting  sin'cimen  of  a  brass  arrowhead,  fig.  397. 
from  Long  Island.  It  is  of  the  ordinary  triangular  pat- 
tern, with  the  sides  and  base  slightly  convex  in  outline. 
.At  a  distance  from  the  base,  of  about  one-lliird  the  length, 
1  9  there  is  a  small,  circular  perforation.  The  surfaces  have 
apparently  been  hammered,  and  not  rolled,  although  they 
are  (|uite  smooth,  and  the  specimen  has  a  uniform  thi(  k- 
ness  of  one-fortieth  of  .>n  in(  h.  It  is  identical  in  si/e  and 
pattern  with  a  series  of  brar-s  r.pei  imens,  now  in  llie  archa;- 
ological  museiun  at  Cambridge,  NLi>s.  It  was  found  in 
an  ancient  grave,  at  Revere,  Mass.,  and  does  not  differ 
materially  from  metal  arrowheads  found  by  the  Lite  Prof. 
Haldeman,  in  i'ennsylvania.  in  his  poslhumuus  publica- 
tion, "On  the  Contents  of  a  Rock  Retreat  in  southeastern 


Fi<i.  »(>•  — 

NcwVr.rk.      |. 


Pennsylvania"  ('I'ransac  tions  of  the  .\meriran  Philosoph- 
ical Society,  vol.  xv,  p,  ^51).  th.it  .tuthdr  figures  a  small  brass  .irrow- 
liead,  of  which  he  remarks,  "fig.  .:;5  represents  a  thin  regular  metallic 
arrowhead  of  a   copi)ery  appearaiu  e.  but  yellow  on  a  new  surface, 


COPPER  IMPLEMP.NTS. 


421 


lic 


and  presumed  to  he  European  l)rass,  therefore  within  the  historic 
jieriod,  with  hrass  dishes  occurring  in  graves.  It  was  found  outside 
of  the  retreat."  The  specimen  described  in  the  above  quotation  is 
about  one-third  smaller  than  fig.  397  and  is  without  the  perforation. 

Irregulariy  shaped  fragments  of  sheet  brass,  also,  and  in  some  cases 
of  silver  mixed  with  cojjper,  have  been  found  in  New  Jersey,  associated 
with  the  ordinary  surface-foimd  stone  implements.  In  the  course  of  a 
few  years'  collecting,  tiie  late  I'rof.  Haldeman  found  similar  fragments 
(juite  frecjuently.  In  one  of  the  small  islands  in  the  Suscjuehanna  riv- 
er, near  Columbia,  Pennsylvania,  he  found  many  "torn  bits  of  sheet 
brass,"  ...    jciated  with  stone  im])lements. 

These  specimens,  as  well  as  all  others  of  the  same  material,  are  of 
com]»arativcly  recent  origin,  as  all  tlie  evidence  goes  to  show  that  the 
Indians  of  the  .Vtlantic  <  oast  at  the  time  of  the 
arrival  of  the  whites,  were  ignorant  of  the  man- 
ufacture of  brass,  anil  only  knew  copper  as  a 
mineral  that  could  be  rolled  and  iiammered,  but 
not  smelted. 

The  Jesuit  missionary,  (laude  .Mloucz,  says  of 
the  Indians  at  lake  Superior,  that  they  "respect 
tills  lake  as  a  divinity,  and  offer  sacrifices  to  it  / 
because  of  its  size,  for  it  is  two  hundred  leagues 
long  and  eighty  broad.  •  •  •  •  Jt  hai)pens 
fre(|uently  that  pieces  of  copjier  are  found  weighing  from  ten  to  twenty 
]K)unds.  I  have  seen  several  su(  h  jiiec  es  in  the  hands  of  savages  ; 
anil  sine  e  they  are  very  superstitious,  they  esteem  them  as  divinities, 
or  as  presents  given  to  them  to  promote  tJieir  happiness,  by  the  gods 
who  dwell  beneath  the  water.  Vur  this  re.ison  they  pre>er\i.'  these 
pieces  of  cojiper  wrai)i)ed  uj)  with  their  most  prec  ious  artii  les.  In 
some  families  they  have  been  kept  for  more  than  fifty  years  ;  in 
others,  tiw.'y  ha\e  des(en<led  from  time  out  of  mind  —  being  clier- 
ished  as  domesti<' gods."  ((,)uoted  in  "Report  on  the  ('oppcr-l.mds 
of  Lake  Superior,  by  I'oster  and  A\  liitney.  W  .i.shington,  I).  C,  1850, 
!••  7-") 


I'll..  3.^7.  — New  \i 


I. 


422 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


The  preceding  quotation  renders  it  the  inore  probable,  I  think,  that 
the  plain,  so-called  copper  celts  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast  were  more 
likely  to  have  been  regarded  in  this  light,  than  used  as  cutting  instru- 
ments ;  but  the  variety  of  forms  of  metallic  implements  and  weapons 
found  in  western  New  York,  on  the  other  hand,  are  to  be  looked  upon 
more  as  objects  in  daily  use.  To  a  certain  extent  also,  they  may  be 
of  comparatively  recent  origin,  as  there  is  sufficient  evidence  to  show 
that  in  the  historic  period  they  made  their  own  arrowheads  from  metal 
derived  from  the  European  traders.  Thus,  we  find  in  Underhill's  his- 
tory of  the  Pequot  War,  that  a  Dutch  trader  was  prevented  bartering 
with  the  Pequots,  on  the  ground  that  ihey  were  to  be  supplied  in  part 
with  "kettles  or  the  like,  which  make  tiiem  arrowheads."  (Mass. 
Hist.  Collections,  3rd  series,  vol.  vi,  p.  17,  Boston,  1837.) 


"^^.^ 


lat 
)re 
u- 
ins 
on 
be 

D\V 

tal 
lis- 
ing 
art 

iss. 


CHAPTER    XXIX. 


HAND-HAMMKKS   AND   RCUniNC   STONKS. 

In  picking  up  a  pebble  and  striking  a  blow  with  it,  we  do  but  repeat 
an  act  of  primitive  man  wiicn  he  chose  a  rounded  pebble,  and  used  it 
as  a  hannner.  Had  the  pebbles,  that  recpiired  no  preparatory  altera- 
tions in  order  to  be  made  available,  been  used  only  to  strike  upon 
substances  more  yielding  than  themselves,  they  could  not  now  be 
recognized  as  relics  of  a  vanished  race.  Indeed,  those  tliat  were  used 
only  for  cracking  nuts,  or  as  weapons,  are  now  nothing  but  pebl)les  to 
us,  altiiough  many  of  them  have  had  a  iiistory,  as  a  weapon  or  ham- 
mer, which,  if  known,  would  dispel  every  doubt  that  envelops  the 
dawn  of  civilizaticMi, 

In  tile  i)resent  chapter,  these  small  pebble-hammers,  here  called 
hand-luunmers  to  distinguish  tiiem  from  the  hafled  hammers  or  mauls 
already  described,  are  asso(  iated  with  a  very  dissimilar  class  of  stones, 
which  were  used  largely  in  connection  with  them.  It  is  supposed  that 
the  "  pe(  king."  or  process  l)y  which  stone  implements,  such  as  groo\  ed 
axes,  were  brouglit  to  tiie  desired  shape,  was  done  with  them,  'liiis 
pecking  process  would  appear,  from  experiment,  to  be  as  destructive 
to  the  hammer,  as  it  was  effective  in  removin;;  the  surface  of  the  stone 
operated  upon,  and  hence  it  is  probable  that  more  than  one  su(  h  hand- 
hammer  rt-as  re(iuired  to  remove  the  inequalities,  and  reduce  the  stone 
chosen  for  an  axe,  jjcslle  or  other  implement,  to  the  required  form. 
By  reference  to  fig.  6,  p.  i.S,  it  will  be  seen  how  mu(  h  of  tlie  original 
stone  it  was  necessary  'o  remove  in  order  to  i)roduce  the  sleniler,  con- 
ical head  of  the  specimen  represented.  To  acc()mi)li>h  it  by  i>ecking 
away  the  surface  several  of  these  small  hammers  were  ])robably  re- 


424 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


quired,  as  their  value  for  such  purpose  apparently  decreases  in  jjropor- 
tion  as  their  surfaces  become  battered. 

The  associated  objects  referred  to,  called  "rubbing-stones,"  are  sup 
posed  to  have  been  used  in  rubbing  or  smoothing  the  slightly  rough 
surfaces  which  remained  after  pecking,  and  also  in  grinding  and  polish- 
ing the  edge  and  adjacent  sides  of  the  blade  of  the  imi)lement. 

Fig.  398  represents  a  ])retty  little  hand-hammer,  made  from  a  small 
cylindrical  (juartzite  jicbble.  The  sides  retain  their  natural  surface, 
but  the  ends  are  much  battered. 

Specimens  of  this  simple  pattern  are  not  as  widely  distributed  as 

might  be  supposed.  In  many  localities, 
where  other  implements  are  in  great 
abundance,  these  simple  objects  are 
often  entirely  absent ;  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  writer  has  frequently  gathered 
a  hundred  or  more  specimens  on  a 
single  village  site. 

These  implements  vary  much  in  size, 
many  being  fully  five  and  six  times  as 
large  as  the  one  here  figured.  The 
weight  also  varies,  but  not  always  in 
proportion  to  the  size  ;  as  many  of  the 
smaller  ones  are  of  such  compact  min- 
eral, that  they  equal  in  weight  others  of  more  than  double  the  size. 
None  are  found,  however,  which  cannot  readily  be  used  with  one 
hand.  'i"he  battered  condition  of  the  entire  surface  of  some  of  them 
cannot  readily  be  explained,  as  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  the  sides  of 
small  (:vlindrii:al  jjebbles  <:ould  have  been  used  for  pecking  the  sur- 
faces of  other  stones  ;  but  our  knowledge  of  the  processes  by  which 
the  Indian  fashioned  his  stone  implements  does  not  always  justify  us 
in  forming  or  rejecting  conclusions,  on  the  subject.  Hand-hammers 
with  the  entire  surface  battered  from  usage  are,  however,  but  seldom 
met  with,  in  i:omparison  with  those  in  which  only  the  ends  show  the 
effect  of  use. 


Ficj.  398.  —  New  Jersey.     \. 


HANU-HAMMERS   ANU    RUBBING   SrUN'F.S. 


425 


Fig.  399  represents  another  form  of  hammer-stone  whicli  is  of  com- 
mon occurrence  not  only  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  but  in  luirope. 
These  hand-iiammers,  as  they  are  calleil,  are  usually  flat  pebbles,  cir- 
cular or  oval  in  shape,  with  a  well-marked  depression  in  the  middle  of 
each  siile,  generally  known  as  "  thumb  and  fmger  pits."  Many  of  these 
have  no  trace  of  battering  about  the  edges,  iKjr  other  marks  of  iiard 
usage,  while  others  distinctly  show  traces  of  use  as  hanmiers.  Fig. 
399  represents  a  specimen  of  these  frnger-jjitted  hand-iiamniers  fn  m 
the  valley  of  the  .Sustiuehanna.     The  material  is  "  a  tolerably  iiard  stone. 


KiG.  399.  —  Pennsylvania,    j. 


us 


consisting  of  rounded  rpiartz  grains,  apparently  a  metamorphic  quartz 
or  cpiartzite."  In  a  large  series  of  these  implements,  the  si/e  varieil 
from  five  to  less  than  three  inches  in  diameter ;  and  the  weight,  from 
one  pound  ad  ten  ounces  to  half  a  pound.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that 
of  the  hundreds  of  these  objects  collected  in  various  localities,  partic- 
ularly along  the  Delaware  river,  but  very  few  reach  the  maximum 
weight  of  those  found  in  the  valley  of  tiie  Susquehanna.  In  New 
Jersey,  the  heaviest  specimens  are  all  of  irregular  shapt.',  and  are  but 
seldom  even  comparatively  flat  r.id  thin.     It  would  not,  however,  be 


J 


420 


rRIMTTn'K   INDUSTRY. 


safe  to  infer  from  this  fact  alone,  tliat  the  larger  examples  were  used 
for  some  other  purpose  than  the  one  mentioned,  as  the  battered  con- 
dition of  the  edges  shows  that  they  had  been  subjected  to  violence 
that  could  scarcely  have  proceeded  from  any  other  cause,  than  violent 
contact  with  souie  material  eciually  hard  or  harder. 

Fig.  400  rejjresents  a  second  specimen  differing  only  from  the  pre- 
ceding in  being  of  much  smaller  size.  This  specimen  was  found  on 
the  banks  of  the  Delaware  river,  and,  like  that  from  the  Susiiuchanna 


Fk;.  400.  —  New  Jersey.     |. 

valley,  may  safely  be  considered  as  the  handiwork  of  the  Lenni  Lenape 
or  Delaware  Indians. 

For  whatever  jjurpose  this  specimen  may  have  been  intended,  it  is 
evident  that  it  has  been  but  little  used,  and  was  never  subjected  to  any 
vucii  violence  as  is  iuijjlied  in  the  word  "hammer."  As  will  be  seen 
by  reference  to  the  iliustntion.  this  hammer  is  nearly  circular  in  out- 
line, and  though  not  polished,  its  entire  surface  is  very  smooth.  The 
lateral  depressions  or  finger  pits  have  been  drilled  inrtead  of  pecked, 
and  are  now  very  smooth.     As  this  specimen  is  so  nearly  accurate  in 


HAND-HAMMF.RS   AND    RUBBING   STONES. 


427 


outline,  and  free  from  blemish  of  every  kind,  it  led  the  writer' •"  to 
believe  that  it  had  been  probably  used  as  a  "  chungkc  stone,"  as  they 
are  usually  called.  The  absence  uf  a  flattened  margin,  however,  and 
the  fact  that  specimens  of  typical  discoidal  stones  have  been  found  in 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  render  it  quite  doubtful,  whether  it 
should  be  classed  with  this  ciuractcristic  implement  of  the  southern 
and  western  Indians. 

It  appears  from  the  verbal  accounts  of  several  collectors,  that  occa- 
sionally stone  hanuners  of  this  pattern  have  been  found  in  Indian 
graves.  If  it  coulil  be  ascer- 
tained that  in  all  tliat  are  so 
fouml  there  are  no  traces  of 
use  as  hammers,  it  would  in- 
dicate tiut  they  were  intended 
for  some  other  purjjose.  This 
is  not  imjjrobable. 

Fig.  401  represents  a  pitted 
hand-hammer  wl\i<h  is  so 
battered  along  one  j)ortion  of 
the  margin,  that  it  is  (juite 
evident  that  it  has  been  used 
for  h.immering  stone  or  some 
other  eipially  hard  material. 
The  battered  and  badly 
broken  condition  of  so  many 
of  these  objects  is  generally  considered  as  an  indication  tliat  one  of 
their  <  hief  uses  was  to  break  off  the  flakes  of  ja;;)er,  that  were  sub- 
se(iucntly  worked  into  spears  and  arrowpoiius.  Not  only  is  this  ap- 
parent from  their  battered  surfaces,  but  hammers  of  tiiis  pattern  are 
found  in  numbers  mingled  with  tiie  chips,  cores  and  discarded  speci- 
mens tliat  are  found  in  such  profusion  in  many  localities,  and  mark 
the  sites  of  "open-air  workshops."     In  a  subsequent  chapter,  refer- 


Fiii.  401.  —  New  Jersey.     \, 


V 


l'»AUiiilt.     Smit'iMmian  Annviai  Rep.  fur  1S75,  ji.  jM,  fig.  209. 


428 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


encc  will  be  made  to  a  series  of  these  hammers  found  associated 
with  the  refuse  of  a  long  occupied  workshop.  'Die  late  I'rof.  Hal- 
deman'"'  refers  to  tlieni  in  his  description  of  the  contents  of  a 
rock-shelter  discovered  li\-  liimself,  at  Chickies  Rock,  l.ancaster  Co., 
Pennsylvania.  He  says,  "y  comjjris  les  ])ierres  rondes  jjrovenant  du 
gravier  dc  la  rivirre,  et  non  seulement  les  marteanx  on  jjercnteurs 
portant  d'lin  cote  ou  de  deux  une  depression  artificielle  destint'e  a 
loger  le  i)ouce  et  les  doights,  marteaux  dont  les  liords  out  I'ti!  l)rises 
par  I'usage,  niais  encore  les  specimens  exempts  de  toiite  maniue 
artificrelle  et  paraissant  avoir  etu  colliges  en  vue  d'un  emploi  ulterieur." 
The  other  contents  of  this  shelter  were  of  such  a  character,  that  it 
fully  justifies  the  conclusion  of  the  audior  (|uoted,  that  "I'ahri  semble 
avoir  ete  occupo  par  une  succession  de  fahricants  de  fleches." 

The  jasi)er  cores,  to  which  reference  has  been  made,  are  bowlders 
of  this  mineral,  from  which  have  been  detaclied  ])ieces  suitable  for 
making  arrowpoints.  These  detached  pieces  or  flakes  are  sometimes 
six  or  eight  inches  in  length  ;  and  a  large  number  of  these  were  fre- 
quently ol)tained  from  one  bowlder.  A  hammer  of  some  kind  must 
necessarily  have  been  used  for  detaching  these  flakes,  and  tlie  fact  of 
the  cores  and  these  fmger-pitted  hammers  being  found  together,  as 
described  by  the  late  Prof.  Haldeman,  renders  it  quite  evident  that  the 
small  hammers,  such  as  fig.  401,  were  largely  used  for  this  ])urpose. 

Occasionally  there  are  found  specimens  of  these  hammers  made  of 
a  soft  sandstone,  which  would  of  course  be  valueless  for  flaking  jasper. 
The  objec  t  of  these  is  difficult  to  determine,  as  they  are  too  small  and 
friable  for  use,  even  as  nut-crackers ;  and  indeed,  their  shape  is  not 
fitted  for  this  or  any  ordinary  purpose.  It  is  i)ossible  that  they  may 
have  undergone  material  decomposition  since  used  as  hammers  ;  but 
if  so,  then  these  softsi)ecimens  must  be  of  very  ancient  date,  and  thus 
Airnish  evidence  of  the  anti(iuity  of  the  Indian  on  the  .Atlantic  <oast. 

It  is  of  course  probable  that,  to  a  considerable   extent,  all  these 


'■'Conj'rcs  (Ics  AnK'ricanislcs:  T.n\eiii1)iiurg  Sessinn,  1877,     Toine  Second,     I'n  Abri  en  Pen- 
sylvanic:  S.  S.  Hnldcman,  p.  324. 


HAND-HAMMERS   AND   RUnniNO  STONES. 


439 


hamnuTs  witli  ijitted  sides  were  used  fur  jjecking  stone  implements,  as 
was  siiggi-,ted  of  fi-.  j(jS.  ]!ut  to  determine  the  ])articular  purpose  of 
any  or  all  hammer-stones  is  a  task  as  vain  as  it  is  unnecessary. 

Fig.  402  represents  an  implement  in  which  the  etlges,  or  a  portion  of 
them,  have  been  worn  away  by  rubbing,  instead  of  having  been  <  hipped 
or  splintered  by  hammering.  Implements  like  this  are  as  evidently 
rubbing  or  grinding  stones,  as  those  that  are  battered  are  hammers,  and 


Fifi.  402.  —  New  Jersey.     \, 

they  have  been  used  in  polishing  the  beautifully  finished  celt'^.  which 
are  almost  as  abundant  as  these  supjjosed  tools,  wherewith  in  i)art 
they  were  made.  These  rubbing  stones  are  of  all  shapes,  and  are 
about  eipially  divided  between  those  that  have  tiie  fmger-[)it  depres- 
sions, and  those  in  which  the  natural  surface  of  the  pebble,  on  the 
sides,  is  still  retained.  They  are  usually  of  a  finely  grained  santlstone, 
but  not  always.  .\  few  specimens  of  jasper  and  other  c<iuallyhard 
stone  are  also  found.     In  New  Jersey,  these  rubbing  stones  are  found 


43° 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


in  abundance  on  the  former  sites  of  Indian  villages,  but  they  are  not 
so  freiiuently  met  with  singly. 

An  exhaustive  examination  of  a  limited  locality  near  Trenton,  N.  J., 
known  to  have  been  fornu-rly  a  village  site  of  the  Delaware  Indians, 
resulted  in  the  discovery  of  a  number  of  these  implements,  having  both 
a  worn  and  a  battered  edge,  as  tliough  used  for  hammering  as  well  as 
rubbing.  If  these  specimens  were  really  used  in  both  ways,  the  ham- 
mer portion  was  «loubtlessly  used  in  jjecking  implements  like  celts, 
axes,  pestles  and  many  of  the  carved  ceremonial  and  ornamental  stones, 

wl-.ich  were  shaped  by 
this  process,  before  be- 
ing polished.  It  is  not 
improbable,  however, 
that  a  hammer,  like  fig. 
401,  may  have  been 
subsetiuently  used  as  a 
j)olishiug  or  rubbing 
stone,  an<l  rue  versa. 

l''ig.  403  differs  from 
the  i)rere(ling  in  tiiat  its 
entire  margin  has  been 
worn  away  by  rul)bing 
against  other  stones. 
The  f.nger  pits  in  it  are 
deep  and  smootii.  Specimens  with  so  little  of  the  natural  surface  of 
the  pebble  remaining  are  not  as  abundant  as  those  irregularly  shaped 
pebbles  in  which  limited  portions  of  the  periphery  only  are  worn.  It 
would  appear  from  this,  that  in  most  cases,  these  rubbing  stones  were 
used  for  a  short  time  and  then  discarded,  as  very  many  are  found  with 
but  a  single  worn  surface,  and  that  of  very  limited  extent.  Those  that 
have  been  least  worn  by  use  are,  as  a  rule,  of  cjuartz,  jasper  or  chert, 
materials  that  arc  not  so  well  adapted  for  polishing  i)urposes,  as  is  a 
sandstone  of  fine  grain. 

Fig.  404  represents  a  second  specimen  of  these  rubbing  stones. 


Fig.  403.  —  New  Jersey.    \, 


HAND-MAMMF.R3  AND   RUHBING   STONES. 


431 


which  is  even  more  worn  than  the  preceding.  It  is  a  ([iiartzite  i)el)l)Ie 
tliat  has  been  altered  in  sliape,  I))'  riil)l)ing,  until  rvery  vestige  of  the 
natural  surface  has  been  removed.  In  it  the  finger  pits  have  been 
pecked  out,  and  subsequently  worn  smooth.  'I'JK-yare  of  imusualsizc 
and  deptli.  In  outline,  this  nibjjing  stone  is  more  irregular  than  fig. 
403,  and  has  one  obtuse  i)oint  on  the  margin.  This  l)lunt  point  is 
(juite  a  common  feature,  not  only  in  those  siiecimens  whi(  h  are  worn 
entirely  around  the  edge,  but  in  those  which  are  large,  angular,  and 
worn  only  over  a  limited  extent.  The  jjoint  is  simply  tiie  result  of  the 
continual  wearing  off  of 
adjoining  ])ortions  of 
the  margin  of  the  stone, 
and  lias  not  itself  been 
used  as  a  rubbing  sur- 
face. 

These  rubbing  stones 
vary  indefinitely  in 
thickness,  and  many  are 
almost  glol)ular  in 
shape.  Indeed,  it  is 
difficult  to  draw  a  line  of 
demarcation  between 
them  and  those  small  ar- 
tificial globes  of  jasper 
and  quartz  which  are  occasionally  met  with.  These  latter  are  seldom 
so  smooth  as  to  warrant  the  belief  that  they  were  rubbing  stones  ;  they 
rather  appear  to  have  been  jjccked  to  a  truly  globular  form  and  sub- 
sequently worn  smooth  by  constant  handling. 

Fig.  405  represents  a  pattern  of  rubbing  stone  that  differs  in  one 
imjjortant  particular  from  those  already  described.  Instead  of  being 
worn  along  the  edge,  this  portion  is  only  smoothed  so  far  as  this  may 
be  effected  by  constant  handling,  while  the  sides  are  worn  down  until 
they  are  perfectly  level,  and  highly  polished.  In  this  respect,  this  speci- 
men closely  resembles  the  upper  millstones  already  described. 


Fig.  404.  — New  Jersey,     -j. 


■132 


I-RIMiriVI-,  INTirSTRV. 


Rul>l»inj(  stoiu's  of  tliis  ]i;>tttTn  are  tin- less  common  thar.  the  preced- 
ing, ami  wt-re  jirohalily  usc<l  fur  Miiiif  one  i)i;ri»ise  tiot  now  cletermi- 
nablc.  I-'i>r  jiolisliing  the  iur\i-(l  surt'accs  of  tells  an>l  cylindrical 
imiilfnients  gciKTally,  llit-y  are  nut  as  well  a<la])te<l  as  arc  those  like  figs. 
402  and  40.?  ;  nor  is  it  jirolialiie  that  so  large  a  [lelililc  was  used  as  a 
jxjttery  iM)li^her. 

Fig.  406  represents  a  serond  example  of  tiiis  torm  of  nil )ljing  stone, 
which,  like  the  ]iri(ei!ing,  has  had  the  sides  worn  down  until  they  are 
very  suioolh  ami  even  ]<olished.     L'nlike  fii;.  405,  liowe\er,  this  >peci- 


Fi(i.  405. 


Janey. 


men  has  the  margin  li.ully  liattered.  and  thus  gives  evidence  of  having 
lieen  used  as  a  hand-hanuner.  A  small  jxirtion  of  the  margin  is 
somewhat  smooth  and  shows  llwt  it  h.is  heen  |)e<:ked.  It  is  therefore 
jjrohalile  that,  when  first  in  use.  this  nii>l)ing  stone  had  a  pecked  mar- 
gin, as  in  fig.  405.  which  was  aftervvanis  destn)yed  l)y  the  use  of  the 
implement  as  a  hammer. 

It  is  perhaps  iiuesiionahle  whether  these  implements  were  the  only 
tools  in  Use  among  the    Indians,  tor  polishing  stone,  from  the  luct  that 


lIAMi-HAMMKKS   ANU    KIIUIINO   STDNKS. 


4.53 


in  many  loca'itics,  wlurc  objcc  ts  of  stone  of  various  jjattcrns  are  al)un- 
dr.iit,  llivTC  is  often  a  tot;'i  want  of  tlase  riil)liin.i;  stones;  ami  this  is 
true  not  oiily  of  New  Jersey,  hut  of  the  otlier  Atlantic  coast  states. 
To  a  ( eriain  'xtent  they  may,  of  course,  have  heen  overlooked,  hut 
tl)is  will  SI  ,in  cly  e\|ilaiu  their  al)sence,  as  proved  h\-  caret'ul  search 
instituted  particularly  for  'luin.  <  )n  the  other  hand,  it  is  difficult  to 
c'Xi)lain  the  reniarkahle  alnnidance  of  these  olije(  ts  in  su(  h  a  liniiteil 
locality  as  .i  single  townsiii])  in  .\Fercer  Co.,  New  Jerse\. 

The  iore^'oinj;  examples  show  how  indefinitely  these  small  hand- 


Fi(i.  406. —New  Jir»iy.     |. 


hammers  .md  ruhhing  stones  van.-.  In  fi;;.  407,  we  have  represented 
another  form  of  ruhhing  stone,  whi(Ii  shows  m.mv  tr.u  es  of  h.uinjj; 
heen  lon^'  in  use.  hut  preciselyinwh.it  m.nnier.  or  for  wh.it  purjio-ie, 
is  not  iiltoncther  I  li'ar.  Ju<i),'in^' fmni  the  iiioh'  marked  fe.Uuresof  the 
spec  unens  ^jathered,  of  whiih  tii,'.  407  is  an  ,i\-erai;e  lAauiple.  this  pat- 
tern of  these  implements  should  he  called  a  "^h.irpeninj.;"  rather  than 
a  "nihhiiif;"  stone,  as  the  <  haracter  of  the  worn  surl.ic  ^'s  appears  to 
be  sut  h  as  wouid  he  produced  in  the  ]in)cess  of  ni.iking  and  suhsc- 


434 


I'KIMIllVi:  INUI-SIKV. 


(liioiitly  sharpening  the  tutting  ctlgcs  o(  cchs  and  axes.  This  would  not 
explain  some  of  tiie  deep  and  wiile  grooves,  worn  ol)li(|uely  across  the 
niarL;ins  of  many  of  these  si>e(iniens,  nor  would  it  a(  count  fur  <  ertain 
otluT  teatures  found  in  many  examples,  otherwise  identical  with  fig. 
407  ;  but  the  examination  of  a  very  large  series  leads  me  to  infer  that 

the  prim  ipal  use  of  these 
irregularly  worn  ruiihing 
stones  was  to  give  a  cut- 
ting edge  to  the  ( elts 
an<l  axes  —  a  sort  of  fui- 
ishing  tool,  n>ed  only 
after  tiie  liody  {•(  the  ini- 
l)leinent  had  lieen  sha|)e(l 
and  smoothed.  This, 
however,  it  must  l>e  home 
in  mind,  is  wholly  con- 
jectural. 

( )riginaliy  an  oval,  (l.it 
])el)l)K',  this  specimen, 
fig.  407,  has  heen  used 
as  a  ruhhing  or  sh.irpen- 
ing  stone,  tnuil  the  out- 
lines are  wholly  altered, 
The  straighter  portions  of 
the  twi)  sidi'>  have  been 
ground  off  until  l liey 
meet  in  a  jioint.  The 
slope  of  these  worn  edges 
slmw^  th.it  the  motion  of  ruhhing  was  always  in  one  and  the  same 
dirci  lion, —  m  this  c.i>e,  lri>m  Kli  to  right.  In  this,  as  in  nearly  .ill  the 
spei  linens  collet  ted,  the  li.isv-  is  r(>imde(l  in  outline,  and  h.is  a  number 
of  small,  worn  surfaces  of  tllfferenl  shapes  and  c  har.n  ters.  Some  are 
lilt  aim  I  i'cular,  while  others  run  into  bro.id  and  sh.illow  notches. 
There  are  also  a  few  n.nrow  and  deej)  notches  of  the  same  t  haracter 


Fl'i.  407  —NVw  ji-nry.     }. 


mpm 


iianii-iia?'Mi:rs  anu  uliiiunc;  stokf.s. 


435 


as  tliosc  on  the  sn-rallf<l  siiiew-drcssers,  «lfS(:ril)t(l  in  a  i)rt'(eiling 
diaplir.  'lliisc  may  intlitatc  liuU  spcciiiicns  like  Tig.  407  were  iiNed 
for  st\eral  imrjioses;  as  it  is  very  doiilitlul  wlietiier  the  edges  ot 
jxilisiied  (  elts  <()ni(i  he  snioiJtlie(l  or  shaipeneti  l)y  l)ein_i;  drawn  ihroiij^ii 
deep  grooves,  siu  ii  as  are  seen  on  tliis  specimen.  This,  li(jwe\er,  is 
the  prevalent  impression,  llionyh  it  is  i)ruhahly  erroneous. 

'I'his  form  of  rtihhini;  or  sharpening  stone,  like  tiie  jireeeiling,  is 
commcjn  in  the  iieigh.liorhood  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  hnt  it  does  not  seem 
to  he  very  well  known  elsewhere.  In  the  rolleetions  of  New  I'ny- 
land  forms  of  stone  impK-ments,  in  the  Museum  of  .\rtl);eol<)gy  at 
Camhridf^e,  .Mass.,  there  is  not  a  spe(  imen  that  « an  he  tiassed  with 
them,  nor  are  they  menlionei!  liy  <  olleel<jrs  of  stone  implements  in 
tile  western  and  southern  states,  'i'o  a  <  ert.iin  e.xtent  they  may  h.ive 
lieen  overlooked,  hut  it  is  inijirohahlc  that  so  marked  an  ohjei  t  as  fig. 
407  should  not  lia\'c  lu'en  noticed  and  presereetl.  That  they  are 
)jrohahly  ( omparatively  s<  an  e  in  most  Ux.ilities  is  inferre<l  from  tlie 
la<  t  tliat  in  several  la'"je  collections  of  I'ennsylvanian  and  northern  New 
Jersey  stone  implements,  not  a  single  specimen  of  these  greatly  worn 
sli.iriiening  stones  is  to  he  found.  I'ossihly  of  this  same  <haracter,  are 
the  "sniall  j)ietes  of  gritstone,  almost  the  si/c  of  a  hen's  egg,  with 
deep  grooves  on  all  si<les,"  whii  h  Dr.  Potter  h.is  mentioned  as  among 
the  relics  of  the  moundhiiilders  of  Missouri.  Tli.il  author  helieves 
these  ohjects  lo  have  been  used  for  shari)ening  knives  of  lione  and 
deer's  horn.  ((  onlrihutions  to  the  .\r<  hxology  of  Missouri:  pt.  1, 
Pottery.  ]>.  K),  S;ilem,  Mass.,  i.SSo). 

Ilesides  the  several  forms  of  hammers  for  flaking  stone,  for  "  pecking" 
it  into  shape,  for  ruhhing  down  implements  until  titeir  surf.nes  were 
polished,  and  for  grinding  to  a  sharp  cutting  edge,  the  celts,  c  hiseis 
and  axes,  there  are  often  found  long,  t  \lindrii  .d  pehhles,  which  h.ive 
been  used  as  whetstones,  for  sharjiening  the  <  utting  tools  of  the 
Inchans. 

Stones  of  this  char.K  tcr  appear  to  lie  abundant  wherever  polished 
stone  imi>lcments  are  found.  In  m.my,  there  are  seser.il  worn  surfices, 
as  in  fig.  4oS  ;  while  in  others,  there  is  but  one.     When  but  a  single 


43'' 


PRIMITIVr.  INDISTRV. 


worn  surface  is  upon  one  of  these  whetstones,  it  is  usiiallyof  such  large 
are;;,  that  it  may  have  l)een  used  for  other  jiuriioses  than  for  sharp- 
ening stone  cutting-tools.  Kig.  409  represents  an  exani|)le  of  this 
form.     'I'his  specimen  is  of  convenient  lorm  for  grinding  bone  im- 


Fii-..  41KS.— New  Jcttcy.    \. 


Ijc.  4>.;  — New  Jcivcy.     1. 


pKimiUs,  fur  rounding  fragments  of  steatite  for  iicads,  and  for  many 
sinular  purposes.  A\ir\luie  gniined  nIUl' was  generally  <  iioscn  lor 
this  1 1  is->  of  impl^■melU^,  and  usually  ihey  were  so  well  sele<  led,  tiial 
whiii  thev  are  iiow  iound,  they  are  c.irefully  presened  for  sharpening 
metallic  tools. 


CHAl'Ti:  R    XXX. 


PHF.I.I.-IIKAPS. 


SA(t)   BAV. 


S<)  extensive  has  hcconu'  the  literature  treating,'  of  those  ariiri(  ial 
a<  ( imiiil.uions  of  shells,  an<l  hones  of  animals  useil  fur  fnml,  tli.it  Imt 
little  ran  be  said  that  will  not  a|>|iiMr  to  be  a  rejietition  of  the  ]itiii- 
li^iieil  ai  <-oiints  of  varif.iis  an  hx-olo^isis. 

The  ternj  " shell  lua|>"  has  j,'enerally  Iteen  a|)iilie(l  to  these  trai  es 
of  the  earliest  occM]iai)ts  of  our  roast,  not  lieeau^e  they  are  e\<  liisively 
what  this  n.iiiie  ini|)lies,  Imt  from  the  la<  t  tiial  the  siiell-.  of  liilkrent 
iilitik-  molliisks  are  the  i)rinrii)al  or  <  haru  ii-ristie  feature  of  the  an  n- 
iniilalions.  The  term  "kit<  hen-niiililens,  or  "kiiekkeninieililings," 
lias  .iKo  l)een  iisi-d,  esperially  in  iMirope,  atui  is  aiimir.ilily  ile>i  ri|iti\e 
of  those  that  ornir  in  northern  lairojie,  ami  in  tlie  New  laii;laiii| 
states.  This  term  implit-s  the  aitiimulations  not  only  of  slulK,  hut 
alsoof  tiie  hones  of  fishes,  hirils,  anci  mannnalsnsed  as  food,  riimugh- 
out  this  m.iss  are  srattered  the  impli-nu-hls  of  stone,  hone  and  day, 
whii  h  were  made  and   i.sed  h\  die  peojile  who  dvvclt   u|Min  this  ever- 


4.?« 


rUIMniVK    IM)fSTRV. 


iiicrcasinj;  i)ile  of  rcfiisi-  fnnn  tlicir  daily  rcjxLsts.  In  New  Jersey, 
however,  tliere  are  Id  lie  foiiivl  imt  only  such  kite  hen-middens,  wliith 
are  in  fact,  villaf^e  sites,  Imt  there  are  also  sIkH-Iumiis  pniper,  or  tiie 
accuimilalions  of  shells  made  at  various  points  where,  perio<li(  ally, 
during  (enturies,  different  niolliisks  weie  j;alhered  in  vast  (|u;uilitijs, 
and  jireserved  by  dryinj^  o\er  a  fire. 

Kiini  (Travels  in  North  America,  vol.  i,  p.  240,  tyji)  refers  to 
heajis  of  shells  near  New  \ork,  made  hy  resident  Indians,  who  fi.-.lied 
for  ^lV^tcrs  and  other  mollusks.  not  only  as  a  food  supply,  Imt  for  sale. 
lie  Siiys,  "'nie  Indi.nis,  who  inhabited  the  coast  before  the  arrival  of 
the  i'',uroi»eans,  ha\e  m.ide  oysters  and  other  shell-lish  their  chief  food  ; 
and  at  present,  whenever  they  come  to  a  s.ilt  water  where  oysters  are 
to  be  not,  they  are  very  active  in  catchinj(  them,  aiiJ  sill  thfin  in  f^irat 
ifitunfitiis  to  othif  /ih/iaitt  r.'/zc  /l;r  /ii.;/i<r  itf>  tin-  ci<i(iitr\:  for  this 
re.b.on  voii  see  iimnense  nunjbers  of  oyster  and  muscle  shells  piled  u|) 
near  su(  h  i)la<  es,  where  you  are  certain  that  the  Indians  formerly 
built  their  huts."  Sui  h  heaps  (ont.iin  neither  imi>lemeiits  nor  pottery, 
nor  bones  of  any  maumial->,  fishes  or  birds  ;  and,  except  for  their  si/.e 
.md  present  position  with  referen(  e  to  the  se.i  level,  offer  1ml  little 
atlr.iciion  V    the  arciix-ologist. 

\\\  none  of  the  shell  heaps  of  the  northern  Atl.uilic  r  i>,ist  h  i\e  we 
aiv,  evidence  of  ihat  succession  of  deposits  of  different  remains,  sui  h 
as  has  been  so  };ra|  hically  des(  ribed  by  Major  W.  II.  Dall,'"'-  as 
o«:ciirrinn  on  the  Aleutian  Ul.uids.  'I'his  arcli.i'ulo_:;iMt  h.is  determined 
that  in  these  isl.md-.,  "the  straiifii  .Uion  of  the  shell-lieaps  shows  a 
toler.ililv  uniibrm  divi-^inn  into  three  stages,  i  h.ir.K  leri/ed  by  the  food 
wliicii  formed  their  staple  of  ^ubsi•^ten(  e  and  liy  the  vvea|H)';-  forobt.iin- 
ing.  and  utensils  for  preparinj^  this  food.  ,i>  lound  in  the  separate  strata  ; 
these  st.ij;es  beinj-  — 

I.  The  Littoral  Period,  represented  b\'  the  lahiuus  Liver. 

II.  The  Fishing  IVriml,  rei>rcsented  by  the  i-ish  bone  l.iyir. 


'"I'.ill.     'I'ril>c>.  of  i\tn:m>:  N.irlliwu.l,  p.  4j.     t :  iiilrilHilMiii',  M  N.  A.  Kllilioliiijy,  v.il    i,  VV.i->li. 
Iligton,  1871). 


SIIKI.I.-IIKAI'S. 


439 


III.  TliL'  Hunting  Period,  rci)rfsfntc(l  1)\  tlic  Mammalian  Layer." 
Somewhat  aiialoj^ous  to  this  is  the  evidence  of  tiie  succession  of  liie 
shell  hcai)s  in  Florida,  as  determined  by  the  late  I'rof.  Wyman,'"''  who 
mentions  as  one  of  the  ten  "conclusicjus"  that  dose  his  imaluable 
monograj)!!,  that  "fragments  of  ])ottery  exist  in  tiie  later  but  not  in  the 
o/iff.it  nioinii/s.     The  pottery  was  in  all  cases  of  a  rude  kind." 

Marine  shell-heajts  are  still  abundant  along  tlie  entire  .\tlaiuii  <();ist 
from  the  15ay  of  Ktuidy  to  the  (lulf  of  Mexi(().  Some  of  the  l.irgeit 
are  at  Cape  Henlopen,  Delaware;'"'  along  the  greater  part  of  the 
New  Jersey  coast,  from  ('ape  May'"''  to  Keyjjort  ;'•"  on  Long  Is- 
land,'"" and  along  the  coasts  of  NLiine  and  Massac  husetts.'"* 

The  shell-heaps  on  Long  Lland  are  jirobahly  more  extensive  and 
more  numerous  than  elsewhere  along  the  coast,  southward  ui  M.i-.>a- 
chusetts.  These  heaps  are  all  true  kitchen-middens,  and  contain  bones 
of  birds  and  mammals,  implements  and  pottery  mixeil  with  the  shells. 
Mr.  W.  \V.  looker  of  Sag  Hadior,  Long  I>laiid,  h.is  kindly  furnislied 
nie  with  the  following  descriptive  note  of  one  of  these  lieaps,  whicii 
may  be  < on^idered  as  fairly  rej)resentative  of  tiie  whole  series. 

"West  of  the  Otter  i'ond  is  a  shell-heap  of  considerable  extent,  that 
covers  neady  three  acres.  ( )n  its  surf.ice  have  been  found  hundreds 
of  arrow-points.  Part  of  this  deposit  is  still  hidden  under  tiie  leaves 
and  soil  of  tiie  woods  and  has  never  been  disturbed,  .\long  the  cove 
beyond,  for  a  distance  of  about  one  mile  and  a  h.ilf  is  o'le  almost 
continuous  shell-heap.  It  is  thi(  ker  at  some  pl.ici.'S  than  .it  others. 
Hack  on  ;he  southern  slopes  of  the  hills,  near  swamps  and  springs,  are 
others,  some  being  an  a(  re  in  area.  .\t  I'ayne's  Creek,  there  is  found 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  compact  shell-mounds  cm  this  part  of 
I^ng  Islan<l.     .\t  the  time  the  .shells  were  ileposiled,  the  creek  evi- 


'"Wyni.in.     Frc^liw.ilor  OirllniniiinU  ,,f  ll.in.l.i,  p.  SI.     S.ilcm,  \\:\^s.,  iS;^. 
•"l.i-iily.     rriMf.liiiKi  "if  the  A.  ailiMiy  ..f  N.ii.  S.  iciu  c»  for  i3f.(,    IMiilaJcliihi.i,  I'-i. 
'"'Ci«>k.     (itMJMny  iif  Niw  |ir>cy,  p.  iij.     Niwatk,  Niw  Jirsiy,  1818. 
""R;iii.     Sunlhvmi.ici  Aiinii,ll  Kc|«irl  fir  iR".4.  P-  .)?'>•     Wishinut  m,  i3'  -. 
«"Kli.H  I.cwi.,  Jr.     I'lipiilat  Scicntc  Mimlhly,  vnl.  x,  p  4j6.     Siw  Yi.rk,  ift?;. 
""WymJii.    Amerkaii  .Nj|iir.ili»l,  vol.  i,  p.  5O1.     Salem,  Ma»».,  1868. 


440 


I'KIMHIVK    INDfSTKY. 


(Iciitly  flowi.'<l  in  front  of  tlic  (Icjinsit,  Imt  now  il  is  filled  np  ami  a 
sandy  country  road  extends  along  its  front.  This  deposit  (overs  ahout 
three  a(  res,  and  is  fully  four  feet  in  depth.  In  some  spots  on  tills 
shell-heap,  are  remains  only  of  the  oyster  ;  in  another,  of  the  clam  ; 
and  a  thinl  of  the  s<allops,  ami  then  the  various  shells  will  be  found 
to  he  ahout  equally  abundant,  and  mingled  tog 'thcr.  In  this  deposit 
ha\e  been  found  l)ones  of  the  r.ucoon,  be.ir,  otter,  fox,  deer,  and 
ralibit.  Almost  all  the  stone  im|ileuunts  used  l>y  the  natives  iia\e  been 
found  in  this  shell-heap.  .Also  awls  or  pointed  instruments  of  bone, 
and  one  large  bone  fish-hook  (chap.  XV,  fig.  U)ji).  Kraguients  of 
their  potter),  made  of  pomided  shells,  clay  and  sand,  are  seen  strewn 
in  every  direction." 

Frosh-water  shell-heaps  are  also  of  ( ommon  occurrence  in  the  val- 
leys of  those  rivers  in  whici;  the  larger  ruios  or  uuissels  li\e.  These 
inland  kitchen-middens  do  not  diflTer  m.iteri. illy  from  those  found  upon 
the  seacoast,  exiept  that,  generally,  they  are  miu  h  more  limited  in 
extent,  esjiei  ially  in  the  .New  Kngland  and  Middle  States.  In  the 
l.ilier  Ini  ality,  indeed,  they  arc  (|uite  insignific.int  in  comparison  with 
the  de|)osits  of  oyster  and  quahaug  shells  at  lieesley's  Point,  Cape  May 
Co.,  and  at  Tiu  kerton,  ISurlington  Co.,  New  Jersey.  Prof.  Wyman'''-' 
ha.s  described  an  extensive  shell-mouml  on  the  shore  of  the  Concord 
river,  in  Massachusetts,  made  uj)  of  valves  of  the  l'iiii>  comfilanatiis, 
a  species  still  existing  in  that  ri\er.  Ch.irc  oal  and  stone  and  bone  imple- 
ments were  found  in  this  (lepi)\it.  .\  sm.ill  Cnio  shell-heap  formerly 
existed  on  the  shore  of  the  1  >cl.iware  river,  at  tiie  mouth  of  Cross- 
wit  k's  Creek,  in  I'urlmgton  Co.,  New  Jersey,  whii  li  was  toinposed  of 
valves  of  several  species  of  Cnionuke  ;  Aiioifontit  f>iirpnri\i,„\\M\  i'nio 
viriihs  being  most  numerously  represented.  .\  few  ( hi|)ped  stone 
implements  were  found  in  it.  The  l)uilding  of  the  Delaware  and 
Rarilan  Canal  obliterated  this  deposit. 

A  sfcond  and  much  smaller  mussel  shell-heap,  (ui  the  banks  of 
Crosswick's  Creek,  four  miles  from  its  mouth,  approached  most  nearly 


'"Wyiiuu.     I'tutccilingj,  Itmiuii  Soiicty  of  Sal.  Itiiiory,  viil.  i»,  |i.  »4i,     IVirimi,  M.i»». 


SIIII.I.IIIM'S. 


441 


the  I);l^i^l\  kjiukkfiinuutltliiins.  Wiiliin  a  fiw  s(|iiarc  vanls,  there 
\va>.  a  laM-r  of  ruin  slulls  ami  <  lian  i)al.  with  a  t'l-w  ri^haml  liird  lioncs, 
ncaih-  two  iVct  in  tiiii  kiii'ss.  In  tiiis  mass  witc  several  strata  of  fine 
sand  and  niml.  wiiii  li  siij;^ested  that  it  li.id  lieen  several  tinus  aban- 
doned and  siil)se<|iiently  re-o<  i  ui>ii(!.  In  it  were  found  a  small  port- 
alile  mortar  and  an  oval  '•(rusher"  or  iijijier  millstone,  a  s(  ore  of 
leaf-hhaped  arrow|)oints  of  lar^e  si/e  —  possibly  knives  —  two  rude 
axes,  antl  two  remarkable  "name-shaiied  "  or  /.igza},' < :hii)|ie<l  imple- 
ments, which  svere  supposed  to  be  spearpoinls.  These  spe(  imeiis, 
unfortunately,  were  lo>t  or  stolen,  but  dr,iwini;s  were  ])ublislied  in 
Nature,  London,  vol.  xi,  p.  190.  The  lar;,'er  one,  measurin;.:  five  in<  hes 
in  length,  was  too  delirale  to  have  been  used  as  a  weajion,  and  doubtless 
was  used  only  upon  (  eremonial  01  rasions.  Whatever  its  purpose,  its 
])ressiire  in  a  shell-heap  was  remarkable.  No  dupli(  ates.  nor  indeed 
any  crottked  arrowheads,  approaihin^;  these  imi< pie  fornix,  h.ue  siiK  e 
been  found. 

I'eter  Kalm,  the  Sweile,  to  whom  I  ha\e  so  fre<|ueiuly  nk'rred. 
mentions  that  in  southern  New  Jersey  "  .!/i/////i- (;//i///////i  {  ( /ii)'),  n 
kind  of  nnissel-shell,  was  found  abundantly  in  little  furrows,  wh.ii  h 
crossed  the  meadows.  The  shells  were  frei|uently  (overed  on  the 
outside  with  a  thin  crust  of  ]iarticles  of  iron,  when  the  w.iter  in  the 
furrows  came  from  an  iron  mine.  The  Jai^lislmien  and  Swedes  settled 
here  seldom  made  any  use  of  these  shells  ;  but  the  liiiiUim  U'/ii>/or- 
iiii'ii'v  livi'il  hfit'  hroikii  Ihini  aiul  ak  tlw  /A'.v//." 

In  a  recent  letter  from  Mr.  i'.niesi  Inyersoll,  who  i^  known  to  arch?c- 
ologists  in  <  oimec  lion  with  the  early  discoveries  of  the  now  famous 
(•liff-ruins  of  the  far  southwest,  1  am  furnished  with  an  ai count  of  some 
inland  shell-heaps  in  <  entral  New  Ndrk.     .Mr.    Inj^ersoll  writes: 

"I  heanl  of  se\er.il  shell-heaps  aloni;  this  p.irt  of  the  Susi|uehaima, 
but  during;  my  lirief  stay  h.id  only  opportunity  to  examine  one  per^in- 
ally.  'Ihis  w.is  on  the  hi-h  northern  b.mk  of  the  river,  jn>i  in  the 
outskirts  of  tlie  village  of  ( )we};i\  Ti  i,L;a  county,  N.  \'..  and  had 
jireviously  been  much  disturbed.  Trad  lion  says  it  was  once  .i  hun- 
dred yards  or  more  in  length,  along  t'le  edge  of  the  bluff.      These 


442 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


(liineiisions  had  htcn  vastly  reducftl,  Imt  unougli  rfmainc<l  to  ^Wc  me 
a  (la\  's  lal)i)r.  'I'lic  slalls  were  from  a  few  inclies  to  about  two  fct-t  in 
(U'|itli  and  without  inlcrmixturc  of  dirt,  which  only  slightly  covered  tlie 
whole.  They  were  all  of  the  two  or  three  species  of  L'nio  ixwA  A nodun 
wliich  inliai)it  the  river  there,  and  the  exterior  coal  of  every  shell  had 
disai>i)eared.  Many  of  the  shells  could  be  taken  out  entire,  but  re- 
(juired  handling  with  extreme  <are  to  be  i)reserved.  A  few  land  shells 
{//i/i.\)  were  also  seen,  but  they  may  have  crawled  there  and  tlieil ; 
that  is,  1  would  not  care  to  assume  they  were  eaten  by  the  Indians. 
Associated  with  the  shells  was  very  little  of  value.  I'ividences  of  fire 
occurretl  in  the  shape  of  blackened  strata,  cinders  and  cah  ined  shells. 
Pebbles  occasionally  were  foiuid  ;  l)Ut  the  only  stone  implements  ilis- 
close<l  was  one  hammer-stone,  three  netsinkeis  and  a  jiossible  awl  or 
drill  of  ar^illite.  I'raj^ments  of  bones  of  fishes,  birds  and  chiefly 
deer,  wire  abundant,  however,  scattered  thr(juj,'h  tlie  mass.  .\ll  of 
these  fr.i^^Mienls,  except  the  joint-ends  (whi<  h  were  broken  short  off), 
were  split. —  I  sui)pose  for  the  marrow, — and  were  of  small  si/e.  I'pon 
one  of  these  i)ieies  of  bone,  which  was  about  two  inches  long  and 
half  an  in<  h  wide,  with  smooth  edges,  a  series  of  tran.sverse  notches 
had  been  (  ut,  as  though  to  tally  some  score  or  series  of  events. 

"  Tius  lo(  ality,  where  the  Owego  —  or  A/i-7i'ti-);it  —  creek  empties 
into  tiie  Susiiuehanna.  was  a  warm  and  fertile  valley  nuich  in  favor 
with  tlie  Indians  who  had  a  permanent  siliage  here.  .Many  local  tra- 
ditions and  memories  remain  of  their  occupancy.  They  are  asserted 
to  ii.i\e  been  a  band  of  Massachusetts  Indians  who  retreated  to  this 
region  ami  iirocured.  fmin  tlie  Iroquois  tribes  who  held  it,  permission 
to  settle.  1  have  not  investigated  the  truth  of  this  statement.  In  the 
centre  of  tlie  present  town  was  the  Indian  graveyard,  tradition  asserts, 
and  the  whole  region  abounds  in  stone  relics,  which  in  large  number 
and  variety  have  been  saved  by  half  a  do/en  persons  interested  in  the 
matter,  throughout  the  county.  I  )uriiig  a  visit  of  some  weeks,  I  i  ol- 
lecteil  as  many  stone  implements  as  possible. 

"I  lint  and  slate  '(hii)s'  are  extremely  abunilant  .all  along  the  river- 
bank  an<l  throughout  the  valley ;  a  good  deal  of  jasper  also  occurs, 


SHFII.-HF.APS. 


443 


and  I  Iniind  one  lar^e  'core'  of  this  substance,  whi«h  is  all  imported. 
'Ihe  arrowlieads  tniinil  are  of  various  shapes  ;  rude,  luisynimetrieal 
funns  pri'doniinatini;.  I  found  no  lar^^e  spearheads,  liut  heard  of  a 
cache  of  tliirty  or  more  i)lanted  dose  together  ami  upri;,'lit,  which  were 
l)louglK(l  up  some  years  a^o  ;  what  Iki  ame  of  them,  1  failed  to  lean 
Hammer-stones,  some  of  them  elaborate,  I  foimd  verv  common,  and 
as  for  netsinkers,  of  all  sizes,  shapes  and  degrees  of  value,  they  were 
almost  innumerable.  I'.vidently  tluM'  Indians  (who  no  doubt  antedate 
the  o(  I  upancy  of  the  i\Iassa<  husetis  strangers)  were  great  I'lsh  eaters. 

"Some  skin-scrapers,  long  i)estles,  ( elts,  grooved  a\es  of  syenite 
(?),  corn-mortars  (one  biioncave)  and  lluits  of  various  forms,  either 
found  by  mc  or  by  others  in  this  locality,  are  not  worth  special  re- 
mark." 

Dr.  Daniel  (',.  Hrinton,'""  in  a  brief  notice  of  v.irious  inland  shell- 
heaps,  more  espe<  ially  those  of  Morida,  and  along  the  Tennessee  riv  er 
and  its  tribtitaries,  has  called  attention  to  the  fact,  tli.it  "the  ex<  lusively 
artificial  chara<  ter  of  many  ol  these  deposits,  even  of  very  < onsider- 
able  size,  was  first  prominently  brought  before  the  scientili<  public  by 
.Mr.  Lardner  Wuiuxi  in.  in  the  proceedings  of  the  .\meri(  an  .Association 
of  (leologists  iiid  Naturalists  for  1.S40 -42  (pp.  21-2;,).  The  exist- 
ence of  enormous  accumulations  of  the  shells  of  t!ie  Ostna  j-//xin't'<t, 
and  IVniis  tiiiircniniti,  on  tlie  shores  of  the  Chesapeake  and  its  afflu- 
ent streams,  on  the  Jersey  shore  and  Long  hland.  was  disjussed,  and 
various  jiroofs  of  their  formation  by  the  aboriginal  tribes  pointed  out ;" 
and  lie  t'urtJHT  states,  that  "these  prinifs  may  lie  briedy  sunnned  up  .is 
follow^ :  I'irst.  \alves  of  the  same  .iiiiiii.il  are  rarely  found  together. 
Se<()nil.  .\rrowheads,  fragments  of  pottery  and  charcoal  are  mixed 
with  the  shells  ///  .lifii  luitunili.  'I'hinl.  The  slulN  are  broken  aiul 
fre(|uent!y(  barred.  I'ourth.  The  substratum  of  the  deposit  is  the  same 
as  the  surrounding  soil.  Fifth.  The  deposits  are  at  the  mouth  and 
shores  of  water  <t>urses,  where  the  shell  lish  alMiuml.  Sixth.  There  is 
abseni  I'  of  stratification  .iiid  oliler  fossils," 


l*'*Brinton.     SniithMini.Ki  Anniiiit  Kcpnrt  Tor  i8(W'>,  p.  356,     Wuliinglon   1).  C. 


444 


I'RIMrnVK   IVni'STRY. 


I>r.  lirinton  suhsoiiucntly  remarks:  "It  seems  hardly  necessary  to 
addiuc  evidenic  from  the  old  voyagers  to  sliow  that  in  the  rommissa- 
riat  of  tlie  native  coast  tril)es,  esnilent  sliell-fish  constituted  an  impor- 
tant item,  ('al)eza  de  \'aea  describes  tlie  accolents  of  the  (ailf  of 
Mexico  as  dwellinj;  in  liouses  of  mats,  'Ixiiit  on  heaps  of  oyster 
shells'  (Raintisio  Viaj,j,'i,  torn,  iii,  fol.  317),  and  the  first  settlers  of 
Marylaml  record  with  jjleasurahle  recolkrtions,  'oisters,  hroil'd  and 
stewed,'  that  the  savaijes  offered  tiiem  in  jmjfusion. —  (Relation  of 
Marylmd,  1634,  \k  iH,  in  Shea's  Southern  'IVacts), 

The  late  Prof.  Wyman,"''  in  the  American  Naturalist,  hasf,'iven  some- 
what detailed  descriptions  of  various  marine  shell-heaps  in  Maine  and 
Massachusetts,  and  these  may  be  taken  as  ty])i(  al  of  such  deposits 
wherever  found  \ipon  the  New  lini^land  coast.  These  dejiosits  are  in 
Frenchman's  I!ay,  and  at  Crouch's  Cove,  on  an  island  in  Casco  Bay, 
Maine  :  and  at  I".;  gle  Hill,  in  Ipswich  ;  in  the  town  of  Salisbury  ;  and 
at  Cotuit  Port,  in  d"'  town  of  ISarnstable,  Massachusetts,  'i'he  shell- 
heap  at  I'Venc  hman's  I5ay  was  "examined  only  near  its  l)order,  where 
a  pit  was  sunk,  slumini,'  a  deposit  of  c  lam  shells  al)out  two  feet  in 
thickness.  .Amoiif,'  these  were  found  the  bones  of  several  animals, 
including  those  of  the  deer,  elk  and  beaver,  but  no  imjilements  of  any 
kind."  .Another  dejjosit  on  an  unnamed  island  was  more  carefully 
examined.  " .\  section  through  the  heap  at  its  thickest  i)art  showed 
that  it  belonged  to  two  different  periods,  indicated  by  two  distinct 
layers  of  shells.  The  lowest,  a  foot  in  thi<  kness,  consisted  of  the 
shells  of  the  dam,  whelk  and  mussel,  all  much  decomposed,  and  mixed 
with  earth.  .\l)ove  this  was  a  laycT  of  dark  vegi-table  mould,  mixed 
with  earth  and  gravel,  and  from  six  to  eight  inches  in  thickness,  .\bovc 
this  was  a  sec  ond  layer  of  shells,  of  the  same  sj)ecies  as  those  just 
mentioned,  but  in  a  much  better  state  of  j)reservation,  and  with  less 
intermixture  of  e.irth  ;  this  deposit  was  in  turn  covered  by  another  layer 
of  earth  and  mould,  .uid  these  now  sustain  a  growth  of  forest  tr.-es,  but 
none  of  them  of  large  si/e." 


'"'Wynun.     Amcri.aii  NattiraliM,  v<il.  i,  p.  560,  <7  J.7.     Salem,  Mas*  ,  1 868, 


SlIK.l.l.-HKAI'S. 


448 


The  slicll-heaps  at  Crouch's  C'o\c  also  |)rovcd,  >}n  examination,  to 
have  In-'cn  "(IcposiiiMl  in  two  difH-rent  layers,  very  nnn  li  as  on  the 
island  in  I'rcnthnian's  i'.ay." 

In  all  these  heaps,  the  increased  si/.e  and  soliility  of  many  of  the 
shells,  as  compared  with  the  same  sjiecies  now  living  in  the  adja- 
cent waters,  were  noticed  ;  and  to  some  extent,  certain  spec  ies,  notahly 
the  ([uahaug  {I'lniis  mercenarin)  which  is  now  very  scane  and  Imal, 
north  of  Cape  Cod,  were  abundant. 

Dr.  ("has.  Rau""^  has  given  a  detailed  description  of  shell-heaps 
near  Keyport,  Monmouth  Co.,  New  Jersey,  whii  h  may  he  considered 
as  typical  of  the  larger  deposits  found  along  the  New  Jersey  coast. 
These  hea|)s  of  refu-^c  were  made  up  of  the  c:ommon  oystc  (  (htira 
borea/is),  i\m\  the  hard  shell  <  l.un  (/'< ////.»•  w^v<v;;(;/7(;),  «iih  a  small 
percentage  of  periwinkles  {/\ri//.i  canaliiiiliita  and  /'.  <(f//.<M.  Iai- 
dence  of  the  occupancy  of  these  jilaces  l)y  the  Indians  is  to  lie  seen 
in  the  presence  "of  numerous  fragments  of  pottery  and  stone  imple- 
ments of  the  usual  kind,  otherwise  very  scarce  in  this  part  of  New 
Jersey." 

On  the  extensive  meadows  immediately  hack  or  west  of  Atlantic 
City,  .Atlantic  Co.,  New  Jersey,  are  many  small  shell-heaiis,  some  only 
a  few  )ards  scjuare.  These  heajis  are  made  up  of  shells  of  the  oyster, 
hard-shell  clam  or  cpiahaug,  periwinkles  and  soft-slu  I  clams,  all  of 
which  show  the  effects  of  exi)osure  to  fire.  Careful  examination  of 
many  failed  to  yield  a  single  stone  or  hone  implement.  TIhsc  heaps, 
which  are  "in  tiie  m.irsh,  and  extend  down  to  the  hard  grouml,"  were 
made  when  gathering  the  shi  ll-fish  for  winter  use,  and  were  probably 
occujiied  only  temporarily.  Dr.  (1.  1 1.  Cook. ""^  mentions  the  existence 
of  these  heajts  in  many  localities  along  the  New  Jersey  coast,  and 
states  that  "there  is  every  indication  that  the  marsh  has  grown  several 
feet  about  them  sine  e  they  were  deiiosited." 

During  the  summer  of  \'^y),  in  company  with  Mr.  F.  W.  I'utnam, 


•"■'Ran.     SiiiichMmi.m  Annual  Kepiirt  for  1864,  p,  370.    Washingmn,  P.  C. 
"'Cook.     CJcology  of  New  Jersey,   p.  362.     Kcw.irli,  Nc»  Jersey,  i368. 


446 


JHumvr.  isnu-frRv. 


the  author  visited  ami  ca*  fully  L-xamiiKtl  an  extensive  shtll-hcap  on 
tlu- west  hanii  of  !)ow(iv's  Creeii.  near  Aliseioni  Iiilei.  Atlanlit:  <  D.,  New 
Jcr>ey.  'Ihii  liepusit  lucahureil  one  hundreil  yar(i>  in  length,  and 
va.ntd  I'roni  three  to  ten  yanl>  in  uidtli.  At  present  it  is  aUxit  lour 
feet  alwjve  hij;li  water,  ami  m-arlv  as  niany  Im-Idw  low  water. '"^  'I'ljcse 
incasiirenieiils,  witlt  tliai  ol  ilie  rite  and  lall  nt'  the  tide  make  the 
deposit,  at  present,  fully  twelve  feet  in  lhi«:kne>s.  Tiii-re  have.  1rm»'- 
ever,  been  many  shiplnads  taiien  from  the  surfa<  e,  ami  wlieii  finally 
abandoned  by  the  Indiann,  it  was  di)riblles:4y  half  as  deep  ayain  as  at 
jiresent.  It  Is  t oiiiposeil  in  p^at  part  iif  hanl  shell  <  lanis,  with  aUnit 
ten  Iter  tent,  nf  cixsIits  .iini  periwinklis,  .\  i\\v  fragments  of  chanoal 
wf'Tv  foimd,  and  all  llu"  shells  and  frap;iiii-iits  showed  trai  et  of  fire. 
N»«!»lt>ne  or  bone  iin|ilenienis  were  fucnd. 

■TTiiis  extensive  shell  heap,  like  the  ntany  smaller  ones  in  the  innne- 
dial'-  Mriniiy,  was  e\itleniK   siinjiiy  a  favorite   s|ni;  for  nath<  "iiif;  the 

r  iwli,  and  in  no  respe<  t  .i  xillase  sjte  or  e\en  a  <  .unpini;  j;roimd. 
-SMHSMd-  m  a  marsh  meadow  on  a  luii^'able  <  reek,  and  but  .t  short 
:>aiJMHW  hif^h  ^rouml.  tin  liidi.ins  ,n  I'tir  to  h.ne  p.issed  to  .md  fro, 
trtan  ?1M- iieft])  to  the  hi;;h  land,  where  tlu-re  are  .ibunilant  tra<  es  of 
'lue  sites.  K.niin^  to  lind  anv  implements  or  iiandiwork  of  .my 
r.  •    -'«'-ll-iieap,  we  h'l'"-- '    ■> '-r  various   ploughed   fields  on  t!)e 

ii  ami  j^atliereil  s  liajjinents  of  pottery,  and  a  lew 


II 


il  deposits  .mi!  \ill.i,i    siti-s,  in  tlii>  loi.ilitx,  should  be 
Is  not   readiiv  MrolersHKid.  espe<  ially  when  it   is  seen 
UfiH.)siis.   now  '.  .  '  '   .1  b^   marsh,  extend  to  the  hard 

!       rh«.  as  now.  tin       ...•    .i  deep,  navij;able  stream  iK-lween 
tlir  gtresent  main  shoie,  but  this  of  itself  would  set  ni  to 


***'rlll^  inrNtttmMMit  w.i»  iii.iilc  from  (I  r  |irrM-iil  ImnI  nf  I  III-.  M'«*k,  wliK  h  li.th  ,  til .,  I  Ii.4|uk:I  ufHin 
nar  iT*lw'*-  of  ibtK  d«yu»il,  anit  nhiiwi  a  fiitc  sr,  iion  uf  ilir  )'.-.i|)  Ii  is  ,i  tiiitnotirnroiu  ni^kn:  ita 
l<»%brfm<>«l  |"irli*m«  ticliii;  mori'  ilci"nm|>,»sr«l  tti.in  ihiist-  iiiMrcr  ihe  MirfjLc  Vbclhcf  ihe  "  IjlM 
Itniiiml."  itpon  «huh  llu:  <.hc()-hr.t|i  i«  Iniill  ii|i.  i%  iiiiirli  l<iwrr  ll';ln  t.  r  l»  '  nf  ilie  crrrk  w4ft  not 
■  ltru-niiini:<l  t***«ltiv«ly.  l>tlt  it  prtih.ility  i\  iwo  ur  llirt-v  ft-it  Ul.m  il,  ailtl  ihtl^  ^iwt  lh«  Hi-|HKit  ihal 
Mkllllun,ll  ihlcklMMa 


SHI  U.-IIIAl-S. 


447 


offer  no  ohjcclioii  to  llic  li><  ality  as  a  village  siic.  W'c  <  an  on'y  a(  - 
cuiiiu  i'i>r  it  liy  till'  iirolial)ility  tliat,  wlicii  lln'  (lc|Misil  was  ■  (iniiiu'iiccd, 
this  liani  urnimd  was  tlu-ii  so  near  the  lesel  of  the  «» can,  that  occa- 
•siunal  ti(k-->  and  tiie  M-a,  (liirin;;  florins,  swi[)t  omt  ii.  If  ihi-.  were  an 
cx<  ejitiiinal  <»  (  iiiriin  e,  it  wnuld  oiler  in)  uiiiiai  le  In  ilie  teMiporary 
ot'(H|iation  dI'  the  |>la('e  as  a  station  for  i oikt '."■'  <  lams  and  oysters, 
but  it  would  lie  an  insuperable  ohjei  tiiin  to  the  Uk  ality  as  a  pernianent 
al)ode.  'l'hi^,  too,  would  explain  the  ahseU'  e  of  the  honi's  of  edible 
ntannniils,  birds  and  fishes,  aixl  aUo  of  implements,  all  of  whith  arc 
found  in  the  New  lln^^laml  shell-heap>>,  and  in  those  of  Niw  |ersey, 
whi<  h  are  built  up  \ipon  the  main  shore,  or  upon  j^rouml  thai  <  ould  be 
l»erinanently  oc  t  u|)ied, 

Mr.  (has.  I'.  Woolley,  in  a  (oininunii  aiion  to  the  Ameriran  .\ntiinia- 
rian  (vol.  i,  p.  2^5),  refers  to  the  existenee  ol  "  in.niy  shelliie.ips  of 
aborij^inal  orijjin  alou),'"  the  New  Jersey  coast,  and  adds  ;  "but  few  of 
these  lew.ird  the  seeker  with  anytiiing  e\(  epl  a  few  <  lu])ping'>,  and  in 
lijan\',  even  these  are  w.mting,  •  •  •  •  the  inaj.irity  iiaving  beiii  made 
by  the  indians  in  1  astin^  .uvay  the  \aKf;  of  the  shell-fi^h,  .ilur  string- 
ing or  otherwise  preparing  them,  to  1  .irry  back  to  their  more  iiermaiienl 
lialitations  in  the  interitir  ;  for  our  stale  was  traversed  by  well-deluied 
trails  leailiiig  from  the  1  >elaware  to  oyster  prodming  inleis  of  the 
Shrewsbury,  Spian  ai.d  oil-er  streams.  ( )ne  of  tlu-se  he.ips  near  'fuck- 
erion.  kiioun  .!■>  the  "  I'ununoik,"  has  its  base  upon  ihe  S.iit  Mead- 
ows, a  h.ilf mile  fioin  the  firm  lai  d,  .md  i>  \er\  1  oiispK  uous  .is  it  1  un 
Im.'  seen  from  out  at  sea  ;  it  is  a  solid  mass  of  < '  un  shells  ( /  (////»■  f/ifr- 
iYiiit/iti),  eleven  feet  high,  twi-nty-five  feel  long,  and  an  a\er.ige  width 
of  SIX  fei.'l ;  upon  llu'  top  .ire  growing  Mveral  red  redars,  six  in<  lies  in 
diameter;  no  whole  slulls  eonld  be  found  .md  but  few  entire  \alvcs, 
they  a!l  showing  the  in. irks  of  having  bet-n  opened  with  a  rude  instrn- 
nunt.  This  has  bi'i'ii  opened  several  times,  .iml  imis  of  shells  rartecl 
away,  but  not  .1  <  hippi'.g  or  fragment  of  pottery  has  been  seen,  though 
it  is  of  undoubted  .diorigin.il  origin,  and  upon  the  m.nnlaiid  opposite 
and  a  half  mile  away,  ground  axes,  cells  and  other  iinpleinenls  have 
been  foiiml." 


44^ 


VKiMIIIVK    IVIMslkV. 


'I  Ik'   Nt\v   l'.ni;l.viul  nIuII  Ikmiis,  .it'ur  huinI  <ritii;ii  oxaininatiun  l^y 
IVdI'  \\  Mii.m,'"' r\liiliit  11(1  iiiilii  .ilioiis  III  an  antt<|iiiiy  aN  iii^h  >is  those 
(it'  thi-  nid  woiKI.     lUromarks  ;   "Jin-  mitmal .  of  tluiu  iiri-.cnt  viiin' 
varii'i>  in  ilu-  iKvm- ol  (li(  i>,i!|kimIiim),  wlmli  h,\■^  ri-inlicil  iiniu  tniu' 
ami  4\jiiisurf,  tin-  lower  last  is  In  ni);  niiu  h  nmri'  i!isinl».'f;rali-il  and  (li 
aliU-,  tin-  !»hc'ls  in  I.k  i,  til!;!;;  to  |m-«iv.  while  thosi,-  ot'  thv  ui>|itr  t>ncs 
gfiHrallv  |trcMi\c  ihiir  on^iiul  lirnmcss.'     1  >r,   ,<au'"''  oliMinnl  llus 
Name  |i(i  Mharits  in  ihr  heaps  hi:  f\aininc.-(l  at  K<.-\|iorl,  NJoiinumlh  Co., 
New   |i!-,iy.      lie  >..i\^  "that   <  on>ul>-ial>lo   time   was    ie<niireil  to  heap 
lip  tlu-sc  shells  is  f\  ideiit,  anil,  murcn^er,  iniliialed  hv  the  ihalkx,  po- 
rmis  a|ppeaiaiu  <•  ami  liaj^ilitv  nl  inaiiv  ol'  the  \aKis,  while  ihose  tliat 
were  I  a-i  awav  at  laiiT  peiimK  e\liiliil  these  sijins  of  ile<  a)  in  a  far 
less  decree."      I'lul.  W  yinaii  .iNo  imlis  the  fa<  t  of  "a  disinti\e,ratinn  of 
the  shores,  the  seas  iinderininin^  and  deslrojiiijj  the  deposits,"  aitd 
adds,  "ilure  I  an  he  no  doulit  Ih.il  these  (deposits)  wi'ie  on<  e  mm  h 
iiioie   I  AieiisiM-  til, III   iiow,  and   that  the  w.iltr  has  woiked  r. .  w.iy  ina? 
titeir  plai  is.      I.a'dv,  thesi-  di-poMi-,  i  nniain  llie  r<ni,iins  of  .ininials,  as 
of  the  1  Ik.  not  known  .ii  prrseiU  to  evist,  ti>  the  f.i^Ux.ird  ol   the  .\llr- 
j;hany  mount.iiii-. :    of  ihe  wild  turkey,  now  virln.illy  exliiH  I   m   Niw 
laij^laii'!  .   .uld  ol    llu-  >.;ri  i!  ank,  wilirh   •    ♦    •    •    has   rei  ed<d   .ilinost, 
if  not  i|iiiti-,  to  the  An  In    re  .'ions,"'''  and  <  oni  hides  tli.it  there  is  lis 
yet  "no  proof  of  ),'reat  .i^i',  or  hij^it  antiqinly." 

The  same  is  applii  .ilili'  to  l  u-  Ni\v  Jirsey  sin  II  hf.ips,  the  .i;;e  of 
wlinh  I  .111  only  lie  is!im. lied  h\' the  iiidii  .ilions  of  ihe  snlisiileiK  t;  of 
the  ,  nliri-  roastline,  now  i;>  pro^re;s. 

I'rof  ('..  II.  Cook''"  stiles  that  "there  is  an  aliiind.ime  of  eviili/me 
to  sl'..iw  ill. II  .1  slow  siibsideiK  e  of  all  tiie  land  aloiij^  the  liile  waters 
net  onK  .>f  New  Jersey,  hul  of  ilie  whole  eastern  ro.ist  of  the  I  nited 
Si.iUs,  li.is  lieen  /^oin^'  on  for  sever.il  hundred  yens  |).isl,  and  tluTC  is 
evidence  th.ii  it  is  still  in  full  progress.     This  moveiiu  nt  is  one  of  a 


•'Wyman.  /.  i   .  y-  S7ii 


'•'K.1M. 


.  !•• 


<*    riir  .ink  is  iKiw  Ulicvi  tl  lit  Ik  OIIIkU 
••"Couli,  /.  !•.,  p.  jln. 


.SHKI.1.-1II.AI'.S. 


449 


scries  wh»<"h  has  tMrvirrcd  (Ui  our  <  (>a-.t,  liy  wliit  h  tiu.-  lim-  of  walcrlcvcl 
h.-w  l>ecu  alternately  elevalrd  ami  tie|)ris-.iMi.  1  Ik-  exlciii  of  tlic  iiiove- 
nu'Hts  is  ipiite  Imiiled,  the  wimle  raiij^e  luiiij;  <  oin|iii-.i-il  wiiliin  twenty 
feet."  I'tuf.  Cook  was  ;!l)le  to  n;.'l,e  some  measurenients,  from  wliii  li 
lie  « Diicli'iied  the  rate  of  Mihsident  e  lo  lie  ■•.liiont  two  I'ei  t  ill  a  i  en- 
tiirv,  or  one  i|iiaiiir  of  a;i  ini  ii  m  a  \ear.  'I'lie  »\hole  amount  of  this 
snSsiiletu  e  w  Mot  known  ;  it  must,  at  least,  icjual  thi-wliole  lU'iiih  from 
hijih  water-mark  to  the  lowest  |Mjmts  at  wimli  siinn|>s  ami  roots  of 
trees  liave  Iveen  fonnd  in  tluir  jilai  es  of  j,'rowth.  This  Irom  tlf  evi- 
•  Ivnec,  •    •   •   •    is  seventeen  feel,  ami  it  may  l>e  more." 

This,  m  liriet',  v.onlil  in<li<ate  th.il  if  the  »hcllhea|is  now  resting,  as 
tiny  .ill  ilo,  n|ion  "last  (;ronn't,"  l>ul  siirroumKd  hy  mar-.!)  nu-.uiow, 
were  heijim  .it  the  i Dininem  emeiit  of  the  sulisiileiu  e,  then  at  the  r.ile 
of  two  feet  |n  r  <  enttiry,  the  ilejiression  l»einf{  about  twenty  feet,  they 
wonlil  date  h.K  k  otie  thons.ui«l  ye.irs.  If,  liowever,  we  i  onsuler  that 
there  h.ise  l>een  a  series  of  thise  movepient-,  and  that  the  elevation 
niav  not  lie  |ierfei  tly  rej;ul.ir  in  its  movement,  tlure  rs  no  re.ison  why 
they  should  not  he  mm  h  oldrr.  I'o^silily,  as  the  uiovtnieiit'.  them- 
selves ha\e  lieen  usi  illalury  there  ni.iy  h  im-  \h-\\  e.irlier  shell-heaps 
that  were  destroyed  by  a  preeedinj;  perDd  of  sulimer^em  e  ;  as  many 
«>f  lire  present  heaps  are  now  liemn  w.ishe<l  away  ]>y  the  eix  ro.u  h- 
imuts  of  the  sea. 

A  thousand  year>  is  not  tune  enon^l:  to  t.s|ilain  numy  l.i<  ts  <  ini- 
nei  ted  wnh  the  an  hicolony  of  tin-  ml  i  ul  diMru  is.  If  it  <ould  he 
showti  thai  there  were  no  shell  heaps  ot  greater  ajje,  then  it  would 
Jk!  nciessary  to  i  lass  them  amim;;  the  lat';r  i.-.u  es  of  the  lormer  oieii- 
paiil*  of  this  lontinent,  whit  h  no  one  would  willin„'ly  admit.  Heme 
it  is  evident  th.il  a  roiisider.ilile  an.ii|mty  must  he  assigned  to  iheiii  — 
an  aye  jjreaier  by  far  than  ten  <  (-nttiries. 

IHA  ook""'  mentions  that  "ihe  enorin'  u^  i>iie-«  of  i  l.nn  .iml  o\ster 
shell-,  will- h  were  .u  .  innulatrd  by  the   Imh.inN  are  all  in  the  marsh, 


'•h:u.iIi,  /,  I  .  i>.  /•«. 


I.   sijii>iii.i^p«K>fpipvaii 


450 


I'KIMIIIVK    INDfSTKV. 


.lilt!  cxtciiil  (liiwn  1(1  llic  li;irii  groiiiul."  It  i^  nl>\iinis  from  tlii-.,  Jhat 
this  "lianl  j;r<uiiu!"  wa^  in  tlu'  iiuincdiati- vie  iiiily  nl"  tin-  tn^nr  anil 
I  lan>  l>f(l>,  wlun  tin-  lu'li.uu  I'liNt  t.niin!  lure.  'IhiTf  is  aiisoliitcl)' no 
riMson  for  sMiiim^ing  thai  it  was  altiT  iIk-  nulisiilfix  v  hail  <  (innm'iu  imI, 
lliat  thf  sIrIIs  wert'  first  thrown  ilown  in  a  luMp.  it  is  i-\rn  |H)s>ililc 
that  at  that  tinu',  the  lantl  might  havi-  hci'ii  slowly  rising  to  a  hii^luT 
k'M-l,  ami  it  is  I  k'arly  as  prolialilo  tiiat  tiu'  Indian  was  wamlcring  alonj; 
the  coast  at  the  \it\' I'arhest  |<ia(  ti(  aMe  date,  as  that  lie  first  trod  these 
sandy  heat  lus  at  some  m  ry  ret  ent  period. 

F'lrthernuire,  some  of  the  freshwater  shell  heaps  have  now  an  act  u- 
nnilaiion  of  peat  and  nllinial  deposit  over  them,  that  is  itself  indica- 
tive of  a  tonsiderahlc  antii|ml).  ( )ne  of  these  has  heen  foiiiul  at  a 
depth  of  six  feet  l)el(tw  the  present  Mirfa<e,  restinj;  upon  the  tertiary 
y  avels  exposed  hy  the  shrinkin;^  of  the  old  ghuiai  river  to  its  present 
narrow  ( liannel-  This  refuse  lieap  is  of  an  identical  aj^je  with  the 
argilhte  fishspears  already  desi  rihed. 

Siieli  heaps  Imilt  iipoii  "fast  urninjd,"  and  now  (»<  eanward  of  our 
coastline,  have  kmj;  since  lieen  destroyed  by  the  steady  en<  roat  hmeiil 
of  the  sea,  and  so  our  study  of  the  antiijiiily  of  those  that  remain  in- 
la(  I,  'an  give  us  no  1  luc  to  the  e.iilii'st  ti(  lhe>e  accnmutalions.  Man 
therefori-  is  older  tl  .'n  tin   oldest  of  the  shell  heaps  that  remain. 

iMirthermore,  in  hasing  any  estimate  of  antiipnty  ujion  shell  heaps, 
it  must  he  liotne  in  miiul,  that  the  sa\';!>ie  nice  or  r.n  es,  when  they  first 
appeared  on  this  (  oast  sst:re  certainly  few  in  mimliers  and  widely  scat 
tered  ;  and  it  must  nei  essarily  have  heen  lonj,'  su!)se<|nenl  to  the  time 
of  their  arrival,  ".ii. It  tlx'ir  iuiml>crs  so  im  rea-.t-ii  .ind  tluir  hahitations 
were  so  t.ir  iierm.tnenl  .is  to  result  in  the  for'nation  of  these  enoniioiis 
heaps  of  shells. 

When  we  1  oiisiiler  the  millions  upon  millions  of  shell  fish  that  were 
gathered,  and  from  them  pass  to  our  river  valleys,  and  see  there  too, 
thonsamls  of  the  reli(  s  of  the  Indians  dotting  every  field,  and  further, 
trai  e  the  growth  of  the  Hint  <  hipping  .irt  from  the  relit  s  of  the  deeper 
to  those  of  the  s  iperfit  lal  soils,  is  it  unreasonable  to  ast.rihe  a  "  liigli 


.  FJ  *|^  'ip-i  ■ 


Sill  I  t    lUAI-S. 


45 » 


antiipiily"  to  llio  dusky  savai^e  whom  ilic  palc-farcd  intnulcr  iounil  iit 
iHjsscssiun  ol  llasc  Kinds ? 


(  IIAPTIK     XXXl. 


FLINT-CHirS. 


I'niuk  this  }{fnfr;il  ti-rm  may  l>c  lonsidereil  the  various  flakes,  spliiv 
tcrs,  ilii|is,  ( (iri's,  and  tliv  reluct:  nl"  those  rniiuTals  liiat  liavc  hi'cn 
nscil  in  llic  niamifa*  tiirc  of  sue  1»  i  liiiipi'il  imitkincnts,  as  kiiivfx, 
s(  rai^Ts.  s|>tMrlK'ails,  anrowiioiiits,  aixl  tlrills  or  perforators.  Wlun*'.  r 
aiiy<f  tJK'sc  or  allii'<l  tonus  of  fiiiishi-<l  iiii])ifi»cnts  n(  i  iir,  it  is  usual 
to  fiiul  I  hanc  V  spei  inii-ns  of  this  refuse  material,  ami,  when  tlitis  nut 
with,  tlu'V  have  miK  h  nicfrc  an  hrcolo^ical  sijjnifu  ante  than  is  f^eiurally 
siippohed.  ^\'hen,  liowever,  vast  •juantities  of  sni  li  <  lii|ipini;s  o(iiir. 
in  a  very  hiiiitcil  area,  they  in<ii<  ate,  withont  donlit,  that  the  various 
lornis  of  weapons  mill  inipleinents  were  tliere  made  in  "piantities  ;  and, 
donl)tlessiy  hy  a  systeni  of  trade"*"  among  .idjoininj;  tril)es,  they  were 
in  time  ilisperscil  over  A  lar^e  extent  of  « oiintry. 

Sni  l>  arcimmlations  of  this  refuse  material  are  met  with  under  two 
(|iiite  different  ( innmstam  es  ;  as  where  a  suitable  exposure  of  livrn^; 
ro<  k  o< curs  tit. it  is  adaptc-il  to  the  maiuifac  tnre  of  the  various  forms  of 
inn)lemen»- ,  ,»iii(  h  are,  in  sue  h  ( as«'s,  nc<  essarily  of  the  same  mineral, 
ami  ]iresent,  curiously  enou^^h,  a  very  uniiorm  appe  ranee  it>  the  pat- 
tern adopted,  althou);h  the  mineral  is  readily  <  hippe<l  into  other  and 
more  delicate  forms,  as  shown  hy  l-roken  sperimens  in  tiie  retuse 
heaps  where  a  howlder  nf  this  s;ime  r.iek  has  heen  Mlili/e<l  ;  ami  again. 
we  have  sui  h  a<  i  nmulations.  where  seleeted  minerals,  in  small  mass*  >, 
have  hecn  hroii^ht  tof^ethcr,  ,ind  from  this  little  storehouse  of  i  rmie 
materials  the  various  fonus  of  nnplements  and  wcipons  li.ive  Seen 
formed. 


■**ll>u.     Smiih.  Ann.  Hapi.,  fnr  1II7),  |>.  j^t,  ami  il;;,  p,  aft, 


(Mtt) 


454 


PklMIIIVK    INlilNTRV. 


In  till-  ii|t|nT  s.illiv  lit  tin-  I  )flaw.irf  rixor,  wlurc  tin-  rorks  frc- 
(|tK-n(ly  nHonl  sii<  h  slu-lur  nl  wlui  h  tlic  Itxli.in  was  fjlail  (o  avail  liiiii- 
si'lf  ami  \vl)i(  l>  arc,  at  \hv  same  tiim-,  MiilaliU-  for  inakiii}{  many  of 
the  tonus  of  itn|)lcini-iits  whit  It  his  in^iniiit)  li.itl  at  that  tiiiiL-  ilcvisid, 
thisc  tr.K  i-s  of  an  i-arly  o<  <  iipaiK  y  of  ihi*  i  oiinlry  liy  savage  man, 
sliowii  liy  tl»f  a(  t  inniilations  of  (lakes  ai'd  sphntcrs, —  thfw  "o|H'n-air 
workshops,"  as  ihry  ha\i'  liiiii  i  alKil.  aif  fn-cnicntly  n.cl  with.  I  ho 
aliimd.im  I'  of  small  tiakcs  or  <  hi|>s,  ami  of  hrokcn  ami  nnfmisiu-il 
spcrimciiH,  at  oiu  c  iii<lii  ates  the  <  harai  ti-r  of  the  loialily.  In  six  h  .'s 
have  luTU  <  arc'fiilly  fvamincd,  tlu're  has  Iktii  a  markiil  alisein  e  of 
the  small  pi-lil>k-s  and  mdi-nti-<l  oval  stone:*  that  are  supposed  to  ha\e 
lieeii  used  in  flaking  the  i  hert,  jasper,  and  ipiart/,  whiih  wire  so 
largi'ly  selertfd  for  llii-  mamitai  ture  of  stone  implements.  Whether 
they  h:>'l  lieen  removed  .md  tlie  pl.i< cs  ahaiidoneil  uiiile  the  Indians 
wen*  Ktill  in  possession  of  the  <  ountry  or  itol,  eaimat  now  he  deter- 
mined ;  liul  in  all  the  workshop  sites  th.it  were  visited  where  the  liv- 
ing roi  k  was  utili<red,  there  was  in  e\ery  iiist.iiK  e  an  absence  of  seve- 
ral features  that  rharat  terizc  the  sjune  sites  when  found  in  more  south- 
ern i'li.ihlies,  -re  there  is  no  living;  roik.and  all  the  material  and  the 
tool>  tlu'iusel\(  .,  when  of  stone,  were  tLin-jiorieil  iVoni  more  or  less 
(list, lilt  p<imts.  I  he  former  have  always  seemed  to  in)|>ly  that  the 
lot  ,ilitv,  liein^  aiiessilile  to  ail,  the  liuli.ms  <  ame  ,iiid  went  as  their 
ueiih  sii;.;j;esieil,  and  fashioneil  for  lhemseheswh.it  implements  they 
iK All!  d,  ,ind  in  this  rase  they  naturally  took  away  with  them  the  tools 
they  Hied.  This  woulil  aeior.nl  l<ii  a  m. irked  aiiMiu  e  nt  e\en  the 
simple  li.unmer  stones,  (in  the  other  h.nid,  wheie  .ill  the  m.iterial  is 
foreign  to  the  s|M»t,  it  was  prolulily  the  property  of  one  or  a  few  indi- 
vidii.il.  ;  atid  if  left  at  any  time,  .ill  i  iinne<  ti'd  with  it  would  lie  left 
heinnd,  unless  it  were  the  fiiushed  implements. 

.•\l  lirsl  sij{hl  it  mij-ht  he  ihouKht  th.it  where  a  roek  ///  u/ii  eould  he 
utilized,  portions  of  it  i  onld  he  selei  tid,  sm  h  as  would  he  av.iilahle 
for  the  de>.ireil  forms  of  implements,  ,ind  heni  e  th.it  <  ompar.ilixely 
few  failures  would  oi  i  ur.  In  other  wonN.  th.il  llie  delaehed  mass 
would  lie  in  Mi<  h  shape  .iiid  so  t.ir  free  iVoni  wcitlnred  surf.u  es,  that 


M.iMi  mi's. 


4SS 


any  <U'ff<  l  in  its  i onsiiiiitiim,  ;h  the  prescme  of  a  fttrcinn  iiiiiur.il, 
c'oiilil  1)0  iIlIim  ti-(l,  Hill  no  trial  <  lii|i|iiiit{  nriil  lie  niade,  to  tlcter- 
niine  its  availability.  No  siuli  ilisi  riiiiin.ilinn,  Imwrver,  was  evert  iseil 
liy  the  inilians  ;  ami  in  a  ro<  k  >lulier,  near  lUhiilere,  Niw  Jersey, 
where  arrowpoints  wire  un<  e  made  in  vast  nuinhers,  there  was  an  ini- 
ntense  a<(  tiimilatiun  nt'  iW\\i-,  iliai  liad  ivery  appearam  e  "l  Iteing 
Hiniply  failnrcH,  liemn.  lor  the  nio'.t  part,  1>Iim  kid  (nii  spearheads,  whieli 
hail  licen  liroken  into  halves,  or  otherwise  so  Irai  tund.  as  to  reiiiler 
them  useless.  In  all  s'n  h  eases  there  were  to  lie  tiai  ed  sm  h  v.iriations 
from  the  i  h.irai  leriilir  i  oniiitntiim  ol  the  iniiier.il  .is  e\pl. lined  the 
cause  iif  the  Liiliire  to  prodm  e  a  finished  iinplenient  on  the  part  of 
the  nneienl  worker. 

While,  therefore,  one  <  .innot  1ml  ailmirc  the  beauty  of  workmanship, 
and  marked  display  of  taste,  as  shown  in  the  finish  and  desif;ii  of  the 
thoiis.inds  of  arrowpoints  that  have  heen  (i.illiereil  frnui  mir  f'elds,  it 
nuist  lie  admilted  tli.it,  noiwithsi.indmj;  a!!  their  sl;ill,  the  .n.ikers  v\- 
|HTifiiecd  mill  h  unneeess,iry  trouble  lioin  their  inability  tr  jud(,'e  of  the 
«|iialilics  of  .1  j;i\en  m.iss  of  miner. li,  pru.r  to  Apeiuliiij;  ( 'iMsiderabic 
lalKtr  upon  it.  It  w.in  to  this,  rathei  ih.m  in  want  ol  <kiil,  wiun  f^ood 
tnateri.il  was  used,  th.it  we  must  .iltribute  tlie  i|ii.uit:iies  of  "failures," 
as  they  hive  been  well  railed,  whit  h  i  liar.u  leri/r  many  .i  former  site 
(if  an  .irrowm.iker's  l.ibors. 

It  is  desir.il'le  now,  to  refer  in  ileiail  to  an  ai  <  umul.itii/u  of  i  hips, 
cores,  h.iuuners,  ami  oihir  in.itcii.tl,  luuiid  ui  .i  hiiiilid  sp.n  e,  .iml 
whii  h  indicated  very  clearly  th.il  .ii  tit. it  sjMit  s,<u\v  one  or  more  red- 
men  had,  for  a  loni,'  time,  been  ai  ciistonuil  to  mam.la<  lure  .ill  liie 
forms  of  weapons  and  domesiic  implements  collectively  kiiov  ,i  ii.s 
chif'f'iil  iiiiplements  ;  lor  it  is  a  ciirions  fu  t,  that,  so  f.ir  as  it  w.is  prai  - 
licable  to  ilfiermine,  ii'-t  .i  tr.ii  e  of  .i  poiisiu-d  iinplement  or  polishing 
tool  li.iN  iiii'ii  iiiii  with  ill  ihiM'  opi'i  .lir  \\orkship|is. 

In  ll.iiniiioii  towiisliip,  Mriicr  (  o.,  New  jtrMV.  tiie  .iiithor  iliscov- 
tred,  during  the  summer  of  iSy.S,  ,i  Lir^e  series  of  splinters  and  irreg- 
ular chips  of  jasper,  min|;leil  with  the  soil  of  a  newly. drained  swamp. 
Immediately  over  these  fragments  l.irge  trees  had  grown,  lloiirished  to 


45^' 


rKIMITIVK  INDL'.STKV. 


maturity,  and  ilicd  of  old  a^'c.  jod^in^  from  the  diptli  at  \v1)i(  li  some 
of  till'  jispfr  rliips  were  buriid,  ii  was  evident  that  tlie>e  trees  liud 
eilhtr  luiii  mere  sapliiij^s,  or  had  not  yrt  sjirontrd,  when  the  arrow- 
maker  lure  pursued  his  <  alhu^.  Attention  having  l>een  ( ailed  to  the 
split  ly  the  siirfai  e  indiiations,  the  |;round  over  an  area  uf  several 
Hijuare  yards  was  examined  and  a  lar){e  <|uantity  of  interesting  material 
gathered  wliich  has  sin<  c  lii(i\  pKw  ed  in  the  (amliridge  Museinn.  it 
« onsists,  first,  of  nusses  of  jasper  an<l  alli»-d  niineralN,  j;aihered  from 
the  >.'ra\el  lieds  tliat  form  the  eastern  hank  of  the  I  >elaware  river,  at  a 
point  some  twi^  miles  distant,  as  the  (row  llies.  Semiidly,  of  i ores, 
or  tlu'  renmanis  of  the  sele(  ted  masses  above  mentioned,  whii  h  were 
ton  small  or  tno  irre^^ular  in  shape  to  lie  fiirlhtT  available.  Thirdly,  of 
larj;e  (lake^,  wlmli  lunin  similar  to  tllu^e  that  often  o<  <  iir  associated 
with  relii  s  in  our  fields,  may  or  may  not  have  heen  « onsidered  and 
iiM'd  as  llnislicd  implements.  'rinNe  flakes,  however,  show  little  sin  - 
oral.iry  <  hippinj^,  and  were  inleruunnled  with  i  hips,  spliiUers,  and  other 
refiise  materiiil.  .\  iiotieeahle  featuri'  of  tluse  (lint  like  masses  and 
rhips  is  the  wonderful  ran).;e  of  i  olor  they  e.xhihil  ;  not  only  are  there 
different  sIi.hKs  of  nd,  ]iurpU-,  lilue,  (^rein,  lirowii,  ami  yrllow,  hut 
many  are  mo>t  lieautifiilly  varieyated.  While  there  seems  mut  h  evi- 
deni  e  to  show  that  atlrac  tive  i oloration  was  prized  hy  the  ahorij^ines, 
it  is  found  that  the  implements  m.ide  from  su<  h  materi.il  were  either 
retained  by  them  on  reliiuiuishin^j  this  territory  to  the  white  settlers,  or 
the  niiiuTal  thus  brij^htly  i  oloird  is  more  easily  fra<  lurtd,  when  used 
as  \M'a|ion'».  Of  the  thuusauds  of  .irrowpoints  alreaily  gathered,  th  )se 
still  pirfei  t,  of  p.ile  green,  bnu'lii  yellow,  blue,  and  the  lij^hter  shade.s 
of  n:i\,  are  <|uite  rare  ;  ytt  Hakes  and  broken  implements  of  these 
<(ilnrs  .ire  represented,  not  oiil)'  in  the  fields,  but  in  the  workslioi) 
a<  (  umulations,  as  already  mentioned.  Tourthly,  of  bloi  ked-out  and 
subic(|uently  flisc  ardi-d  sfM.'ciinens, —  the  f.ulure  to  (inish  them  being 
evidently  caused  by  a  Haw  in  the  n  ineral  not  ilelei  ted  at  the  outset. 
I'"ifthly,  of  spet  imiiis  that  were  nearly  finishid  but  irrejtarably  injured 
by  some  unliii  ky  Unishing  toudt.  These  are  o'.'ten  arrnwhi-ads,  with 
the  ])oints  broken  off,  or  suth  as  have  a  barb  or  a  basal  <  orner  de- 


M.IVr-CHIW, 


4S7 


tarhcd.  A  very  ronsidfraljli-  niiinlicr  (»f  ihcHC  are  rcrtainly  (|iiitc 
as  useful  as  weapons,  as  pirlci  t  spt rinu-ns,  and  why  disc  irdcd,  as 
they  were,  (or  some  very  trilling  itcUc  t.  is  ditVu  nil  to  uiidiTsland. 
Arc  wc  to  <omliidc,  that  llie  nadiness  with  whij  h  adepts  niantiruc- 
tnrcd  iIk-sc  «hipp«?d  implements  was  far  greater  than  has  lieen  sup- 
jMiseil.  and,  llierefon-.  tli.il  lluse  olijerts  were  really  sold  .it  a  very 
cheap  rate,  and  that  the  Imlian  pun  haser  (duIiI  afford  to  l«e  very 
]iarli<nlar?  Sixthly,  of  <  hips  an<l  splinters  of  every  si/e  and  shape, 
being  the  ordinary  refuse  that  would  ruces^arily  amimulaie  in  the 
tuurse  of  (hipping  jasper  into  arrow  and  spearpoints.  Seventhly,  of  a 
scries  of  oval,  of  nearly  scpiare,  and  of  sonic  irregularly  shaped  pehMcs 
of  sandstone,  j;Ls|)er,  hornsKjne.  ami  porjihyry,  mostly  with  shallow 
dc|)rcssions,  one  on  each  side,  and  with  the  cn<ls,  if  oval,  and  the 
angles,  if  scpiare  or  of  irregular  outline,  so  battered  as  to  show  that 
they  had  been  used  in  striking  niiiural  as  dense  or  more  resisting  than 
that  of  which  they  consist.  Considering  the  c  ircumstam  es  under 
which  they  were  found,  their  shape,  and  the  evidence  of  li.inl  usage 
whith  they  exhibit,  it  is  very  evident  that  they  are  rude  im|>k'ments 
used,  at  least  in  i>art,  in  the  m.inufai:ture  of  arrowpoints  and  other 
fcjrms  of  chipi»ed  impliineiits.  'I'he  use  of  sue  h  hammerstones  was 
doubtlessly  i|uite  limited,  and  other  less  uncertain  means  were  taken 
to  imxluce  the  delii  ate  fimsh  of  the  smaller  implements  and  weapons. 
Although  the  si/.e  of  these  hammerstcmes  varies  greatly,  it  is  dilticiilt 
to  sec  how  minute  It.ikes  could  be  det  ic  lud  by  their  aid.  I'roiiably 
bone    implements,  that    h.ive  since   decayed,  were  used  as   Imishing 

tools. 

This  simple  fonn  of  hammer,  it  is  well  here  to  observe,  is  very  eom- 
mon  wherever  the  ordinary  jiatterns  of  relies  are  met  widi,  and  in  every 
series  gathered  by  c ollec  tors  in  various  jiarls  of  the  state  {  Nc'w  Jersey) 
there  are  s-veral  eNamjiles,  varying  considerably  in  si/e  and  shape. 
It  ( an  seareely  be  held  that  they  had  any  use  as  a  weajion,  while  as 
hammers  they  would  be  useful  in  many  ways. 

I'.ighthly,  of  a  few  llai  sl.ibs  c)f  stone  of  small  si/e,  with  an  occasicmal 
trace  of  hammering  on  either  side.     These  were  possibly  used  as  lap- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

ScieL  jes 

Corpoiation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STRBET 

WEBSTcR.N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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4?8 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


Stones  in  part,  and  may  have  been  used,  also,  in  connection  with  bone 
implements,  or  flakers,  as  a  breastplate,  whereon  rested  the  base  of 
the  bone  flaking  tool,  when,  by  pressure,  series  of  small  flakes  were 
detached.     This,  however,  is  altogether  conjectural. 

In  all  this  large  mass  of  material  consisting  of  about  one  thousand 
pieces,  there  were  no  traces  of  charcoal,  nor  any  indication  whatever 
of  fire ;  no  pottery,  nor  any  whole  or  fragmentary  weapon,  nor  do- 
mestic implement  of  any  description  other  than  those  mentioned. 

The  apparent  absence  of  fire  from  this  unquestionable  workshop 
site  deserves  a  few  words  of  comment,  as  many  suggestions  naturally 
arise.  It  may,  indeed,  be  thought  that  the  absence  of  charcoal  is 
mere  negative  evidence,  and  does  not  show  that  fire  was  not  used  at 
this  spot ;  but  when  we  consider  that  fire  here  would  always  be  at  or 
very  near  the  same  place,  whenever  kindled,  and  would  be  kept  con- 
tinually burning  during  winter,  it  is  evident  that  some  trace  of  it 
would  remain  in  or  on  soil  not  subsequently  disturbed,  as  was  the 
case  in  this  instance.  Very  frequently  in  examinations  of  different 
known  localities  where  stone  implements  abound,  there  have  been 
found  traces  of  fire  that  were  clearly  evidences  of  the  occupation  of 
the  locality  before  the  first  visit  of  the  white  settlers.  Assuming, 
then,  that  the  absence  of  all  indication  of  fire  is  evidence  that  one  had 
never  been  kindled  there  by  the  Indians,  the  Hict  seems  to  imply  that 
the  spot  was  not  occupied  in  winter,  a  season  when  we  should  naturally 
suppose  the  Indians  would  be  far  busier  in  this  industry  than  at  any 
other  time.  The  supposed  absence  of  fire  also  indicates  that  the 
flint,  prior  to  use,  was  not  heated,  as  has  been  stated  was  often  done. 
What  the  effects  of  moderate  exposure  to  heat  are,  so  far  as  facili- 
tating the  fracture  of  jasper  and  allied  mineral,  is  questionable  ;  but 
the  author's  experience  in  arrow-making  leads  him  to  conclude  that 
the  varieties  of  jasper  and  quartz  represented  in  these  several  series 
are  quite  readily  fractured,  by  either  percussion,  or  pressure  ;  and  the 
art  of  arrowpoint  making  consists  wholly  in  the  acquired  skill  in  gov- 
erning the  size  and  direction  of  the  flakes  detached,  after  the  imple- 
ment has  acquired,  in  general  outline,  the  desired  shape  and  size. 


FLINT-CHIPS. 


459 


On  the  other  hand,  while  a  site,  sucli  as  this,  was  apparently  only 
occupied  in  pleasant  weather,  it  is  noticeable  that  all  such  sites,  so 
far  as  discovered,  lie  in  close  proximity  to  a  spring  or  rivulet  of  good 
water. 

The  entire  amount  of  refuse  material,  and  number  of  tools  found 
on  this  workshop  site,  do  not  throw  any  light  upon  the  length  of  time 
this  spot  was  occupied;  but,  as  it  is  not  demonstrable  how  many 
chips  were  necessarily  stricken  off  in  making  an  arrowhead,  and  as  the 
earth  was  here  thickly  strewn  with  thousands  of  very  small  flakes,  looking 
very  much  like  coarsely  crumbled  shells  and  as  much  of  this  refuse,  as 
well  as  some  of  the  larger  pieces,  was  quite  deep  in  the  soil,  it  seems 
evident  that  the  spot  was  occupied  lor  a  long  time.  The  coarse 
refuse  may  indeed  at  times  have  been  gathered  up  and  removed, 
but  even  supposing  that  this  was  never  done,  the  thickly  and  deeply 
bestrewn  condition  of  the  soil  with  very  minute  chips  indicates  a 
prolonged  occupation  of  this  particular  site.  We  find  just  such  frag- 
ments about  the  known  sites  of  Indian  settlements,  and  flint  chips 
are  recorded  among  the  contents  of  graves. '3' 

Considering  all  the  circumstances,  the  story  that  this  accumulation 
tells  is  this  :  here,  shaded  by  dense  woods,  on  a  slightly  elevated  knoll, 
in  the  midst  of  a  meadow-like  expanse  of  low-lying  ground,  through 
which  trickled  a  sparkling  spring  brook,  had  tarried,  at  times,  for  years, 
an  arrowmaker,  shaping  with  marvellous  skill  those  varied  patterns 
of  spearpoints  and  delicate  drills,  which  are  still  gathered  from  the 
adjoining  fields.  Unlike  localities  of  many  acres  in  extent,  where  the 
traces  of  former  occupation  are  scattered  throughout  the  whole  area, 
and  indicate  that  manufacturing  had  once  been  in  prc.gress  simply  by 
the  abundance  of  chips,  we  have  in  this  workshop  site  the  evidences 
of  tlie  toil  of,  probably,  a  single  skilled  workman,  who,  in  the  quiet  ot 
his  forest  retreat,  spent  the  greater  portion  of  a  long  and  useful  life. 

There  is  one  feature  of  this  interesting  find  to  which  it  is  de- 
sirable to  call  particular  attention,  inasmuch  as  it  probably  has  an 


»>  Eleventh  Annual  Report  of  Pcabody  Museum  of  American  Arch,  and  Eth.,  p.  3'3. 


46o 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


important  bearing  on  the  age  of  the  supposed  pre-Indian  arrow  and 
spearpoints,  to  which  allusion  has  been  made  elsewhere.'^*  This  is  the 
entire  absence  of  argillite,  or  that  material  of  which  nearly  the  entire 
series  of  palaeolithic  implements  Irom  the  gravel-beds  are  made.  There 
have  been  several  descriptions  already  published  of  the  character  of 
workmanship  and  position  of  a  determining  majority  of  the  rude 
argillite  arrowheads  met  with  near  the  surface,  and  if  they  are,  as  a 
class,  to  be  considered  as  having  the  same  origin  as  that  of  the  more 
elaborately  formed  specimens  of  jasper,  chalcedony  and  quartz,  then 
it  would  be  natural  to  expect  to  find  in  the  refuse  of  an  open-air 
workshop,  such  as  this,  an  abundance  of  flakes,  splinters  and  cores 
of  that  mineral.  Such  traces,  however,  do  not  occur;  nor,  as  yet, 
have  otherwise  similar  sites  been  discovered  where  that  mineral  only 
was  used.  It  can  scarcely  be  held  that,  as  argillite  occurs  in  the 
valley  of  the  Delaware  as  a  living  rock,  there  only  should  we  ex- 
pect to  find  traces  of  the  localities  where  the  mineral  was  worked 
up  into  arrowheads.  It  occurs  also  in  the  drift  in  the  lower  portions 
of  the  same  valley,  and  is  as  readily  obtained  as  the  pebbles  of  quartz 
and  jasper,  with  which  it  is  associated.  Flakes  of  argillite  do  occur 
quite  frequently  in  the  fields,  just  where  we  find  the  finished  relics  of 
the  same  material,  and  also  some  rude  examples  of  what  may  be 
blocked-out  or  unfinished  implements ;  but  why  may  not  these  have 
been  lying  on  the  surface  and  in  the  soil  before  the  advent  of  the 
Indians  ? 

While  the  two  classer,,  or  those  stone  implements  made  of  argillite 
and  those  of  quartz,  occur  on  the  surface  intimately  associated,  and 
it  is  obviously  impracticable  to  dissociate  them  with  anything  like 
scientific  accuracy,  yet  there  is  evidence  that  these  argillite  implements 
were  frequently  worked  over  by  the  Indians.  However  this  may  be, 
there  is  no  reason  why  the  rudely  fashioned  and  weathered  argillite 
implements  may  not  be  far  older  than  those  made  of  other  material ; 


"•  Elevenlh  Annual  Report  of  Peabody  Museum,  p.  954,  1878.     See  also  Chapter  XIX,  p.  i-n, 
of  this  work. 


FLINT-CHIPS. 


461 


and,  when  a  considerable  extent  of  the  territory  is  carefully  examined, 
it  becomes  evident,  as  elsewhere  shown, •'•'^  that  such  implements, 
whether  of  pre-Indian  or  Indian  origin,  antedate  the  jasper  and 
quartz  specimens  with  which  they  are  now  associated.  Unques- 
tionably, the  occasional  occurrence  of  argillite  implements  of  ex- 
ceeding delicacy  of  form,  accuracy  of  outline,  and  comparative 
freshness  of  surface,  has  an  important  bearing  upon  the  question  of 
the  date  of  the  general  use  of  this  rineral, —  for  such  specimens 
of  savage  handiwork  are  probably  the  productions  of  the  Indians; 
but  wiien  we  remember  that  there  have  been  no  arrowpoints  made  in 
New  Jersey  for  at  leapt  two  centuries,  and  that  argillite  chippetl  some 
time  prior  to  that  has  undergone  no  appreciable  alteration,  we  surely 
have  something  of  a  guide  as  to  the  rate  of  weathering  of  those  other 
forms  that  are  so  deeply  altered  over  their  entire  surfaces.'"*  No  jas- 
per specimens  have  been  found  showing  great  alteration  of  the  surface. 
They  are  as  fresh  as  though  chipped  but  yesterday,  and  is  it  not  prob- 
able, that,  although  argillite  will  be  affected  by  exposure  sooner  than 
jasper,  if  the  two  minerals  were  in  common  use  from  the  date  of  the 
arrival  of  the  Indians,  there  would  be  some  difference  detected  in  the 
surfaces  of  jasper  arrowheads  when  thousands  are  examined  and 
compared  ? 

Until  we  meet  with  the  chips  and  other  refuse  of  argillite  associated 
with  those  of  jasper  and  (luartz,  or  discover  a  workshop  site  where  it 
was  solely  used,  is  it  not  safe  to  conclude  that,  from  tlie  great  degree 
of  weathering  which  the  vast  majority  of  the  implements  made  from 
it  have  undergone,  sucii  specimens  are  of  an  earlier  origin  than  those 
of  jasper  and  (juartz  ;  the  exceptions  being  referable,  first,  to  the  fact 
that  outcroppings  of  this  rock,  where  found  in  place,  were  sometimes 


*•* Nature,  vol.  xi,  p.  215,  Jan.  r4,  1875,  London;  and  American  Naturalist,  vol.  x,  June.  1876, 

p.  3»9- 

*•*  Arrowheads  of  slate  and  shale  are  quite  commonly  met  with,  throughout  the  entire  area  of 
the  state.  These,  very  generally,  have  "weathered"  to  a  greater  extent  than  those  of  argillite, 
and  having  much  the  same  appearance  of  the  surface,  are  readily  mistaken,  for  such  .as  are  made 
of  the  latter  material.  Arrowheads  of  argillite  are  not  abundant  —  in  many  localities  are  very 
Kldom  found. 


462 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


Utilized,  though  not  to  a  great  extent,  and  also  to  re-chipping  by  the 
Indians,  of  weapons,  that  to  them,  when  they  were  gathered,  were 
veritable  relics  of  a  by-gone  time.  Finally,  as  the  palaeolithic  imple- 
ments proper,  as  found  deeply  embedded  in  the  drift  deposits  are,  as 
a  class,  argillite,  it  is  rational  to  ascribe  the  origin  of  ihese  rude 
weapons  of  the  same  mat  rial  to  the  descendants  of  the  same  people 
who  fashioned  them  ;  and  their  absence  from  the  open-air  workshops 
seems  confirmator\  of  this  supposed  earlier  origin  of  these  ruder,  and 
much  weathered  implements,  in  which  we  have  a  trace  of  an  industry, 
once  world-wide,  on  the  part  of  a  people  ruder  even  than  the  Indians, 
whose  productions  as  a  class  are  as  primitive  and  uniform  as  those  of 
the  later  race  are,  in  comparison,  elaborate  and  varied. 

The  relationship  which  the  argillite  implements  bear  to  those  made 
of  jasper  and  quartz  is  probably  still  further  demonstrated  by  their 
abundance  in  those  places  where  the  two  are  found  commingled ;  for 
it  is  in  the  places  which  are  believed  to  have  been  occupied,  first  by 
the  users  of  argillite,  and  subsequently  by  the  Indians,  that  we  can 
gather  those  facts  which  give  us  some  insight  into  the  relative  antiquity 
of  these  different  peoples.  There  are  no  known  localities  where 
argillite  has  been  made  use  of  exclusively,  and,  if  there  were,  it  would 
be  difficult  to  determine  whether  the  implements  occurring  under  such 
circumstances  were  of  Indian  origin  or  earlier.  On  the  other  hand, 
as  these  implements  are  scattered  promiscuously  over  the  country, 
never  occurring  in  such  workshop  sites  as  have  been  described,  and 
are  found  in  virgin  soil  at  an  average  depth,  greater  than  that  at  which 
jasper  and  quartz  generally  occur,  there  is  in  these  facts  alone,  a  strong 
indication  of  their  greater  antiquity.  Where  thoroughly  commingled, 
as  has  been  the  case  with  the  great  majority  of  surface  "finds"  of 
relics  of  pre-European  races  in  North  America,  the  question  of  the 
abundance  of  the  implements  of  the  one  mineral,  as  compared  with 
those  of  the  other  kinds,  becomes  all-important. 

As  an  indication  of  what  is  supposed  to  be  true  of  the  Atlantic 
coast  of  North  America,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  of  a  series  of 
twenty  thousand  objects  gathered  by  the  author  in  Mercer  Co.,  New 


FLINT-CHIPS. 


463 


Jersey,  forty-four  hundred  were  of  argillite,  and  of  such  rude  forms 
and  in  such  limited  varieties,  as  would  be  expected  of  the  productions 
of  a  less  cultured  people  than  the  Indian  of  the  Stone  Age.  Of  this 
series  of  forty-four  hundred,  two  hundred  and  thirty-tiiree  are  well 
designed  drills  or  perforators  and  scrapers ;  the  others  being  spear- 
points,  fi!;;iing-spears,  arrowheads  and  knife-like  implements — not  so 
great  a  variety  of  patterns  as  are  now  made  by  the  Eskimo,  nor 
of  such  excellent  workmanship.  Although  it  is  true  of  these  imple- 
ments that  they  are  of  more  primitive  forms  and  therefore  i^robably  older 
than  the  objects  made  of  quartz  and  jasper,  the  argument  does  not  rest 
so  nmch  upon  this  greater  simplicity,  as  upon  their  decomposed  con- 
dition, their  occurrence  at  greater  depths  in  the  undisturbed  soil,  the 
greater  adaptability  of  the  spears  for  fishing  purposes,  and  the  absence 
of  all  indications  in  the  deeper  soils,  of  the  utilization  of  the  minerals 
habitually  used  by  the  later  Indians. 

For  these  reasons,  it  is  claimed  that  we  find  sufficient  evidence,  in 
them,  of  a  pre-Indian  people — believed  to  be  the  Eskimo — who, 
it  is  further  claimed,  are  the  direct  descendants  of  that  still  older 
race,  the  fabricators  of  the  palaeolithic  implements  of  the  river  drift. 

A  second  find  of  this  character  also  deserves  a  detailed  notice,  al- 
though it  has  already  been  referred  to  by  Professor  Wyman.  At  the 
time  of  its  discovery,  the  importance  of  carefully  noting  everything 
connected  with  it  was  not  recognized.  Professor  Wyman  '"'•  was  fur- 
nished with  a  few  brief  notes  with  reference  to  the  specimens  gathered 
and  forwarded  to  him.  This  "open-air  workshop"  was  discovered 
near  Trv.»  jn,  N.  J.,  in  1872,  and  is  less  than  a  mile  distant  from  the 
one  previously  described.  It  is  situated  on  the  brow  of  a  hill,  or 
rather  of  a  plateau  margin,  where  it  is  broken  by  a  ravine  through 
which  flows  a  considerable  brook.  Originally  surrounded  on  two  sides 
by  a  dense  forest,  here  always  has  been  an  open  spot,  with  an  exten- 
sive southern  outlook  over  a  broad  expanse  of  meadow  extending 
from  the  foot  of  the  uplands  to  the  river.     When  discovered,  there 


""Fifth  Annual  Report  Peabody  Museum,  p.  27. 


464 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


was  simply  a  shallow  depression  to  be  seen,  nearly  circular  in  outline 
and  about  ten  feet  in  diameter.  On  removing  a  thin  layer  of  vege- 
table mould,  through  which  projected  a  few  irregular  masses  of  yellow 
jasper,  there  were  found  a  large  quantity  of  thin  flakes,  chips,  and  a 
number  of  broken  arrowpoints,  especially  of  the  triangular  pattern. 
Of  the  latter  the  proportion  was  much  larger  than  in  the  preceding 
instance,  and  this  fact  may  indicate  that  the  workman  who  had  oper- 
ated here  was  either  less  skilful,  or  that  this  pattern  is  more  liable  to 
breakage,  which  seems  improbable.  The  accumulation  of  refuse,  in 
this  instance,  was  on  a  level  floor  of  compact  clay-earth,  about  which 
1  could  not  discover  a  trace  of  fire.  Separated  from  this  refuse,  by  a 
layer  of  earth  nearly  a  foot  in  depth,  there  occurred  a  somewhat 
similar  deposit,  except  that  cores  and  large  chips  only  were  found, 
with  no  trace  of  either  hammer-stones,  or  broken  or  unfinished  imple- 
ments. There  was  also  but  little  variety  of  mineral,  the  deposit  con- 
sisting exclusively  of  dark,  yellow-brown  jasper.  My  impression  is 
that  there  was  no  connection  between  the  two  finds,  but  that  the 
deeper  one  was  just  so  much  older  as  it  requires  years  for  some  eleven 
inches  of  soil  to  accumulate  in  a  forest,  where  the  growth  of  vegetable 
mould,  from  the  decay  of  the  annual  fall  of  foliage,  is  steadily  in 
progress. 

A  third  deposit  of  flint  chips  consists  of  a  series  of  some  fifty  spec- 
imens of  brown  jasper  of  quite  a  uniform  size  (P.  M.  14,706),  but 
which  in  the  character  of  the  fracture  differs  materially  from  both 
cores  and  flakes.  They  are  too  irregular  and  small  for  the  former, 
and  exhibit  no  regularity  in  the  flaking.  Still,  when  we  consider  that 
they  were  found  closely  packed  together,  and  buried  nearly  a  foot 
deep  in  a  meadow,  which  was  originally  swampy  ground,  it  is  evident 
that  they  were  designedly  buried,  but  for  what  purpose  it  is  difficult 
even  to  conjecture. 

It  may  be  well  here  to  state  that  the  three  deposits  just  described 
are  all  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  extensive  deposit  of  finished 
implements  to  which  reference  has  been  made  in  other  publications.'i'S 


>»•  Annual  Report  of  Smithsonian  Institution  for  1875,  p.  272. 


FLINT-CHIPS. 


465 


These  were  all  of  the  same  material,  and  identical  with  the  jasper 
fragments  here  mentioned.  If  the  former  were  made  at  the  spot  or 
near  where  they  were  found  buried,  this  later  find  of  fragments  may 
indeed  be  a  portion  of  tlie  refuse  accumulated  in  their  manufacture  ; 
having  been  selected  for  converting  into  small  arrowpoints,  and  after- 
wards forgotten. 

An  interesting  feature  connected  with  these  accumulations  of  refuse 
is,  that  while  th'  minerals  there  found  are  the  same  as  tiiat  of  wiiich 
the  great  bulk  of  arrowheads  and  other  implemertts  are  made,  there 
will  occasionally  be  met  with  a  specimen  of  an  arrowpoint,  or  fragment 
of  a  spear,  of  different  pattern  and  material,  such,  for  instance,  as  the 
extreme  point  or  barb  of  an  arrowpoint  of  obsidian  ;  or,  it  may  l)e,  a 
fragment  of  jasper,  of  a  color  not  occurring  here,  yet  common  in  dis- 
tant southern  or  western  localities.  These  instances  are  numerous  and 
show  cleariy  the  contact  of  different  and  distant  tribes ;  for  what 
better  evidence  can  be  produced  to  show  that  an  implement  has  been 
brought,  either  through  the  vicissitudes  of  warfare,  or  through  barter, 
from  some  far-off  point,  than  to  find  that  all  trace  of  the  material,  of 
which  it  is  made,  is  wanting  in  the  heaps  of  refuse  ?  The  range  of 
patterns  of  all  our  chipped  im[)lements  is  infinitely  varied,  and  it  needs 
but  a  glance  at  the  material  I  have  gathered  from  this  one  spot  to  show 
how  little  can  be  inferred  from  the  shape  of  any  specimen.  Scarcely 
a  European  pattern  except,  perhaps,  the  most  delicate  arrowpoints 
from  Denmark,  that  does  not  find  its  counterpart  here,  at  least  in  a  frag- 
mentary state.  In  some  instances  the  shapes  seem  to  have  been  deter- 
mined by  the  particular  use  for  wliich  the  implement  was  intended;  but 
in  vast  numbers  the  outline  was  determined  by  the  shape  of  the  chips, 
and  thus  originated  the  non-symmetrical  specimens  that  we  frequently 
find.  Some  of  these  are  so  crooked  that  their  availability  as  arrowpoints 
is  questionable,  and  they  may  have  been  used  as  knives.  In  the  territory 
of  every  petty  tribe  (and  every  creek  appears  to  have  had  one  such 
tribal  community  dwelling  in  its  valley),  there  is  seen  a  family  likeness, 
so  to  speak,  extending  through  the  whole  range  of  chipped  imple- 
ments, and  especially  among  the  arrow  and  spearheads  so  that  it  is  not 
80 


466 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


difficult  to  pick  out  an  occasional  specimen,  and  set  it  aside  as  some- 
thing foreign. 

Having  already  incide  itally  referred  to  the  chance  occurrence  of 
flakes  and  chips  upon  the  surface  of  the  ground,  it  is  well,  in  conclu- 
sion, to  refer  to  them  more  particularly,  as  it  is  possible  that,  collec- 
tively, they  may  have  more  significance  than  might  at  first  be  supposed. 
Jasper  flakes,  such  as  fig.  41 1,  occur  not  only  in  "open-air  workshop" 
sites,  but  on  the  surface  of  our  fields  ;  while  flakes  of  other  minerals, 
more  especially  of  argillite,  also  occur  whenever  we  find  arrowpoints 
and  spearheads  of  the  same  mineral.     On  the  other  hand,  no  deposits 


Fig.  41 1,  —  New  Jersey.    \, 

of  argillite  chips  and  cores  have  been  discovered.  From  these  facts 
the  inference  may  be  drawn,  I  think,  that  as  argillite  flakes,  mostly  exhib- 
iting a  great  degree  of  weathering  of  their  surfaces,  are  associated  with 
finished  implements  of  the  same  material,  but  never  in  such  numbei-s 
as  to  indicate  the  spots  whereon  the  former  were  fabricated,  it  is  to  be 
supposed  that  as  flakes  they  were  put  to  some  use,  such  as  knives,  or 
if  very  small  and  not  too  irregular  in  outline,  as  arrowpoints.  Figs. 
412  and  413  are  examples  of  flakes  of  argillite  (P.  M.  9,008,  16,315) 
such  as  are  found  singly  on  our  fields.  In  general  outline,  fig.  412 
does  not  materially  differ  from  flint  flakes,  as  found  in  Europe ;  and 


FLINT-CHIPS. 


4«7 


with  the  sharp  edge  that  this  mineral  presents,  when  freshly  fractured, 
it  certainly  is  well  adapted  to  cutting  such  yielding  substances  as  the 
skin  and  flesh  of  small  mammals,  and  to  scaling  and  cleaning  fish. 
Whether  fig.  413  could  be  used  as  an  arrowpoint,  or  is  to  be  looked 
upon  as  a  small  knife,  is  altogether  conjectural ;  ar/l  yet  there  are  many 
ways  in  which  just  such  a  fragment  of  stone,  provided  the  edges  be 
sharp,  might  be  utilized.  The  same  character  of  flakes  (fig.  41 1  P.  M. 
14,629)  with  small  chips  of  jasper,  and  finished  implements  of  the 
same  mineral  being  Ukewise  scattered  singly  over  the  entire  area  of 
the  state,  must  therefore,  if  the  argillite  examples  are  not  misinter- 
preted, have  a  like  insignificance.    Considering  'he  absence,  as  yet,  of 


Fig.  4H.  —  New  Jersey.    \, 


sites  of  arrowmakers'  workshops,  where  argillite  was  exclusively  used, 
and  that  chipped  implements  of  this  mineral  are,  when  compared  with 
jasper,  characteristic  of  the  deeper  soils  wherever  the  virgin  earth  has 
been  exanuned  ;  and  bearing  in  mind  also  that  argillite  is  a  living  rock 
in  the  vicinity,  while  jasper  and  the  allied  minerals,  of  which  the  bulk. 
of  the  chipped  implements  are  fashioned,  occur  only  as  bowlders  in 
the  drift,  and  require  more  labor  to  gather  than  it  would  take  to  visit  a 
ledge  of  living  rock, — it  is  safe  to  conclude  that  the  argillite  spears, 
arrowpoints  and  flakes,  as  a  class,  are  of  an  earlier  time  than  the  same 
implements  of  the  other  minerals,  and  doubtlessly  bear  a  closer  rela- 
tionship to  the  still  ruder — the //-//«//iw  implements  found  in  the  river 


468 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


drift  gravels  of  the  valley — than  they  do  to  those  made  of  jasper. 
Certainly,  if  fabricated  hy  a  former  people,  or  even  by  their  own 
ancestors,  these  discarded  or  lost  implements  would  not  escape  the 
keen  vision  of  the  Indians,  few  of  whom  lacked  sufficient  skill  to 
repoint,  and  render  available  these  ruder  specimens  of  the  same  wea- 
pons to  which  they  were  accustomed. 

The  conclusion  might  readily  be  drawn  from  the  foregoing  that 
weapons  and  implements  of  all  kinds,  chipi)ed  from  stone,  were  made 
by  comparatively  few  persons,  who  supplied  the  people  of  their  respec- 
tive tribes  with  such  implements  as  tiiey  reiiuinnl.  While  the  manu- 
facture of  the  finest  specimens  wqs  very  likely  confined  to  adepts,  who 


Fig.  413.  — New  Jersey.    \. 

made  it  the  business  of  their  lives,  it  is  probable  that  those  of  inferior 
finish,  which  are  found  scattered  over  the  state  and  mingled  with 
others  of  artistic  workmanship  were  made  by  hunters  or  warriors,  as 
the  case  might  be,  who  subsequently  lost  them.  However  occupied, 
whether  on  the  war-path  or  in  the  chase,  it  would  scarcely  be  possible 
for  a  warrior  or  a  hunter  to  supply  himself  with  as  great  a  number  of 
arrowheads  as  he  would  need,  even  for  a  few  weeks.  Vast  numbers 
unquestionably  were  lost  or  broken  when  first  discharged  from  the 
bow  ;  and  when  we  consider  the  various  conditions  under  which  these 
same  arrowpoints  now  occur,  it  is  evident,  that  to  a  certain  extent, 
every  Indian  was  his  own  armorer.  Ornaments  and  stone  implements, 
whether  weapons  or  for  domestic  purposes,  were  of  careful  or  careless 


FLINT-CHIPS. 


469 


finish — and  we  find  both  patterns  —  as  their  owner  hai)i)ene(l  to  be 
proud  or  indifferent,  or  possibly  neat  or  slovenly.  A  ground  edge  to 
an  oval  pebble  being  reiiuired,  the  subseciuent  shaping  of  the  other 
portion  of  the  implement  might  be  gradually  accomplished,  if  the 
imjjlement  itself  were  used  without  a  handle  or  could  be  readily  sepa- 
rated from  it.  Such  shaping,  by  grinding  away  ail  irregularities,  was 
at  best  a  slow  process,  and  one  very  unlikely  to  be  followed  as  a  means 
of  livelihood.  When  therefore,  we  find  a  beautifully  jjolished  and 
symmetrically  fashioned  celt  we  probably  have  a  proof  of  the  |>atience 
and  skill  of  its  original  owner;  and  any  one,  with  the  exerci  (j  'A  the 
same  patience  and  skill,  could  soon  learn  to  chip  from  flint  liis  own 
arrowpoints,  knives  and  spears. 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 


PALiEOLITHIC  IMPLEMENTS. 


We  have  now  to  consider  a  class  of  objects,  which,  though  bearing 
marked  resemblance  to  the  ruder  forms  of  Indian  or  neolithic  imple- 
ments, from  their  uniformity  of  manufacture,  their  identity  of  mate- 
rial, their  slight  variation  in  design,  and  their  occurrence  in  an  older 
geological  formation  than  the  present  surface  soils,  are  believed  to  be 
veritable  traces  of  a  people,  who  inhabited  the  northern  Atlantic  sea- 
board of  Amv,;ica,  prior  to  the  advent  of  the  Indian ;  if  we  accept 
the  current  opinion  that  the  latter  was  a  comparatively  recent  comer  to 
our  shores. 

Before  passing  to  a  detailed  description  of  a  series  of  these  earliest 
traces  of  man,  it  will  be  necessary  to  refer  briefly  to  the  physical  char- 
acter of  the  river  valley  in  which  these  implements  have  been  found. 
This  is  the  more  necessary  because  having  been  seriously  misled'"  by 
the  V  ifious  geological  reports  that  purport  to  give,  in  proper  sequence, 
the  respective  ages  of  the  several  strata  of  clay,  gravel,  bowlders 
and  sand,  through  which  the  river  has  finally  worn  its  channel  to  the 
ocean  level,  I  have  probably,  in  previous  publications,  ascribed  too 
great  an  antiquity  to  these  implements,  although  what  is  now  known 
to  be  a  substantially  correct  history  of  the  various  deposits  in  the  river 
valley  does  not  dissociate  these  traces  of  man  from  a  time  when  essen- 
tially glacial  conditions  existed  in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Delaware 


'•' Ameriraii  Naturalist,  vol.  vii,  p.  304,  figs.  37  ami  38,  Salem,  Mass.  1873;  ami  vol.  x,  p.  319 
fig.  31,  Boston,  Mass.,  1876. 

Also:  Tenth  Annual  Report  of  Pcibody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  p.  30,  figs,  i,  2  and  3',  and 
Eleventh  Animal  Report,  same  institution,  p.  333,  figs,  i  to  4,  inclusive.     Cambridge,  Mass.,  i878< 

(471) 


472 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


river,  though  they  occurred  subsequently  to  the  existence  of  the  great 
continental  glacier,  when  at  its  greatest  magnitude. 

It  was  not  until  the  surface  geology  of  the  Delaware  river  valley  was 
carefully  studied  by  Mr.  Henry  Carvill  Lewis,  of  the  2nd  Geological 
Survey  of  Pennsylvania,  that  we  were  in  possession  of  all  the  facts 
necessary  to  enable  us  to  recognize  the  full  significance  of  those  early 
traces  of  man,  discovered  in  one  of  the  latest  geological  formations  of 
this  valley. 

The  results  of  Mr.  Lewis'  studies  are  embodied  in  two  communi- 
cations''® to  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  ;  but 
to  these,  but  brief  reference  will  be  made,  as  their  author  has  kindly 
prepared  for  this  volume,  an  able  abstract  of  his  earlier  papers,  and 
added  thereto,  the  results  of  his  later  investigations. 

It  is  sufficient  here  to  state  that,  according  to  Mr.  Lewis,  "the  last 
and  newest  of  all  the  gravels"  —  in  the  valley  of  the  Delaware  river — 
"is  one  which,  at  Philadelphia,  seemed  to  be  of  little  importance.  It 
lies  close  along  the  river ;  and,  rising  a  few  feet  above  it,  extends  but 
a  short  distance  back  from  the  river  bank.  It  covers  the  flat  ground 
of  Camden  and  the  lower  part  of  Philadelphia,  and  forms  islands  in 
the  river.  It  was  called  //le  River  gravel  and  sand.  It  is  this  alluvial 
gravel,  the  latest,  except  the  recent  mud-flats,  of  all  the  surface  forma- 
tions, »  *  »  *  which,  from  its  great  development  farther  up  the  river, 
is  now  named  the  Trenton  Gravel.  It  is  in  this  »  •  *  *  gravel 
only,  tiiat  traces  of  man  have  been  found. " 

This  deposit  of  gravel  has  also  been  described  in  full,  by  Prof.  Geo. 
H.  Cook,""  who  says  :  "The  beds  of  stratified  drift,  at  various  places 
in  the  valley  of  the  Delaware,  south  of  the  line  of  glacial  drift,  bear 
marks  of  having  originated  from  the  action  of  water.  The  bowlders 
and  cobble  stones  are  all  water-worn,  and  round,  and  are  not  scratched 


^i**  The  Surface  Geology  of  Pliiladelphia  and  vicinity:  Proceedings  of  the  Mineralogical  and 
Geological  Section,  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Nov.,  1878. 

A'so  thv  Trenton  Gravel  and  its  Relations  to  the  Antiquity  of  Man.  Philadelphia,  Pa  ,  Nov., 
1879. 

"'Annual  Report  of  the  State  Geologist  of  New  Jersey  for  1877,  p.  ai ;  Trenton,  N.  J.,  1877, 


PALAEOLITHIC   IMPLEMENTS. 


473 


or  streaked.  They  liave  all  come  from  places  farther  north  in  the 
valley  and  have  been  moved  and  deposited  by  powerful  currents. 
There  are  to  be  seen  in  the  railroad  cuts  near  Trenton,  where  the  ex- 
posure of  this  kind  of  drift  is  very  fine,  bowlders  of  gneiss,  from  the 
rock  near ;  of  red  sandstone  from  the  countr}'  just  north  ;  of  trap  from 
Lambertville  ;  of  altered  shales  from  the  near  trap ;  of  conglomerate 
from  New  Milford  ;  of  magnesian  limestone  from  the  valleys  of  Warren 
county ;  of  conglomerates  from  the  Blue  Mountain,  and  of  cherty 
and  fossiliferous  limestones  from  the  Delaware  valley  north  of  the 
Water  Gap.  The  gravel  consists  largely  of  quartz,  but  it  contains 
numerous  fragments  of  red  shale,  and  black  slate. " 

This  is  a  correct  description  of  this  drift  material,  excei)t  in  one 
most  important  particular.  It  is  an  error  to  state  that  all  the  bowlders 
and  smaller  pebbles  are  water-worn,  and  that  none  are  angiilar.  There 
is,  it  is  true,  but  a  small  proportion  of  scratched  pebbles  or  bowlders, 
but  there  are  a  large  number  of  sharp,  angular  stones.  No  such  uni- 
formity of  size,  shape  and  smoothness  of  surface  as  characterizes  the 
pebbles  of  our  ocean  beaches,  is  found  to  exist. 

Prof  Geikie  has  described,  as  characteristic  of  all  the  river  valleys 
in  England,  that  the  upper  levels  consist  of  coarser  material  than  the 
lower,  "and  frequently  contain  large  blocks  of  stone  which  could  only 
have  been  transported  by  river-ice  ;"  while  the  Icier  level  gravels  are 
usually  of  finer  grained  character,  and  that  these  "  seemed  to  point  to 
a  milder  condition  of  things  —  to  a  time  when  the  rivers  were  less 
liable  to  flood,  and  the  ice-rafts  were  uncommon"  ("Great  Ice  Age," 
American  ed.,  p.  435).  An  examination  of  the  bed,  as  now  exposed 
on  the  bank  of  the  Delaware  river,  shows  that  no  such  distinction  can 
here  be  drawn.  By  actual  count,  in  a  section  measured  off,  there  did 
not  occur  more  large  bowlders  above  the  line  equally  dividing  the  bluff, 
than  below  it ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  there  were  three  more  beneath,  not 
counting  those  that  had  rolled  from  the  bed  down  to  the  water's  edge. 
This  of  itself  would  be  by  no  means  conclusive ;  but  upon  frecjuent 
inquiry  of  men  who  had  sunk  wells  and  excavated  cellars,  it  became 
evident  that  these  bowlders  were  met  with  in  greater  abundance,  at 


474 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


considerable  depth,  rather  than  near  the  surface.  This  irregularity  of 
their  occurrence  and  position  is  of  itself  indicative  of  the  agency  of 
ice  in  the  origin  of  the  deposit.  Mr.  Lewis,  however,  has  informed 
me,  that  he  thinks,  if  the  entire  area  of  the  Trenton  grave's  be  con- 
sidered, that  this  gravel  "  is  certainly  characterized  by  bowlders  on  top, 
resting  upon  finer  material,  as  an  examination  of  the  railroad  cut  at 
Trenton  will  show."  My  own  impressions  were  that  this  was  not 
the  case,  and  I  therefore  give  the  reader  the  benefit  of  the  conclusions, 
on  this  point,  of  a  competent  geologist,  allowing  my  own  statements, 
as  originally  published  (Peabody  Museum  Reports,  vol.  ii,  p.  226), 
to  remain  unaltered. 

These  large  bowlders  are  also  met  with  upon  the  surface.  Many  of 
them  have  been  very  carefully  examined  /;/  sitiiy  and  it  was  evident 
that  tliey  were  not  deposited  with  the  gravel  beneath  them,  and  the 
latter  subsequently  removed  by  rapidly  running  water,  for  in  nearly 
every  instance,  there  was  a  foot  or  more  of  sand  between  the  lower 
surface  of  the  stone  and  the  gravel,  and  this  layer  of  sand  extended  so 
far  bejond  the  limits  of  the  bowlder,  that  unquestionably  it  must  have 
been  slnwly  accumulated  prior  to  the  deposition  of  the  bowlder ;  as 
evidence  of  this,  a  well  chipped,  spear-shaped  implement  was  found 
in  such  a  stratum,  immediately  beneath  a  stone  that  would  weigh  at 
Last  half  a  ton.  These  surface  bowlders  undoubtedly  have  been 
dropped  from  ice-rafts,  together  with  sand  and  gravel,  the  ice  then 
floating  over  a  broad  expanse  of  country,  in  comparatively  ijuiet  waters. 

In  the  Annual  Report  for  1877,  of  Professor  Cook,  State  Geol- 
ogist of  New  Jersey,  we  find  an  excellent  map,  and  a  detailed  account 
of  the  glacial  drift  that  covers  the  northern  portion  of  the  state  and 
consists  of  unstratified  bowlder  clay  and  ice-scratched,  angular  pebbles. 
Where  the  dobris  of  the  ancient  glacier  ceases  to  be  of  this  character, 
Professor  Cook  considers  the  glacier  terminated,  and  all  the  material 
lying  to  tiie  southward  as  a  mollified  deposit  due  exclusively  to  water 
action. 

Of  the  great  glacier  itself,  Dr.  Cook  remarks,  in  the  report  alluded 
to,  "even  in  New  Jersey,  it  covered  the  tops  of  the  highest  mountains. 


PAIJEOLITHIC   IMPLEMENTS. 


475 


"This  immense  mass  of  ice  had  a  slow  movement  from  the  north 
towards  the  south,  in  which  it  scraped  or  tore  off  the  earth  and  rocks 
from  the  rocky  mass  under  it,  grinding,  grooving  and  smoothing  down 
the  rocky  surface,  and  pushing  forward,  tumbhng  and  rounding  the 
fragments  of  stone  and  rock,  and  finally  leaving  them  at  the  southern 
edge  of  the  glacier,  or  wherever  breaks  in  it  may  have  allowed  the 
loose  materials  to  rest. 

"The  terminal  or  southern  edge  of  the  drift  is  well  and  very  plainly 
marked  by  a  line  of  hillocks  of  mixed  clay,  sand,  gravel,  rounded 
stones  and  bowlders  of  large  size." 

Of  its  extent,  geographically  considered,  he  further  remarks  of  it, 
as  "  beginning  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  State  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Raritan,  at  Perth  Amboy,  the  line  of  Short  Hills  extending  from  that 
place  to  the  First  Mountain,  and  passing  just  north  of  Metuchen, 
Plainfield  and  Scotch  Plains,  marks  the  southern  edge  of  the  drift. 

"From  there,  it  extends  to  the  Delaware  below  Belvidere.  The 
portion  near  the  Delaware  shows  the  gravel  and  bowlders  very  plainly, 
but  it  appears  to  have  been  washed  and  otherwise  modified  by  floods 
or  great  bodies  of  water  descending  in  that  valley.  The  whole  line 
of  this  moraine  is  remarkably  plain  and  well  defined. 

"Across  New  Jersey  the  line  is  not  exactly  east  and  west,  but  appears 
to  deviate  towards  the  north,  the  deviation  being  greater  somewhat  in 
)>i')portion  as  the  ground  is  more  elevated. 

'The  hillocks  of  stones,  gravel  and  earth,  which  together  made  iius 
long  chain,  have  every  appearance  of  piles  of  debris  which  have  been 
thrown  down  without  order,  and  without  the  presence  of  water  to  sort 
or  arrange  the  various  materials. " 

Nowhere,  as  here  described,  does  the  terminal  moraine  of  the  great 
glacier  approach  the  bluff  at  Trenton  nearer  than  sixty  miles,  or  fol- 
lowing the  valley  of  the  river,  fully  seventy  miles ;  but  these  distances 
are  really  of  little  moment,  in  connection  with  the  subject  of  man's 
presence  here  during  the  maximum  severity  of  glacial  conditions  in 
North  America.  With  the  existence  of  a  glacier  filhng  the  entire 
valley  of  tlie  Delaware,  sixty  miles  northward,  and  extending  across 


476 


PRIMITIVE    INDUSTRY. 


the  State  to  the  Atlantic  coast,  there  must  necessarily  have  been  a 
widely  different  ])hysical  condition  of  the  entire  territory  extending 
southward.  A  large  part  of  this  area,  now  constituting  the  southern, 
low-lying  ix)rtion  of  the  state,  was  submerged ;  and  Mr.  I'elt  2""  has 
pointed  out,  that  over  such  low-lying  and  submerged  areas,  ther^ 
would  be  spread  out  a  vast  amount  of  material,  by  the  agency  of  sub- 
glacial  torrents,  consisting  of  the  true  glacial  debris,  borne  still  farther 
southward  by  the  currents  caused  by  the  melting  of  the  glacier  at  and 
near  its  base.  Such  swift-flowing  currents  might  readily,  through  long 
periods  of  time,  being  charged  with  sand  and  small  pebbles,  wear 
away  much  of  the  ice-scratching  that  is  so  characteristic  of  the  jjebbles 
in  the  more  northern  drift ;  but  to  such  sub-glacial  rivers  we  cannot 
well  refer  the  enormous  bowlders  scattered  promiscuously  through  the 
gravel  deposits,  as  seen  at  Trenton,  that  must  be  ascribed  to  the  more 
powerful  agency  of  floating  masses  of  ice  detached  from  the  glacier 
existing  farther  to  the  north. 

What  has  been  here  ascribed,  by  the  late  Mr.  Belt,  to  the  action  of 
sub-glacial  streams,  doubtless  took  place  at  a  much  earlier  date  than 
the  deposition  of  the  gravel,  through  which  flows  the  shrunken  river 
of  to-day.  These  accumulations  of  gravel  are,  it  is  much  more  prob- 
able, as  Mr.  Lewis  hr"  shown,  of  a  character  that  requires  the  aid  of 
floating  ice  to  transport  the  larger  bowlders. 

These  masses  of  floating  ice,  as  Mr.  Lewis  believes,  having  displaced 
11  le  older  clay  and  bowlder  deposit,  in  great  part,  from  the  valley  at 
Trenton,  and  southward,  and  worn  a  deep  basin  through  't,  t^.e  present 
river,  then  a  glacial  stream,  brought  by  the  aid  of  floating  ice  enor- 
mous quantities  of  material  from  the  terminal  moraine  of  the  conti- 
nental ice-sheet  and  re-filled  the  valley  created  by  the  removal  of  the 
older  clay  and  gravel.  During  the  accumulation  of  this  later  gravel, 
man  must  have  occupied  the  adjacent  land,  and  there  existed  no 
physical  reasons  why  he  should  not  have  done  so.  Hov/ever  recent, 
the  careful  studies  of  the  geologist  may  ultimately  detennine  these 


'••  Quarterly  Jour,  of  Sci.,  Jan.,  1878:  London. 


PALEOLITHIC    IMPLEMENTS. 


477 


gravels  to  be,  there  need  be  no  relinquishment  of  the  belief  in  the 
archzeologically  great  antiquity  of  the  traces  of  man  found  in  it. 

Admitting,  without  doubt,  that  the  sequence  of  conditions  resulting 
in  -he  various  superficial  deposits  from  the  later  tertiary  to  past-glaciat 
times,  as  determined  by  Mr.  Lewis,  there  is  to  be  considered  the  im- 
portant fact  that  the  minimum  time  required  for  the  deposition  of  the 
Trenton  gravels  was  not  necessarily  the  actual  length  of  time  during 
which  these  accumulations  were  completed.  In  all  such  case;;,  it  must 
be  borne  in  mind,  that  rai)idity  and  regularity  of  action  are  not  con- 
stant factors  of  the  conditions  that  result  in  geological  formations. 
Further,  the  supposed  second  glaciation  of  the  Delaware  valley,  limited 
as  it  may  have  been,  and  comparatively  of  short  duration,  was  yet  nn 
event  of  remote  antiquity,  as  man  measures  the  events  of  time.  Not 
simply  a  few  centuries  ago,  was  the  river  the  mighty  stream  tliat  Mr. 
Lewis  describes,  when  the  vast  beds  of  this  "recent"  gravel  were 
deposited.  Long  vanished,  indeed,  may  have  been  every  vestige  of 
the  earlier,  continental  glacier — but  what  of  the  interim,  between  the 
disappearance  of  the  former  and  the  appearance  of  the  supposed 
latter?  Can  we  assume  that  the  events  of  the  accumulation  of  gravel 
on  gravel,  clay  on  clay,  removal  of  earlier  and  deposition  of  later 
strata,  occrred  without  a  break?  We  read  of  them  as  following  each 
other  in  a  given  order,  but  seldom  jiause  to  think  liow  long  a  time 
might  have  elapsed  between  these  several  occurrences. 

Finally,  as  bearing  on  the  one  important  question  of  man's  antiquity, 
it  is  here  strenuously  maintained  that  the  forces  that  caught  up  these 
later  gravels  also  gathered,  in  part,  the  rude  implements  tliat  now  give 
such  interest  to  the  deposit.  It  is  evident  from  the  condition  of  some, 
and  the  depth  at  which  many  are  found,  that  they  were  made  prior  to 
the  formation  of  the  containing  bed,  and  were  lost  or  discarded  when 
the  floods  swept  down  the  valley.  Surely,  we  are  without  warrant  in 
assuming  that  only  after  the  last  pebble  was  in  place,  tiiat  man  ap- 
peared, and  dropping  these  implements  in  the  water,  they  sank  into 
the  gravelly  bed  of  the  river,  even  to  a  depth  of  forty  feet. 

Admitting  that  man  was  not  interglacial,  and  is  more  recent  than 


478 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


the  epoch  of  the  brick  clays  described  by  Mr.  Lewis,  he  surely  may 
have  been  an  occupant  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard  before  the  total  dis- 
appearance of  the  glacier  farther  north.  Whether  this  glacier  is  a  first 
or  second  occurrence  of  this  phenomenon  cannot  yet  be  positively 
determined. 

Whatever  the  changes  that  may  have  taken  place  during  the  glacial 
epoch,  there  is  no  evidence  that  the  land  now  constituting  the  southern 
portion  of  New  Jersey  was  uninhabitable,  long  prior  to  the  deposition 
of  the  implement-bearing  gravels.  There  is  abundant  evidence,  on 
the  contrary,  to  show  that  it  was  inhabited  in  preglacial  times  by  a 
number  of  the  larger  mammals,  including  the  mastodon,  which,  it 
should  be  remarked,  lived  long  after  the  disappearance  of  every  vestige 
of  glacial  conditions.  There  seenis  no  reason,  therefore,  for  excluding 
man. 

No  floods  arising  from  the  melting  of  the  great  glacier  or  con- 
tinental ice-sheet,  submerged  the  portion  of  the  state,  which  extended 
seaward  miles  beyond  the  jjresent  boundary ,20'  as  Mr.  Lewis  lias  shown 
beyond  question,  and  the  absence  of  traces  of  man  in  the  older  glacial 


""  It  is  well  known  that  there  is  now  in  progress  a  gradual  subsidence  of  all  the  lands  along  the 
tide-waters  of  New  Jersey,  How  long  ago  this  commenced  is  not  readily  determined.  This 
depression  and  elevation  is  believed  to  be  within  a  range  of  twenty  feet;  but  even  this  amount  of 
elevation  would  materially  increase  the  area  of  the  state.  Not  unfrequently  fragments  of  cedar 
trees  which  are  derived  from  forests  now  covered  by  the  ocean,  are  thrown  upon  the  beach,  during 
violent  storms,  and  remains  of  the  mastodon  have  likewise  been  found,  that  are,  with  reason,  be- 
lieved to  have  been  washed  from  these  same  sunken  forests.  In  an  interesting  lecture  by  my 
friend,  Dr.  Maurice  Beesley  of  Cape  May  Co.,  I  find  the  following  statements,  which  have  a 
direct  bearing  upon  this  subject,  and  clearly  show  how  vast  an  area  has  been  lost  in  the  last  few 
centuries  by  the  encroachments  of  the  sea,  ail  of  which,  in  palxolithic  times,  was  habitable  land. 

'*  We  find,  likewise,  that  E^s  Island,  twelve  miles  from  our  shores,  was  surveyed  by  Budd  and 
Worlidge  in  1691,  and  taken  up,  as  per  their  draft  for  Thomas  Budd,  a  Quaker  gentleman  uf  Bur- 
lington, N.  J.,  for  300  acres  full  measure.  My  father,  Thomas  Beesley,  has  related  to  me  that 
when  he  followed  the  water  from  1790  to  1800  it  contained  about  Co  acres.  Here  we  have  a  loss  of 
340  acres  in  a  century.  In  1830  gunners  went  from  our  place  to  Egg  Island  to  kill  geese,  which 
frequent  those  meadows  in  great  abundance,  and  were  very  successful.  This  Island  made  a  final 
ilisappearance  about  twenty  years  ago,  and  vessels  now  sail  over  the  entire  area  it  formerly  occu- 
pied. To  throw  its  former  area  of  300  acres  into  a  circular  form  we  find  the  wash  has  been  a  rod 
a  year  since  169Z  up  to  the  lime  of  its  final  disappearance.  Therefore,  the  loss  on  the  east  side 
of  Maurice  river  cove  having  been  one  and  a  half  rods  a  year,  and  on  the  west  side  one  rod,  we 


PAUEOLITHIC   IMPLEMENTS. 


479 


drift  indicates,  it  may  be,  that  he  never  dwelt  in  preglacial  times  upon 
that  portion  of  the  country  over  which  this  drift  was  carried,  and 
northward  of  the  terminal  moraines,  but,  of  itself,  offers  no  reason  why 
he  should  not  have  lived,  so  long  ago,  in  the  territory  beyond  the 
reach  of  glacial  conditions. 

Whether  the  view  taken  by  Professor  Cook,  that  the  Trenton  gravels 
are  of  glacial  origin  and  derived  from  floods  caused  by  the  melting  of 
this  great  continental  ice-sheet,  or  are  an  indication  of  a  post-glacial 
condition,  subsequent  to  the  great  glacier,  as  considered  probable 
by  Mr.  Lewis,  the  fact  remains,  that  these  implements  are  indica- 
tive of  man's  presence,  and  have  been  placed  in  their  present  posi- 


have  a  loss  per  annum  of  two  and  a  half  rods  between  those  shores,  and  is  the  distance  between 
Kgg  Island  light  and  the  month  of  Dennis  creek  is  now  estimated  at  twelve  miles,  we  find  it  must 
have  been  solid  land  or  meadow  that  whole  distance,  with  the  exception  of  creeks  and  rivers,  1536 
years  ago,  or  A,  D.  343.  That  the  whole  extent  of  Maurice  river  cove  was  originally  meadow 
seems  plausible,  from  th=  fact  that  a  muddy  bottom  exists  throughout  its  widespread  limits. 

"  From  the  present  mouth  of  East  creek,  when  the  tides  fall  out  low,  a  range  of  oyster  beds  can 
be  traced  for  more  than  a  mile  into  the  bay,  being  the  original  bed  of  the  creek.  In  fact  Christo- 
pher Ludlam,  father  of  Charles  Ludlam,  Esq.,  located  40  acres  of  meadows  in  1801  on  the  western 
side  of  said  creek,  which  from  the  minutes  of  the  deed  ran  up  it  a  straight  course  100  perches  to 
a  ditch  passing  westward  from  the  creek  at  right  angles.  In  1869  I  visited  the  spot  and  found 
the  whole  tract  of  40  acres  had  been  swallowed  up  by  the  capacious  maw  of  the  bay,  and  exists 
only  in  the  shape  of  atoms.  Therefore,  if  100  rods  has  been  washed  away  in  sixty-eight  years,  we 
find  the  average  loss  one  and  a  half  rods  a  year,  as  before  stated. 

"Dennis  creek,  according  to  a  survey  made  in  1767  by  Aaron  Leaming,  the  ad,  and  re-surveyed 
by  Leaming  M.  Rice  and  the  writer  in  1867,  has  lost  150  rods  during  the  century.  As  the  "  reach  " 
that  disappeared  in  that  time  ran  a  southwest  cousre,  running  diagonally  with  the  direct  course  of 
the  150  rods  loss,  the  mouth  of  Dennis  creek  must  have  been  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  nearer 
to  the  mouth  of  Goshen  creek  than  at  present.  As  this  loss  of  soil  still  continues,  where  no  gravel 
exists,  it  is  evident  the  farmers  of  East  creek  neighborhood  will  have  the  waters  of  Delaware  bay 
dashing  against  their  homesteads  in  the  course  of  three  or  four  centuries  more. 

"  This  wash  is  not  confined  exclusively  to  the  bay  shore.  At  Cape  May  City  by  ancient  deeds 
made  in  1689,  the  distance  across  the  Island,  from  the  beach  to  the  creek,  was  265  rods.  Is  it 
half  that  distance  at  the  present  time?  For  many  years  past,  barriers  have  been  erected  to  prevent 
further  encroachments.  Those  of  you  who  are  familiar  with  the  seaboard,  vill  have  seen  alonj 
our  beaches  after  heavy  storms  and  tides  the  meadow-land  jutting  out  oceanward  with  the  salt  grass 
still  adhering  to  it,  as  it  was  two  or  three  centuries  before,  when  first  enveloped  by  the  westward 
movement  of  the  beach.  I  well  remember,  likewise,  large  creeks  upon  our  beaches  that  have  been 
submerged  and  lost  to  view,  probably  forever,  through  this  gradual  change  of  soil,  and  through  the 
intervention  of  the  winds,  and  the  waters  of  old  ocean  constantly  encroilching  upon  and  frittering 
away  our  territorial  bounds." 


Ki>>ii'ii  1 1.1  Hill  I 


480 


PRIMITIVE    INDUSTRY. 


tions,  varying  from  three  to  forty  feet  in  deptli,  by  tlie  same  agency 
tliat  laiil  down  the  gravels  ;  and  in  either  case  we  are  carried  back  to 
a  time  wiien  a  bed  of  bowlders,  sand  and  gravel,  of  many  feet  in 
thickness,  was  laid  down,  and  subsetiuently  a  channel  worn  through 
it,  until  the  waters  of  tlie  river  reached  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  all 
accumulation  of  other  material  than  sand  and  silt  practically  ceased. 
From  that  time  until  the  i)resent,  how  many  centuries  may  have 
elapsed  !  Although  brought  to  the  near  present  —  to  but  yesterday, 
geologically  speaking,  we  have  yet  to  consider,  that  since  the  last 
bowlder  found  its  present  resting  place,  there  have  accumulated  in  the 
present  flood  i)lain  of  the  river,  vast  beds  of  sand  and  mud,  charged 
and  recharged  with  vegetable  growths,  tliat  overlie  much  of  tiiis  later 
gravel,  and  .his  also  contains  more  highly  wrought  evidences  of  man's 
presence,  themselves  suggestive  of  a  considerable  antiquity. 

Professor  Cook'^"-  very  accurately  describes  the  appearance  of  the 
river  drift.  In  a  late  annual  report  he  remarks,  "there  are  a  numljer 
of  terraces,  on  ground  open  towards  the  sea,  which  have  liieir  upper 
surfaces  almost  at  eijual  heights  above  tide  level.  The  terrace  on 
both  sides  of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad,  near  Trenton  depot,  is  one 
of  them.  It  is  between  fifty  and  sixty  feet  high.  The  gravel  bed  at 
the  railway  depot  at  New  Brunswick  and  also  that  on  Bayard  street 
are  nearly  the  same  level.  The  terraces  at  the  Narrows  in  New  York 
harbor  are  also  on  ihe  same  level,  and  others  along  the  west  bank  of 
the  Passaic,  in  Newark,  are  of  nearly  the  same  height.  It  can  also  be 
recognized  along  Bergen  Hill,  both  on  the  North  river  and  the  Newark 
bay  sides.  Up  the  North  river,  near  Peekskill,  similar  terraces  are 
very  conspicuous,  but  their  heiglit  above  tide  is  about  ninety  feet.  In 
New  Jersey,  in  the  more  southern  part,  terraces  are  seen,  but  they  are 
at  a  somewhat  lower  level.  The  whole  of  them  taken  together  indi- 
cate tliat  at  some  former  time,  perhaps  at  the  close  of  the  glacial 
period,  the  ocean  level  was  somewhat  higher  than  it  is  now,  enough 
higher  to  bring  it  just  over  the  tops  of  these  terraces,  and  water 


»»»Cook.    Annual  Report  of  State  Geologist  for  1878,  p.  22.     Trenton,  N.  J.,  1878. 


l'AI,/t;(M.nHIC   IMPLEMENTS. 


481 


bringing  stones  and  earth  from  the  higher  ground  would  deposit  them, 
when  it  reachetl  sea  level,  in  these  steep  flat-toi)ped  terraces.  The 
terrace  at  Trenton  is  just  where  the  valley  of  the  Delaware  comes 
down  to  this  level,  and  where  it  widens  out  to  allow  room  for  such  a 
deposit  to  accumulate.  These  are  good  examples  of  terraces  of  the 
Chamjilain  Period." 

In  this  brief  extract  from  the  report  on  the  surface  geology  of  New 
Jersey,  its  author,  it  will  be  seen,  refers  all  the  evidences  of  combined 
ice  and  water  action  to  the  glacial  epoch,  or  not  later  than  a  period 
constituting  its  close ;  and  further  shows  that  his  view  is  that  the 
Trenton  gravel  is  an  ocean  terrace,  made  by  water  which  covered  all 
southern  New  Jersey.  This  is,  unquestionably,  wholly  an  erroneous 
view.-™  Reference  to  the  map  accompanying  Mr.  Lewis'  paper  shows, 
that  the  gravels  that  surround  the  Trenton  gravels  had  emerged  from 
the  ocean  level  long  previous  to  the  deposition  of  the  latest  or  Trenton 
gravels. 

Personally,  I  can  but  express  an  opinion  on  the  archaeological  sig- 
nificance of  the  traces  of  man  found  associated  with  these  gravel  de- 
posits, and  this  is  in  nowise  affected  by  the  age  and  origin  of  the 
containing  beds.  Whatever  age  the  geologists  may  assign  to  them,  be 
it  inter-  or  post-glacial,  these  traces  of  man  must  possess  a  very  great 
antiquity. 

It  is  evident  that,  at  just  such  a  locality  as  Trenton,  where  the  river 
"widens  out,"  traces  of  man,  had  he  existed  during  the  accumu- 
lation of  the  gravel,  would  be  most  likely  to  occur.  This  is  true  not 
only  because  there  is  here  the  greatest  mass  of  the  gravel,  and  the 
best  opportunities  for  examining  it  in  section ;  but  the  locality  would 
be  one  most  favorable  for  the  existence  of  man,  at  the  time.  The 
higher  ground  in  the  immediate  vicinity  was  sufficiently  elevated  to  be 
free  from  the  encroachments  of  both  ice  and  water,  and  the  climate, 


^•^^  Since  the  above  was  in  type,  a  late  report  by  Professor  Cook  has  been  issued,  in  which  he 
expresses  views  somewhat  at  variance  with  liis  earlier  reports,  and  to  a  great  extent  in  accordance 
with  the  views  expressed  in  an  article  on  these  gravels,  by  Prof.  H.  C.  Lewis,  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 


482 


I'KIMIIIVI'.  INDUSIRV. 


soil  and  fauna,  all  sue  h  as  to  make  it  iiossililo  (oi  man  to  exist,  at 
this  time,  in  this  locality.  As  I'rofessor  Cook,  in  thi;  same  report  on 
page  14  has  saiil :  "  It  is  (lirticiilt  to  get  a  clear  conci  tion  of  the  con- 
diti(T;  of  things  which  would  have  allowed  the  whole  surface  to  become 
covered  with  thick  ice,  when  that  surface  was  nearly  as  it  is  now,  and 
some  points  are  not  satisfactorily  explained.  It  can  be  understood, 
however,  that  extreme  cold  was  not  necessary,  for  we  see  forests,  pas- 
tures and  grain  fields  about  the  lower  ends  of  the  present  glaciers. 
There  has  lieen  found  in  the  terrace  of  modifieil  drift  at  Trenton  the 
tusk  of  a  mastodon,  which  was  eviilently  washed  there  when  that  mass 
of  matter  came  down  the  valley  of  the  Delaware  with  the  torrents  of 
water  from  the  melting  ice.  It  was  about  fourteen  feet  under  the  sur- 
face, and  the  gravel  and  stones  were  partially  stratified  over  it.  From 
thesf;  the  inference  seems  plain  that  the  climate  at  that  time  m'  itetl 
of  the  growth  of  animals  like  the  elephant  in  size  and  iuibits.  iiat- 
evcr  theories  or  hypotheses  may  be  adopted  in  regard  to  glaciers,  the 
piles  and  other  deposits  of  loose  bowlders,  gravel,  sand  and  clay  and 
the  scratched  rocks  under  them,  which  are  found  everywhere  in  north- 
ern New  Jersey,  are  wonderfully  like  the  dejiosits  which  are  made  by 
modern  glaciers,  and  there  is  scarcely  a  feature  in  one  but  what  can 
be  paralleled  in  the  other." 

AVhen  we  consider  that  not  only  the  remains  of  the  mastodon,  but 
those  of  the  bison  have  been  found  in  this  gravel,  and  that  within  a 
few  yards  of  the  spot  where  the  tusk  of  the  mastodon  mentioned  by 
Professor  Cook,  was  found,  jjalaiolithic  implements  have  been  gathered, 
one  at  the  same,  and  three  at  greater  depths,  it  is  aj^parcnt  that  we 
here  have  evidence  of  man's  contemporaneity  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
with  the  large  mammals  mentioned. 

Certainly,  it  cannot  be  assumed  that  these  mammalian  bones  were 
derived  from  the  terminal  moraine,  where  they  were,  at  the  time  of 
their  displacement,  veritable  fossils,  and  therefore  their  present  asso- 
ciation with  human  implements  is  merely  acc'dental  —  that  the  pebbles 
and  bowlders,  being  older  than  the  relics  of  man,  found  with  them,  so 
also  are  the  bones  of  those  mammals  which  no  longer  belong  to  the 


PAl^OLIIIII'J   IMIM.K.MKN'I'S. 


4«3 


fauna  of  this  region.  If  the  lioiu's  found  in  tliis  gravel  were  petrifac- 
tions, and  Iiad  ail  tlie  ( iiaraclerislic  marks  of  water-worn  i)ei)i)!es 
clearly  traceable  upon  tliem,  it  niiglit,  then,  he  admitted  that  their 
present  association  diil  not  show  any  evidence  of  equal  anti(iuity. 
This,  however,  is  not  the  case.  The  condition  of  these  remains  ren- 
ders it  clearly  evident  that  the  mighty  currents,  and  floating  icebergs 
of  that  ancient  day,  gathered  at  one  and  the  same  time,  not  only  the 
bones  of  the  manmials  that  roamed  the  neighboring  forests,  but  like- 
wise the  weai)ons  of  the  primitive  people  who  preyed  upon  them. 

It  is  desirable,  at  this  point,  to  call  attention  to  mammalian  remains 
which  have  occured  in  sujjerficial  gravel  deposits  in  New  Jersey  ;  pos- 
sibly not  of  an  earlier  date  tlian  the  age  of  the  Trenton  gravels,  but 
not  tlirec.tly  connected  with  tliem. 

In  referring  to  the  discovery  of  walrus  bones,  in  New  Jersey,  Mr. 
J.  A.  Allen,  in  his  Monograph  of  North  American  Pinnipeds,  p.  59 
(Miscellaneous  Publications,  No.  12,  U.  S.  (ieol.  and  Cleog.  Survey 
of  'I  rritories),  says  :  "In  view  of  tiie  now  well-known  former  exten- 
sion of  the  habitat  of  the  Moose,  Caribou,  Reindeer,  Musk  Ox,  and 
other  northern  mammals,  southward  to  Kentucky,  the  *  »  *  *  hyiioth- 
esis  (referring  to  Leidy's  statement  that  the  New  Jersey  walrus  bones 
may  be  the  remains  of  the  same  species — as  the  living — which  j)rob- 
ably  during  the  glacial  period  extended  its  habitation  very  far  soutii  of 
the  latitude  in  which  it  has  been  found  in  the  historic  period)  seems 
*  *  *  *  probable,  and  that  the  species  in  glacial  times  inhabited  the 
eastern  coast  of  the  United  States  southward  to  Virginia,  if  not  even 
beyond  this  point."  Meagre,  therefore,  as  are  the  traces  of  mammals 
in  the  Trenton  gravels,  it  is  evident  that  patient  search  will  ultimately 
satisfiictorily  increase  the  list  beyond  that  of  the  mastodon  and  bison. 
In  the  Geology  of  ^'ew  Jersey,  edition  of  1868,  page  740,  Prof.  K.  D. 
Cope  has  mentioned  the  reindeer  as  among  the  most  extinct  nwm- 
malia  of  New  Jersey.  He  says,  "the  Greenland  Reindeer  was  a 
resident  of  New  Jersey,  when  the  walrus  was  on  its  shores,  and  when 
the  climate  resembled  that  of  its  present  home.  Antlers  have  been 
found  in  the  gravel  that  covers  the  older  formations  everywhere."     In 


484 


PRIMITrVE   INDUSiRY. 


the  gravel  tliat  forms  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Delaware  river,  below 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  the  kue  I'rof.  T.  A.  Conrad  found  a  tomli,  wliich  h.^ 
informed  me,  soon  after,  had  been  identified  as  that  of  the  Caribou. 

In  this  connection,  also,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  remains  of  the 
woodland  reindeer  {Rani^i/cr  caribou')  and  of  tlie  bison  have  been 
found  in  an  ordinary  rock-shelter  near  Stroudsburg,  Penn.  The  latter 
is  believed  to  have  been  a  remnant  from  a  human  feast,  judging  from 
marks  of  fire  thereon. 

In  another  cave,  in  Bucks  Co.,  Pennsylvania,  bones  of  the  bison 
and  moose  are  also  reported. 

In  the  first  instance,  sione  and  bone  implements  were  associated 
witli  the  remains  of  the  animals  mentioned,  as  well  as  those  of  the 
present  fauna.  These  superficial  "  finds "  have  an  important  bearing 
upon  the  question  of  the  discovery  of  bones  of  extra-limital  and 
extinct  mammals  in  the  Trenton  gravels.  (Proceedings  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Academy  of  Sciences,  p.  346,  1880.) 

The  commingling  of  relics  of  man  and  the  bones  of  extinct  animals 
is  by  no  means  confined  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard  of  this  continent. 
The  researches  of  Professor  Whitney  -"^  demonstrate  that  this  is 
true  of  the  Pacific  coast ;  while  in  the  interior,  evidence  of  the 
same  association  of  man  and  the  mastodon  has  been  discovered  by 
Professor  Aughey,-"^  in  the  Missou-i  valley.  From  the  loess  deposits 
in  Nebraska,  Professor  Aughey  has  taken  rude  arrow  or  sjjearpoints, 
one  at  a  depth  of  fifteen,  and  the  other  of  twenty,  feet  below  the  sur- 
face ;  the  latter  beneath  a  vertebra  of  an  elephant.  In  reference  to 
these  finds,  Professor  Aughey  remarks,  "  It  appears,  then,  that  some  old 
races  lived  around  the  shores  of  this  ancient  lake  and  paddled  their 
canoes  over  its  waters,  and  accidentally  dropped  their  arrows  in  its 
waters  or  let  them  fly  at  a  jjassing  water-fowl.  *  *  *  •  Thirteen 
inches  above  the  point  where  the  last-named  arrow  was  found,  and 


2"^<  Whitney.     The  Auriferous  gravels  of  California.     Cainbri{|;Tc,  Mass.,  1879. 
'"^  Aughey.    U.S.  Gcul.  Siirvcy  of  ColoraJu,  etc.     Iluyduii,  An.  Rep.  1874,  p.  355,     Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  1876. 


PALAEOLITHIC   IMPLEMENTS. 


48s 


within  three  inches  of  being  on  a  line  with  it,  in  undisturbed  loess, 
there  was  a  lumbar  vertebra  of  an  elephant  {Elcphas  Aincricanus). 
♦  ♦  «  *  *  jt  appears  clear  from  this  conjunction  of  a  human  relic 
and  proboscidian  remains  thnt  man  here,  as  well  as  in  Europe,  was 
the  contemporary  of  the  elephant  in  at  least  a  portion  of  the  Missouri 

valley." 

V/hen  such  indefinite  objects,  as  many  of  the  pateolithic  imple- 
ments are,  are  offered  as  an  indication  of  man's  former  pr.sence,  the 
question  naturally  arises  :  how  are  we  to  know  that  these  rudely  chipped 
pebbles  are  of  artificial  origin?  This  subject  will  now  be  considered. 
The  chance  occurrence  of  single  specimens  of  the  ordinary  forms 
of  Indian  relics,  at  depths  somewhat  greater  than  they  have  usually 
reached,  even,  in  constantly  cultivated  scjls,  i.^-luced  the  author  several 
years  since,  to  examine  carefully  the  underlying  gravels,  to  determine 
if  the  common  surface-found  stone  implements  of  Indian  origin  were 
ever  found  therein ;  except,  in  such  manner  as  might  easily  be  ex- 
plained, as  in  the  case  of  deep  burials,  by  the  uprooting  of  large  trees, 
whereby  an  implement  lying  on  the  surface  or  immediately  below  it, 
miglit  fall  into  the  gravel  beneath  and  subsequently  become  buried 
several  feet  in  depth ;  and  lastly,  by  the  action  of  water,  as  where  a 
stream,  swollen  by  spring  freshets,  cuts  for  itself  a  new  channel,  and 
carying  away  a  large  body  of  earth,  leaves  its  larger  pebbles  and 
possibly  stone  implements  of  late  origin  upon  the  gravel  of  the  new 
bed  of  the  st.cam. 

It  was  found  that  by  all  such  means  the  most  elaborately  v.-rough. 
Indian  relics  have  occasionally  been  buried  at  considerable  depths. 
It  was  also  found,  however,  tha:  there  did  occur  in  tliese  underlying 
gravels,  certain  rudely  shaped  specimens  of  chipped  stone,  which 
have  all  the  appearances  of  the  stone  implements  of  i)al?eolithic  times. 

We  find,  also,  on  comparing  a  specimen  of  these  chipped  stones 
with  an  accidentally  fractured  pebble,  that  the  chipped  surfaces  of  the 
former  all  tend  towards  the  production  of  a  cutting  edge,  and  there 
is  no  portion  of  the  stone  detached  which  does  not  add  to  the  availa- 
bility of  the  supposed  implement  as  such  ;  while  in  the  case  of  a 


486 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


pe1)ble  that  has  l)ecn  accidentally  broken,  there  is  necessarily  all  ab- 
sence of  desi  ;n  in  the  fracturing.  Although  tlie  ])ortions  detached 
froni  these  supposed  stone  inii)lenients  are  chipi)ed  with  reference  to 
tlie  natural  cleavage  of  the  mineral,  these  larger  surfaces,  the  result 
of  single  cleavages,  are  always  supplemented  l)y  minor  chippings  along 
the  edges,  thus  giving  every  indication  of  the  original  zigzag  edge 
having  been  made  comparatively  straight  by  more  careful  \vf)rk  subse- 
quendy  put  upon  it.  This,  of  course,  does  not  appear  on  a  naturally 
fractured  pel)ble. 

These  characteristic  chipi)ings  obtained  in  the  large  jasper  hoes  and 
hatchets  of  tlie  indians,  and  a  com|)arison  of  these  with  the  ruder 
forms  found  in  the  gravel,  siiow  that  identical  means  have  jjroduced 
the  two  forms :  the  difference  being  due  to  the  want  of  skill  in  flint 
chij)ping,  and  in  some  measure  to  the  greater  difhculty  in  sha])ing  this 
material,  which  differs  ess'.'ntially  in  its  constitution  from  true  flint,  or 
the  jasper,  chert  and  chalcedony  found  in  eastern  North  America ; 
although  it  possesses  a  conchoidal  fracture.  It  may  be  mentioned, 
also,  that  altliough  these  implements  are  but  little  above  tiie  ordinary 
refuse  of  a  modern  (piarry,  and  are  often  closely  reproduced  l)y  die 
hammer,  when  fracturing  rock  for  road-bed,  yet  tliey  are  none  the 
less  (jf  artificial  origin  ;  and  further,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  tiiat 
diis  absence  of  careful  workmanship  is  not  wanting  in  the  more  recent 
])roductions  of  tlic  Indians.  From  ancient  graves  in  Massachusetts, 
from  the  stone  graves  in  Tennessee,  as  well  as  from  surface  "finds" 
in  Missouri,  are  several  specimens  —  now  in  the  Museum  at  Cam- 
bridge—  which  are  in  all  respects,  except  in  tlie  mineral  used,  itlentical 
with  the  more  specialized  e\ani]i]es  from  the  Delaware  ri\-er  gravels. 

There  is,  in  all  the  specimens  coHected,  a  c()nsitleral)le  amoimt  of 
weathering  of  the  surfaces,  the  degree  of  whi(  h  varies  somewhat  in 
the  whole  series,  excei)t  where  mineral  other  than  argillite  occurs. 
In  such  specimens,  the  alteration  of  tiie  surface  is  much  less. 

The  degree  of  weatliering  is  of  much  importance,  in  its  bearing  upon 
both  the  age  and  origin  of  tiiese  objects.  Not  until  a  large  series  had 
been  obtained  Irum  various  tleptiis,  was  it  practicable  to  determine 


'  'AL/EOLITH IC   I  MPLEMEN'TS. 


4S7 


what  variation  occurred,  in  this  respect ;  but  lately,  it  lias  been  found, 
on  comparing  a  large  series  from  depths  varying  from  three  feet  to 
forty,  that  those  from  the  greater  depths  were  less  weathered   than 
the  specimens  found  near  the  surface,  except  in  a  very  few  instances, 
when  a  few  examples,  showing  a  great  amount  of  weathering,  were 
found  at  depths  exceeding  twenty  feet.     Those  specimens  of  paleo- 
lithic implements  found  upon  the  surface,  on  the  other  hand,  intimately 
associated,  as  many  of  them  are,  with  ordinary  Indian  relics,  are  inva- 
riably more  weathered  tlian  those  found  in  situ,  in  the  deep,  under- 
lying gravels.     In  the  uniformity  of  the  degn-ec  of  weathering  of  all 
the   surfaces,  we   have   evidence   that  the  several  chips  removed,  to 
produce   the  implement,  were   flaked  off  at  the   same  time,  and  this, 
at  once,  places  these  objects  in  the  category  of  artificial  ])roductions. 
We  derive   from  these  focts,  several  important  inferences  bearing 
directly  upon  the  age  of  these  implements.    'J'hose  that  are  but  slightly 
weathered,  and  occur  in  deep,  undisturbed  gravel,  were  doubtlessly 
dropped  in  the  river,  and  foiling  upon  the   gravelly  bottom  of  the 
stream,  were  quickly  covered  by  the  constantly  increasing  mass  of  mate- 
rial which  the  swift  currents  were  beiring  downward  from  the  ice-bound 
valley.     These  unweathered  imi)lements  were  compar.-^ lively  new  when 
lost.     The  more  eroded  examples  from  the  same  deep  gravels  ma)'  be 
considered  as  lost  or  discarded  specimens  that,  after  long  exposure, 
were  brouglit  by  the  floods   from  some  distant  point.     Those  found 
upon  the  surfiice  are  such  as  were  in  use  at  the  time  of  tlie  gradual 
accumulation  of  the  gravel,  and  from  that  distant  time  until  now,  have 
been  exposed  to  the  corroding  influences  of  alternate  winter's  frost 
and  summer's  heat. 

If  the  few  specimens  with  deeply  eroded  surfaces,  that  have  been 
taken  from  depths  exceeding  twenty  feet,  were  weathered  by  long 
exposure  jirior  to  their  burial  in  the  gravel,  then  they  must  have  been 
lost  long  prior  to  tlie  occurrence  of  the  transporting  floods,  and  so 
made  and  used  during  the  accession  of  glacial  conditions,  the  second 
time  ( ?)  in  the  river  valley.  I  low  long  prior  to  that  event,  who  shall 
say  ? 


488 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


It  has  been  suggested  that  these  chipped  surflxces  might  have  been 
produced  by  frost  action,  and  that  tliese  supposed  implements  there- 
fore, were  natural  productions.  Given  a  single  fractured  surface, 
which  might  be  produced  by  the  ordinary  action  of  frost,  and  no 
other  productive  agency  is  required ;  bui  .\  hen  wc  consider  that 
instead  of  one,  there  are  twenty  or  forty  planes  of  cleavage,  all 
equally  weathered,  and  that  an  implement  has  been  produced  similar 
in  form  and  finish  to  those  neolithic  specimens  about  whose  origin 
there  is  no  question,  and  we  fail  to  see  how  nature,  by  any  known  or 
imaginable  force,  could  so  fashion  either  an  oval  pebble  or  an  angular 
fragment  of  rock. 

In  this  connection,  attention  may  properly  be  called  to  many  speci- 
mens of  "chipped  pebbles"  which  cannot  be  considered  as  imple- 
ments, inasmuch  as  there  is  no  tiace  of  design  in  their  present  shapes. 
They  are,  indeed,  artificially  chipped  over  the  greater  portion  of  their 
surface,  but  they  liave  no  well  defined  point  nor  cutting  edges.  These 
irregular  masses,  usually  smaller  than  the  finished  implements,  bear 
no  evidence  of  being  crushed,  although  glacial  action  probably  ex- 
poses fragments  of  lock  or  ice-encased  pebbles  more  to  such  crushing 
force,  than  to  any  otlier,  except  perhaps  that  process  of  rubbing 
against  denser  mineral,  which  results  in  deeply  incised  strios, —  the 
so-called  glacial  scratches.  The  lithological  character  of  argillite  is 
such,  that  a  given  mass  of  tiiis  mineral,  if  exposed  to  a  crushing  force, 
will  not  fracture  in  such  a  way,  as  to  resemble  in  any  degree,  the 
chii)ped  pebbles,  here  referred  to.  W'iien  associated  with  the  finished 
fonns,  and  the  same  general  character  of  weathering  and  of  chipping 
is  noticed  on  both,  we  cannot  but  consider  them  as  identical  in  origin, 
and  need  have  no  hesitation  in  classing  such  designless  forms,  as 
broken  sjjecimens,  as  "fiiilures,"  or,  in  some  instances,  as  refuse  chips, 
as  they  are  founil  to  have,  in  all  respects,  the  same  forms  that  are  char- 
acteristic of  the  localities  where  neolithic  implements  of  chert  and 
jasper  have  been  made. 

One  feature  of  them  all,  and  especially  of  those  from  the  deeper 
gravels,  needs  to  be  briefly  referred  to  ;  this  is  the  worn  condition  of 


PAUEOLITHIC   IMPLEMENTS. 


489 


the  edges  of  the  several  surfaces  produced  by  the  detachment  of  tlic 
flakes.  There  are,  especially  in  fig.  413,  no  well  defined  outlines  of  a 
single  facet,  although  each  separate  flake  can  be  traced  on  the  surface 
of  the  implement.  This  partial  wearing  away,  of  these  lines  of  sepa- 
ration of  the  several  chips  that  have  been  removed,  does  not  occur, 
to  any  marked  degree,  in  jasper  specimens  that  approach  fig.  413  in 
shape,  size  and  chipping.  Whether  this  is  the  result  of  use  previous 
to  being  lost  or  discarded,  or  of  wear  by  long  exposure  to  the  shifting 
movements  of  sand  and  gravel,  cannot  now  be  determined ;  but  of 
itself,  it  seems  to  connect  closely  these  partly  worn,  yet  clearly  arti- 
ficial forms,  with  rolled  pebbles,  which  in  outline  only  suggest  the 
possibility  of  having  once  been  chipped  implements.  While,  naturally, 
broken  pebbles  may  often  approach  in  shape  any  of  these  forms  of 
stone  implements,  it  may  at  once  be  seen  that  it  is,  in  every  case,  but 
an  accidental  resemblance.^""  The  outline  is  obtained,  but  not  that 
subsequent  chipping  that  gives  the  finisli  that  makes  the  implement 
desirable  for  use.  The  gravel  bed,  in  which  these  "turtle  back"  celts 
and  their  modification  have  been  found,  contains  a  small  percentage 
of  angular  pebbles,  that  have  not  lost  all  traces  of  recent  fracture,  and 
therefore  are  not  as  smooth  and  uniformly  polished  as  an  ordinary 
pebble.  These  specimens,  when  bearing  marked  resemblance  to  tliose 
clearly  of  artificial  origin,  may  in  fact  have  been  fashioned  by  man, 
and  have  only  partially  lost,  by  the  polishing  action  of  water  and  sand, 
those  indications  of  artificially  produced  fractures,  which  characterize 
the  specimens  here  figured  ;  but,  as  a  rule,  the  angular  pebbles  are  of 
natural  formation,  and  their  imi)erfectly  ground  and  polished  surf;u:es 
give  evidence  of  the  possibility,  that,  under  favorable  circumstances,  a 


'""The  relative  alniiuUincc  of  these  implements  is  perhaps  a  matter  of  some  imiKirtamx,  in  iis 
bearing  on  the  (piestioii  of  their  origin.  Were  they  natural  forms,  the  peculiar  force  that  operated 
to  pr.Aliicc  them,  so  marvellously  like  ordinary  Inilian  relics  as  many  of  them  are,  wonM  scarcely 
have  been  limitea  to  so  few  pebbles  as  in  this  case:  unless  future  exploration  shall  discover  at 
some  distant  jwint  a  locality  where  only  chipiwd  pebbles  occur.  An  effort  has  been  made  to  esti- 
mate the  cimparative  .abundance  of  these  paU-eolithic  implements  in  the  gravel  deposit  forming 
the  blulT  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Delaware  river,  ami  as  near  as  can  be  determined,  it  is  about 
one  ten-thousandth  of  one  per  cent.,  or  one  in  every  million  of  pebbles.  A  suincient  number  of 
these  implements  have  certainly  not  as  yet  been  gathered,  to  affect  materially  this  calculation. 


490 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


chipped  implement  might  be  associateil  with  this  gravel,  even  from 
the  time  of  its  deposition,  and  yet  escape  the  wearing  action  by  which 
its  artificial  features  are  obliterated.  The  deposit  may  be  described 
as  largely  made  up  of  ordinary  smooth,  water-worn  pebbles  varying 
in  size  from  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  to  bowlders  estimated  to  weigh 
from  one  to  twenty  tons. 

rcnvirced  that  the  so-called  "turtle  back"  celts,  which  are  the 
most  primitive  form  of  the  chipped  implements  of  the  gravels,  really 
are  of  artificial  origii ,  many  of  them  being  identical  in  shape  witli  the 
ordinar)'  forms  of  European  drift  implements,  and  furthermore,  since 
among  the  spcciniervv  fiiund,  are  several  spearlicad-lil;o  inipleiv.ents, 
there  can  1^  but  little  doubt  that,  umssociated  as  they  are  with  the 
common  fonns  of  surface-found  relics,  they  are  remains  of  an  earlier 
and  a  nider  people,  who  occu])ied  the  eastern  shores  of  tiiis  continent 
l)rior  to  the  advent  of  the  Indians,  or  are  tlieir  immediate  ancestors, 
as  the  case  may  \ye. 

Mon.  Mortillef™"  has,  in  a  late  communication  to  the  Society  of  An- 
tliro]xiloj,n,-  of  Paris,  given  an  interesting  account  of  the  reseml)lance  be- 
tween the  implements  found  in  the  valley  of  the  Delaware,  and  those 
occurring  in  various  localities  in  France.  He  says  of  a  series  of  these 
implements  collected  by  the  author  of  this  volume,  and  forwarded  to 
hiin  ;  "'ITiese  stones  do  not  chip  so  well  as  those  of  the  Somme, 
because  the  latter  are  of  s/Aw,  and  silex  is  easily  chipjied.  On  the 
Delavarde  [Delaware]  River,  there  is  no  silex ;  men  were  there 
obliged  to  use  a  different  stone — the  trap,  a  sort  of  volcanic  rock, 
slightly  argillaceous,  and  very  hard  and  difficult  to  chip.  For  this 
reason  the  axes  that  you  see  here  are  not  as  perfectly  made  as  tliose 
from  St.  Acheul. 

"In  many  parts  of  France  rocks  other  than  silex  are  employed 
anil  they  are  no  l)etter  than  those  brought  us.  *  «  *  *  M.deSemallo 
has  presented  us  with  axes  in  (juartzite  which  came  from  I'retagne, 


'"' Mortillet.     Hullctin  tic  la  Sociote  irAiuliropulugiu  i!c  Paris,  Tunie  Dcuxitinc  (III  S(5rie), 
p.  43^^.     Paris,  1879. 


PAL/EOLITHIC    IMPLEMENTS. 


491 


and  althongli  our  roUcagiie  assured  us  tliat  lie  had  carefullv  chosen 
them  from  among  many  that  were  not  so  marked,  it  is  certain  that 
they  are  chipped  rudely  enough,  because  in  fact  <iuartzite  is  exceed- 
ingly difficult  to  break  as  you  wish  it.  Here  now,  I  present  you  with 
axes  in  quartzite  from  the  valley  of  tlie  Garonne,  and  you  can  see 
that  they  are  rudely  chipped. 

"It  is  interesting  to  see  that  the  same  epocli  has  produced  similar 
industries  in  such  different  coimtries.  This  makes  it  more  jjrobable, 
that  there  was  formerly  a  great  bridge  between  America  and  Europe. 
The  similarity  of  a  great  number  of  animals  and  of  plants  common 
to  the  two  countries  shows  the  existence  of  this  conmiunication.  Still 
it  may  be  supposed  that  certain  kinds  of  birds  could  have  crossed  the 
ocean  ;  seeds  of  plants  may  have  been  transported  by  the  wind  ;  but 
this  explanation  is  insufficient  for  insects  and  is  altogether  inadmissible 
for  terrestrial  shells.  How  can  it  be  imagined  that  snails  and  slugs, 
unable  to  live  in  water,  could  have  passed  from  one  continent  to  the 
other  if  there  had  been  no  [means  of]  communication  between  the 
worlds?  Perhaps  this  communication  may  have  taken  place  in  the 
r.orthern  part  of  the  ocean,  in  the  latitude  of  Newfoundland." 

Fig.  414  represents  a  carefully  wrought  stone  implement,  which 
may  be  considered  as  a  typical  example  of  this  class  of  objects. 

In  its  shape  and  size,  as  well  as  the  circumstances  under  which  it 
was  found,  it  is  a  repetition,  in  .Vmerica,  of  the  hundreds  of  such 
finds,  that  are  so  common  in  many  of  the  river  valleys,  both  of  France 
and  England.  Almond-shaped  celts  of  this  size  and  finish  are  not 
abundant  when  compared  with  the  whole  number  of  specimens  foimd. 
They  fiirnish  evidence  of  the  highest  skill  m  chipping  stone,  and  were 
probably  among  the  most  formidable  weapons  jiossessed  by  man  at 
that  time. 

I'lg.  414  was  found  by  the  writer,  while  watching  the  progress  of 
an  extensive  excavation  in  Centre  street.  Trenton,  X.J.  It  was  neady 
seven  feet  from  the  surface,  surrounded  l)y  a  mass  of  very  large  cobble- 
stones and  bowlders,  one  of  the  latter  overl)ing  it.  It  is  moderately 
weathered ;  but  the  boundary  ridges,  of  the  various  fiakes  that  have 


492 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


been  detached,  are  nearly  obliterated,  apparently  by  long  exposure  to 
shifting  sands  and  nmning  water. 

Fig.  415  represents  an  average  specimen  of  the  flat-bottomed,  peak- 


FiG.  414.  — New  Jersey.    |. 

backed  stones,  known  in  some  localities  as  "turtle-backs,"  a  name 
that  admirably  describes  their  general  appearance.  These  implements 
(for  their  artificial  origin  can  scarcely  be  questioned)  are  very  uni- 


to 


I'AI-^EDI.ITHIC    IMPLKM  KNn-S. 


493 


form  in  the  character  of  the  chipping,  in  the  material,  argillite,  of 
which  they  are  made,  and  tlie  erosion  of  tiieir  surfaces,  though  in  this 
latter  respect  they  vary  more  than  in  any  other. 
The  specimen  here  figured  measures  four  inches   in   length  and 


Fig.  415.  — New  Jersey.    |. 

two  and  one-half  inches  in  width.  The  bottom  is  nearly  a  perfect 
plane,  and  shows,  by  the  slight  indentations  and  scratch-like  markings, 
that  it  has  been  chipped  into  its  present  shape,  and  not  accidentally 
broken.  Its  greatest  thickness  is  one  and  one-eighth  inches ;  the 
"peak,"  or  highest  point  of  tiie  back,  being  in  the  middle  of  the 
specimen,  measured  lengthwise,  but  rather  nearer  one  side  than  the 


494 


rUIMniVK   INUUHTRY. 


Other.  The  broader  side  of  tlie  l)a(k  does  not  appear  to  be  any  l)eltei- 
adapted  for  cutting,  tiian  is  tlie  narrower  or  n^ore  abruptly  descending 
side. 

Although  this  stone,  from  long  cx])osure,  has  become  jjorous  upon 
the  surface,  two  edges  still  remain  sharp  and  regular,  and  exhibit  an 
amount  of  skill  in  "flint-chipping"  about  equal  to  that  of  the  ordinary 
siate  hoes,  shovels,  si)ears  and  arrow-points.  Close  examination  shows 
that  the  back  has  been  worked  into  its  present  shape  by  a  series  of 

l)o\verfuI  blows,  or  by  pressure. 
Usually  large  surfaces  are  left, 
in  severa,!  instances  planes 
being  formed  by  the  detach- 
ment of  a  single  fragment  of 
the  rock,  which  extends  from 
the  peak  to  tlie  edge  of  the 
implement. 

This  specimen  was  found  on 
the  face  of  the  gravel  bluff  that 
forms  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
Delaware  river,  below  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.  The  original  po- 
sition, as  to  depth,  was  not 
noted  at  the  time,  as  these 
objects  were  not  then  dis- 
tinguished from  the  ordinary 
FK;.4.6.-NcwjcTscy.    ].  ^^jj^^   ^j.  ^^^^   Indians.     As 

many  sjjecimens,  however,  of  the  same  pattern  have  been  collected 
at  this  ])lacc,  most  of  which  were  from  undisturbed  gravel,  and  at 
determined  depths,  it  is  quite  evident  that  ail  these  implements  are 
from  the  same  general  locality,  and  while  differing  much  in  age, 
are  not  in  any  case  to  be  referred  to  the  Indians  of  a  comparatively 
recent  time. 

Fig.  416  represents  a  somewhat  smaller  example  of  these  "turtle 
backs,"  taken  from  the  same  locality.     As  in  the  preceding  instance, 


i'.\L^;oLiTHi(;  imi'Ij:mi:nts. 


495 


lliis  specimen  is  made  of  argillile,  and  lias  liecn  considerably  eroded 
by  long  exposure.  This  is  Ijelieved  to  have  occurred  i)rior  to  its 
being  ileeply  buried  in  the  gravel  bed,  from  which  it  was  taken.  The 
chipping,  as  in  fig.  415,  is  coarse,  but  well  designed,  and  has  produced 
a  moderately  sharp  cutting  edge  around  the  entire  margin.  As  is 
nearly  always  the  case  with  these  "ttirtle  backs,"  the  under  side  is 
perfectly  flat,  and  hence  it  is  that  these  specimens,  when  resting  upon 
their  flat  under  surfaces, 
resemble  the  shells  of 
our  common  box  tor» 
toise  (Cis/ui/o).  To 
this  fact  they  owe  their 
pojjular  name. 

Fig.  4 1 7  represents  a 
third  example  of  the  so- 
called  "turde  backs," 
but  varies  in  being 
pointed,  or  spear-shaped 
in  its  outline.  Like  the 
preceding  oval  speci- 
mens, this  implement  is 
flat  upon  its  under  side, 
but  this  side  is  not  the 
natural  surface  of  the 
pebble,  worn  smooth  by 
water  action,  but  the 
plane  left  by  detaching  a  single  large  flake.  The  specimen  has  there- 
fore the  appearance  of  being  the  half  of  an  ordinary  paleolithic 
implement,  which  has  been  evenly  split  in  two.  This  specimen,  now 
preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  Academy  of  Science,  at  Salem,  ]Ma.ss., 
was  one  of  the  first  found  on  the  gravelly  bluff  facing  the  river  at  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.,  although  its  age  and  origin  were  not  recognized  at  the  time. 
The  preceding  specimens,  excepting  fig.  414,  bear  such  a  resem- 
blance to  a  class  of  jasper  implements,  which  are  supposed  to  have 


Fig.  417.  — New  Jersey.    \. 


496 


PRlMiriVE   INDUSTRY. 


been  cutting  tools,  that  we  are  warranted  in  assuming,  that  they  were 
used  for  niucli  the  same  purposes.  The  flat  under  surflue  iloes  not 
give  to  tiiese  "turtle-backs"  as  good  cutting  edges  as  are  found  on 
those  specimens  that  are  chipped  upon  both  sides ;  but,  notwithstand- 
ing this  objectionable  feature,  the  edges  are  sufficiently  sharp  to  be 
available  for  cutting  flesh  and  similar  yielding  substances.  For  some 
such  purpose,  they  were  probably  used. 

Fig.  418  is  an  example  of  more  elaborately  wrought  form,  and  is 
of  interest  from  its  resemblance  to  the  European  patterns  of  palaeo- 
lithic implements,  and  from  the  fact  that  it  is  an  excellent  connecting 
link  between  the  ruder  forms,  that  have  been  figured,  and  those  that 
are  of  higher  design  and  better  finish.  This  spear-shaped,  or  pointed 
implement  is  carefully  shaped  from  an  argillite  pebble,  and  has  well 
defined  sharp,  if  not  cutting,  edges.  The  base  is  rounded,  and  pre- 
serves the  natural  surface  of  the  pebble.  The  point  is  quite  acute, 
and  the  sides  have  been  produced  by  chipping,  so  that  a  compara- 
tively uniform  surface  has  resulted.  The  degree  of  weathering  is 
uniform,  and  so  far  as  this  can  be  trusted  as  a  guide,  the  specimen 
has  had  eadi  flake  removed  at  practically  the  same  time. 

This  implement  measures  six  inches  in  length,  by  from  three  to 
three  and  one-fourth  inches  in  width,  until  near  the  point  where  it 
suddenly  narrows. 

It  was  found  at  the  bluff  at  Trenton,  in  a  narrow  gorge,  caused  by 
running  water  which,  however,  had  not  displaced  the  material  forming 
the  sides  of  the  little  chasm.  It  vcas  nine  feet  from  the  surface,  and 
overtopped  by  a  large  bowlder.  It  l>ears  considerable  resemblance 
to  certain  chipped  implements  <jf  jasper,  porphyry  and  sandstone, 
which  have  been  occasionally  found  on  the  surface  associated  with 
ordinary  Indian  relics ;  and  which  the  writer  supposes  were  largely 
used  as  "heads"  for  war-clubs.  However  this  may  be,  an  implement, 
like  the  one  here  described,  might  readily  be  mounted  in  a  handle,  or, 
having  a  blunt  base,  be  held  in  the  hand  and  wielded  with  terrible 
effect.  Other  examples  of  this  form,  mostly  of  argillite,  have  been 
collected  from  the  same  locality. 


i'.\i..v.oi,riiiic  i.MiM.iMi:vis.  437 

Fig.  419,  a  l>,  rcjircsonts  two  views  of  a  (niiie  carefully  wrought 


Fig.  418.  —  New  Jersey,    ■}■, 

specimen  of  these  rude  implements,  measuring  nearly  five  inches  in 


498 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


length,  by  two  and  one-half  inches  in  average  breadth,  ant!  less  than 
two  inches  in  greatest  thickness.  It  is  an  excellent  cxami)le  of  that 
form  previously  referred  to,  as  a  "turtle-back"  celt.    Of  this  specimen 


Fig.  41911.  —  New  Jersey.     |. 

Dr.  M.  E.  Wadsworth  says,  "as  far  as  can  be  told  from  cxamininr;  its 
extern.'il  surface,  without  any  fresh  fracture,  I  should  consider  it  to  be 
made  of  very  compact  argillite.  It  shows  weathering,  and  also  a 
more  recent  fracture,  which  has  weathored  to  some  extent.     I  should 


I'Ai.F.ni.niiK;  imim.i.mi.ni's. 


499 


consider  it  very  dnuhtful  if  this  could  l)e  formed  naturally."  Tliis 
specimen,  like  the  preceding,  came  from  tiie  bluff  facing  the  river. 
It  was  taken  from  a  depth  of  tinee  feet  in  from  tin    face  of  the  bluff, 

which  was  itself  evidently  the  un- 
disturbed gravel. 

It  is  desirable  to  state,  i.i  this 
connection,  that  the  ui)per  surface 
of  this  bluff  was  removed  many 
years  ago,  when  grading  the  street 
that  now  passes  along  the  slcnvly 
crumbling  escar[)ment  formed  by 
the  wearing  action  of  the  river 
flowing  at  its  foot.  All  the  super- 
'"cial  soil  and  several  feet  of 
gravel  were  removed,  and  all 
specimens  now  found  in  the  talus 
are  necessarily  from  the  gravel 
itself,  and  could  not  have  been 
derived  from  the  original  surface. 
A  series  of  the  earlier  found 
of  these  argiiiite  imi)lements, 
derived  from  the  gravel  beds, 
were  sul)mitVed  to  Dr.  M.  E. 
Wadsworth,  of  Cambridge,  the 
eminent  lithologist,  to  determine 
their  niinera'.'^gical  character, 
with  especial  reference  to  the 
]iossibi!''*y  of  the  fractures  that 
might  arise  from  natural  causes. 
Of  the  specimen,  fig.  420,  Dr. 
F.C.  4T9«. -New  jcrsoy.   ] .  Wadsworth  says,  "  It  is  an  argillite. 

It  is  highly  indurati'd,  with  a  conchoidal  fracture,  without  cleavage, 
and  fuses  to  a  yellowisli  green  or  white  glass  which  is  feebly  magnetic. 
The  weathering  which  it  sliows  <  ould  hardly  have  taken  ])lace  except 


50O 


I'RIMITIVK  INIIi;srKV, 


before  it  was  cowrcd  with  soil  ;  it  niiglit  ijossihly,  hut  I  tliink  not 
probably,  in  a  loose,  open  i,'ra\el.  It  is  not  at  all  likely  to  be  of 
natural  formation. "  'I'he  sjiecinien  is  figured  of  natural  size,  and 
requires  no  further  description,  other  than  to  remark  that  it  was  found 
in  the  ///u/ii/ur/xi/ y^nivv]  of  the  bluff  facing  the  Delaware,  at  a  depth 
of  six  feet  from  the  surface. 

The  word  "undisturbed"  is  purposely  emphasized,  inasmuch  as  it 


^;i«. 


Fi(,.  420.  —  New  Jcrsc-y.     If 

is  necessary,  as  Professor  Pumjielly  has  pointed  out,  to  determine 
whether  the  undisturbed  specimens  occur  in  the  graxel  as  it  exists 
when  lu-st  exposed,  nr  in  a  talus  that  may  hue  ])ein  formed  at  the 
base  of  the  bluff,  and  \\lii(h.  in  some  cases,  ma\-  extend  U|)\\ar(ls, 
nearly  to  the  to|)  ;  as  in  the  laficr  event  it  is  possible  that  an  imple- 


i'.\i,.T:oi.rrm(;  implements. 


501 


ment  miglit  lia\e  vcr}-  recently  rolled  down  from  the  surface,  and  he, 
now,  hnried  several  feet  from  the  face  of  the  hluff.  This  ])ossil)le 
occurrence  has  been  dul)'  considered  in  every  instance,  and  no  snch 
disi)laccment  e\identl}'  had  taken  ])lace,  in  the  instance  of  the  speci- 
men lierc  figured,  or 
in  that  of  others  found 
both  before  and  since. 

l'"ig.  421  rejiresents 
a  specimen  formed  of 
an  argillite  pebble,  with 
a  ])ortion  of  the  water- 
worn  or  weathered  sur- 
face co...stitnting  the 
greater  pa*-!,  of  the 
base,  on  one  side  of 
the  implement.  The 
corresponding  side  is 
a  uniform  surface,  but 
is  less  smooth,  and  ex- 
hibits every  indication 
of  be  ing  much  less 
weathered,  although  it 
is  greatly  altered  from 
a  freshly  fractured  sur- 
face. 

Thissjiecimen  meas- 
ures four  and  one- 
fourth  inches  scant  in 
length.  'I'he  base  is, 
in  width,  a  little  i-'ss  th;ni  one  half  the  length.     The  (hipped  [lortion 


Kk;.  4 'i.  —  Nuv.  jersey.     \. 


de(  reases  uniformK   in  widtli   from   tii 


ise,  the  llakes  haviuLT  been 


del, 11  bed  from  both  shIcs,  and  the  I'dges.  The  s])eciinen  terminates 
in  <|uite  a  blunt  ]ioint,  and  does  not  appear  to  h.ue  been  more 
acutely  finished,  than  it  now  is.     In   general   outline,   fig.  421    clo.sely 


S02 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY  . 


resembles  many  of  the  European  flint  implements  from  tiie  river 
valleys,  and  bears  fiir  more  resemblance  to  many  neolithic  forms 
than  do  the  majority  of  the  chipped  flints  from  tertiary  deposits  lately 
described  in  detail  by  M.  Robiero.^"* 

This  specimen  was  taken  from  the  gravel,  at  tlie  bluff  forming  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Delaware  river  at  Trenton,  at  a  depth  of  seven 
feet  from  the  surface. 

P'ig.  42  -L  presents  a  carefully  shaped  and  creditably  designed  ar- 
gillite  impk.i  at  is  mucii  like  many  of  those  found  in  Europe. 


Fic.  422,  —  New  Jersey.    |. 

From  the  base,  which  is  tlie  uncliipped  nalnral  smface  of  tiic  argiilitc 
l)ebble,  this  implement  is  flaked  ecjually  on  bolli  sides,  and  brought 
to  an  edge  along  each  margin,  and  at  the  same  time  it  tapers  to  an 
obtuse  point,  sufficiently  marked,  however,  to  indicate  that  it  was 
intended  to  pierce  as  well  as  to  cut.  Tiie  liroad  base,  which  is  suffi- 
ciently wide  to  allow  the  specimen  to  stand  upriglit  without  support, 


'"''*  Dcscrip.  dc  Alguiis.  Silcx  I".  Qiuirt.  Lascados  en   cuiilrados  nos  caiiiadus  dus  tcrrctios: 
Terliar.  e  (Jualeniatio.     M.  Carlos  Kobiero,  Lisljoa,  1B77. 


^^ 


l'.\I./K()l.nilIC    IMPLEMENTS. 


503 


could  never  have  been  attached  to  a  long  shaft,  and  so  it  could  never 
have  been  used  as  a  spearhead. 

Held  in  the  hand,  it  woukl  seem  to  be  an  awkward  instrument  for 
most  purposes,  but  tiie  broad  base  would  serve  to  protect  the  hand, 
were  it  held  in  this  way,  and  used  for  striking  sudden  blows.  Hafted 
in  some  manner,  an  excellent  weapon  is  obtained  and  one  that  would 
prove  not  only  valuable,  in  close  combats,  but  as  a  hunting  imple- 
ment, whenever  an  opportunity  was  given  to  strike  a  sudden  blow. 

Neolithic  implements  of  this  pattern,  but  usually  longer,  were  prob- 
ably used  for  grabbing  roots,  but  implements  of  this  pattern,  when 
found  in  the  river  gravels,  are  more  likely  to  ha\e  been  ice-picks. 
If  we  are  warranted  in  supposing  that  the  people  who  made  and  used 
these  paliBolithic  implements  lived  here  during  the  prevalence  of  an 
arctic  climate,  then  they  must  have  had  some  means  for  cutting  holes 
in  the  ice,  and  for  such  a  purpose,  the  broad-based  implements,  like 
fig.  422,  were  admirably  adajjted.  If  used  in  this  manner,  they  would 
be  peculiarly  liable  to  be  lost  through  the  holes  cut  in  the  ice. 

This  specimen  was  found,  several  years  ago,  in  the  bluff  or  gravel 
bed  that  formerly  faced  upon  the  east  side  of  Cooper  street,  Trenton, 
and  was  in  the  loose  gravel,  which  was  then  being  removed.  It  was 
near  the  centre  of  a  mass  of  small  i)ebbles  and  sand,  which  was 
detached  bodily,  and  from  the  foot  of  the  bluff,  and  which,  when 
it  crumbled,  exposed  this  sjjecimen.  Above  the  mass,  in  which  this 
specimen  was  embedded,  extended  a  stratum  of  sand  of  considerable 
thickness,  overlying  which  was  the  surface  so'l.  The  specimen  was  at 
least  at  a  deiith  of  eight  feet. 

It  was  at  this  locality,  that  some  time  before,  the  writer  found,  in 
situ,  three  chipped  masses  of  stone.  sui)posed  to  have  had  an  artificial 
origin.  That  two  of  them  were  ijakeolitliic  im[)lements,  subsequent 
discoveries  have  shown  to  be  true.  ( )f  these,  as  early  as  1873,  the 
opinion  was  expressed,-"'-*  that  as  tiiey  occurred  so  <leeply  in  the  earth, 
and  in  gravel  and  sand  that  showed  no  evidence  of  recent  disturi)ance. 


""  Abbolt.    American  N.iliiralisl,  vol.  vii,  |i.  207,  i\i>.  jC-jS.     S.iltin,  M.^^^.,  1S73. 
3.! 


504 


I'KlMniVK    IN'DUSTRV. 


"they  were  fashioned  and  used  hy  a  jicople  far  antedating  the  race 
that  suhseiincntly  occupied  tliis  same  territon ." 

Ki^;.  423.  a,  l>,  represents  the  si)earhead-lit<e  implement  ])reviousIy 
referred  t(j.  The  illustration  shows,  at  a  glance,  the  artificial  origin  of 
tlic  si>ccinien.  It  is  made  of  flint,  and  is  the  only  instance  of  the 
occurrence  of  a  drift  implement  of  this  mineral.  This  specimen  was 
taken  from  the  gravel,  at  a  depth  of  si\  feet  from  the  surfice,  on  the 
site  of  the  Lutheran  (.'luirch,  JJroad  street,  Trenton,  N.  J.     It  was 


Kic;.  423,  —  New  Jersey.     4' 

found  lying  ///  .»■////.  in  a  shallmv  stratum  of  coarse  pebbles,  and  clearly 
showetl  hy  its  surroundings  that  it  had  not  become  buried  at  this  dei)th, 
subseipiently  to  the  deposition  of  the  containing  layer  of  jjebbles. 

The  Hk  t  that  this  s[iecimen  was  found  at  a  dej)th,  at  which  under 
exceptional  circumstance  ordinary  Indian  rilics  might  be  buried,  and 
being  of  a  different  mineral  from  the  (  haracleristic  forms  of  the  gravel, 
might  lead  to  the  belief  tiuit  this  more  artistically  (hipped  flint  spear- 
shapeii  implement,  was  an  'MiUrusive"  relic  of   Indian  origin.     The 


. 


I'AI,/K(.)l.riHIC    IMl'LK.MKNl'S. 


505 


general  character  of  this  gravcl-bcd,  even  at  this  shallow  deptii  —  six 
feet  from  the  surface  —  where  this  flint  specimen  occurred,  was  such 
as  to  convince  any  one,  had  they  examined  the  locality  at  tlie  time, 
that  the  specimen  had  not  reached  there  subso((uently  to  the  deposition 
of  the  gravel  itself.  Fortunately,  at  the  time,  an  exceptionally  gooil 
op[)ortunity  of  examining  the  locality  was  offered,  and  it  was  evident 
that  the  imi)lement-bearing  gravel;.,  that  can  be  readily  distinguished 
from  the  later  beds,  here  came  to  the  surface.  ]'.owlders  of  large 
size  were  upon  the  surface,  and  the  sides  of  the  excavation,  from 
wiiich  was  taken  this  specimen  (fig.  423),  showed  by  the  close  pack- 
ing of  the  material  constituting  the  mass,  tliat  it  had  not  been  recently 
disturbed,  and  that  it  had  been  deposited  by  the  same  forces  that 
formed  the  gravel-bluff,  now  constituting  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river, 
neady  two  miles  distant.  Immediately  above  it,  /.  c,  on  the  same 
horizon,  but  not  directly  over  it,  and  continuousl}-  to  the  surface  were 
numbers  of  large  stones,  several  of  them  containing  from  six  to  ten 
cubic  feet.  In  such  a  mass,  and  at  such  a  depth,  it  is  scarcely  i)ossible 
a  spearpoint  of  the  later  Indians  could  have  reached.  The  fact  that 
the  specimen  is  flint,  and  not  argillite,  has  no  bearing  on  the  question 
of  its  being  other  Uian  a  paleolithic  implement,  inasmuch  as  in  all 
well  known  localities  in  Europe,  where  jialKolithic  flints  occur,  there 
have  Ijeen  found  occasional  specimens  made  of  other  minerals. 

Fig.  424  represents  a  very  carefully  chipped  argillite  implement  that 
bears  a  marked  resemblance  to  many  of  the  European  specimens  of 
paleolithic  implements.  The  specimen  measures  four  and  one-half 
inches  in  length,  and  a  little  less  than  two  and  one-half  inches  in  its 
greatest  width.  In  the  chipping,  this  specimen  varies  somewhat  horn 
a  typical  turtle-back,  in  that  the  under,  or  flatter,  side  is  somewhat 
cliippcd,  especially  along  the  edges,  which  tlirougho.it  their  entire 
len"tli,  exhiliit  traces  of  secondary  chipping,  whereby  the  edges  were 
made  more  neady  slraiglit.  The  general  outline  is  that  of  a  spear  or 
lance-head,  rather  than  an  indefuiitely  siiai.ed  "chipped  implement," 
as  many  of  them  are.  There  is  in  this  instance  a  well  defmed  point, 
and  a  broad,  straight  base,  giving  a  general  contour  (luite  similar  to 


5o6 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


certain  jasper  and  slate  "hoe  blades,"  as  tliis  i);Utcrn  of  neolithic  im- 
plements is  sometimes  called. 

This  specimen,  fig.  424,  was  taken  from  the  bluff  facing  the  river, 
but  two  miles  farther  south  than  the  exposure  near  Trenton,  from  which 

most  of  the  si)ecimens 
have  been  gathered. 
It  was  discovered  in  a 
perpendicular  exposure 
of  the  bluff,  immedi- 
ately after  the  detach- 
ment of  a  large  mass  of 
material,  and  in  a  sur- 
face thai  IkuI  ])ut  tiie 
day  before  l)cen  ex- 
posed and  had  not  yet 
begun  to  crumble. 
The  sjjecimen  was 
t\vcnt)-()ne  feet  from 
the  surface  of  the 
ground,  and  within  a 
foot  of  the  triassic  clays 
that  are  here  exposed. 
Directly  over  it,  and  in 
contact,  was  a  bowlder 
of  large  size,  probably 
weighing  one  hundred 
pounds  ;  while  at  a  dis- 
tance of  nve  feet  above 
was  a  second  much 
larger  bowlder.  The 
character  of  the  mass,  which  was  that  of  the  bluff  on  tlie  bank  of  the 
river  near  Trenton,  was  such  as  to  render  it  impossible  that  this 
specimen  could  have  reached  this  position  subsequently  to  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  containing  bed. 


Fig.  434,  —  New  Jersey,    \t 


v\\jv.o\.miu:  imi'i.kments. 


507 


Fig.  425  represents  a  very  artificial  looking,  and  yet  quite  imiciue, 
form  of  cliippcd  stone  implement.  It  certainly  bears  no  rcHcmblance 
to  any  common  form  of  neolithic  weapon  or  domestic  implement.     In 


Fig.  425.  —  New  Jersey,     j. 

general,  its  appearance  is  that  of  a  nidi.'  spear,  such  as  not  unfre([uently 
occurs  ui)on  the  surface,  made  of  jasper  and  (piartz  ;  but  the  handle- 
like projection,  which  may  or  may  not  have  been  pointed  originally, 


;o,S 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSlkY. 


renders  it  difficult  to  determine  tlie  proljuhle  use  of  the  implement ; 
but  that  the  specimen  is  artificial,  and  designed  for  some  definite  pur- 
pose, there  can  be  no  doubt. 

This  specimen  measures  four  and  five-eighths  inches  in  length,  and 
two  inches  in  maximum  widtii,  exclusive  of  the  projecting  point  or 
"handle"  at  one  side.  This  projection  is  one  and  one-fourth  inches 
in  length.  The  chipping  on  this  "mplement  is  quite  well  defined  along 
the  edges ;  and  this,  of  itself,  gives  evidence  of  its  artificial  origin ; 
for  we  do  not  find  traces  of  secondary  chipping,  whereby  zigzag  lines 
arc  straightened,  occurring  among  crushed  or  frost-fractured  ])el)bles. 

This  uni([ue  form  was  found  on  the  same  gra\elly  liluff  from 
which  the  preceding  was  taken,  but  at  a  point  two  miles  distant, 
down  tlie  ri\cr.  The  specimen  was  exposed  after  a  land-slide  which 
occurred  on  Aug.  24th,  immediately  after  a  violent  storm.  A  large 
mass  of  gravel  was  detached  bodily,  leaving  a  fresh  surface  of  the 
bluff,  from  which  this  specimen  projected.  Tiie  depth  from  the  sur- 
face was  considerable,  though  it  could  not  be  accurately  determined 
at  the  time. 

Fig.  426  represents  a  specimen  more  like  a  weapon  than  any  of 
the  rude  implements  that  have  as  yet  been  collected.  Its  shape  seems 
to  suggest  its  use,  and,  considering  the  rough  workmanship  that  has 
been  expended  ujjon  it,  it  is  admiral)ly  adapted  to  the  supi^osed  use 
to  which  it  was  put.  It  foreshadows  the  tomahawk  of  more  modern 
times.  There  appear  to  have  been  no  fractures  since  the  imjtlement 
was  made.  The  whole  surface  jiresents  the  same  weather-worn  ap- 
I)earancc,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  even  the  rude  edges  were  more  regular 
in  design  or  shari)er  than  at  present.  Very  nearly  eight  inches  in 
length,  the  specimen  may,  for  puri)oses  of  description,  be  divided  into 
two  sections — the  front  or  blade  of  the  weapon,  and  the  hanmier- 
head  or  back.  The  blade  or  front  portion  is  four  inches  in  lengtli, 
forming  nearly  a  continuous  line  with  the  top  of  the  back  ;  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  ouUine  or  margin  being  less  than  half  an  inch  at  tlie 
angle  of  the  back  and  edge.  IJelow,  the  line  of  the  back  and  that  of 
the  blade  form  an  obtuse  angle  ;  the  blade  being  beneath,  an  inch  and 


mSBamm 


PAM'^OLirmc  IMl'LEMEmS. 


5  "9 


three-eighths  wider  than  the  narrower  portion  or  hammer-head.  The 
entire  margin  of  this  siK'cinien  has  been  chipped  into  its  present  shape 
and  condition,  giving  it  a  rudely-rounded  ajipearance  at  tlic  top,  edge, 
bottom,  and  extremity  of  the  bacii.  This  chipping  has  not  been  done 
by  an  ordinary  hammer-stone,  pecking  off  the  small  fragments  and 
producing  the  peculiar  dotted  appearance  common  to  the  ordinary 
grooved  cobble-stone  axes;  but  the  stone  has  been /«-('tv/ off  in  larger 
l)ieces,  although  the  ap[)earance  varies  somewhat  from  the  shelly 
fracture  of  jasper.  7\s  a  large  portion  of  the  side  of  this  specimen 
is  smooth,  it  is  probable  that  the  mass,  as  originally  detached  from 


Fig.  436.  —  New  Jersey.    J. 

the  rock,  bore  some  resemblance  to  the  weapon  or  implement  as  it 
now  appears.  This  implement  is  of  special  interest  as  being  the 
most  primitive  sj)ecimen  of  a  rude  hatchet  yet  met  with,  that  appears 
to  have  had  a  handle  fastened  to  it.  A  split  or  forked  sapling  could 
have  been  as  readily  attached  to  an  axe  of  this  shape  as  to  any  of  the 
grooved  forms.  The  shallow  notch  beneath,  at  the  junction  of  the 
back  and  blade,  was  apparenUy  so  chipped  to  make  the  handle  more 
secure. 

This  axe-like  specimen  was  found  upon  the  surface  of  a  gravelly 
field,  under  circumstances  that  have  no  bearing  upon  the  question  of 


ftMl 


510 


I'RIMIIIVK    INDl/STKY. 


ils  age.  The  fact  that  it  is  of  arj;illito,  togcllier  with  its  weathered 
condition  and  the  similarity  of  the  c!)i])i)ing  to  those  implements  foimd 
in  the  gruel,  renders  it  prohalile  that  it  is  not  the  hamliwork  of  the 
Indian.  It  is  described,  in  tiiis  ( onneelicjn,  hetause  ils  condition  is 
such  as  to  snggest  that  it  had  as  early  an  origin  as  the  term  "  i)ala:o- 
lithic"  implies. 

Its  pala;olithic  age  is  further  rendered  jirobahle  from  the  fact,  that 
very  recently,  during  an  examination  of  the  gravel  bank  fa(  ing  the 
river,  near  Trenton,  N.  J.,  by  I'rof.  W.  lloyd  Dawkins,  I'rof.  Henry 
^V.  Haynes  and  others,  a  very  characteristic  specimen  of  a  pointed 
l)ala3olilhic  implement  was  found,  that  had  a  rude,  but  ([uite  distinct 
encircling  gpoove,  and  was  therefore  evidently  intended  to  be  hafted. 
Still  another  specimen,  found  in  deep  undisturbed  gravel  by  the  writer, 
was  of  such  shape  that  it  could  scarcely  have  been  usetl,  unless  at- 
tached to  a  handle. 

Finally,  it  is  desirable  to  add,  in  this  connection,  that  these  rude  im- 
plements have  been  frefpiently  found  ///  situ  by  others,  as  well  as 
myself,  and  thus  evidence  is  not  wanting  to  show  that  my  own  im- 
l)ressions  as  to  their  antifjuity,  based  upon  the  circumstances  of  their 
l)osition,  when  found,  were  not  unwarranted. 

In  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Museum  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  for 
1880,  the  Curator  has  recently  referred  to  this  subject,  in  connection 
with  the  series  of  specimens  found  by  me,  and  presented  to  that 
institution.  Professor  Putnam  remarks  that  "others,  including  myself, 
have  found  implements  in  place  in  the  gravel,  and  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Poston  Society  of  Natural  Histor;,  held  Jan.  19,  1880,  the  subje-t  was 
carefully  discussed  ;  and  the  evidence,  supposed  to  be  wanting  by  some 
as  to  the  actual  finding  of  specimens  in  situ  in  the  gravel,  was  given 
in  detail." 

Having  spoken  at  length  of  the  deposits  of  gravel  from  whicn  the 
characteristic  implements  here  described  have  been  taken,  an  1  the 
])()sition  of  these  gravels  in  the  geological  series  having  been  ,liown, 
that  we  may  appropriately  determine  the  anti(]uity  of  these  rel'cs.  it 
is  njcessary  now  to  pcjint  out  the  relationship  of  the  relics  of  an 
ancient  people  found  in  them,  to  the  c(jntaining  beds. 


PAL/i:(lI,miK'    IMIM.KMKNIS. 


5" 


What  seems  to  be  a  most  conclusive  argument  in  favor  of  the  view 
that  these  relics  of  men  arc  as  old  as,  and  in  some  cases  it  may  be  older 
than,  the  gravels  tiiat  now  surround  tliem,  is  the  fact  that  while  the 
paleolithic  implements  are  characteristic  of  the  gravel,  and  neolitliic 
implements  of  the  surface,  it  is  quite  natural  to  find  the  former,  as  we 
find  its  containing  bed,  frequently  cropping  out  upon  tlie  surface  ; 
while  we  never  find  this  same  soil  at  great  depliis,  nor  d(j  the  relics  of 
the  Indian,  that  now  dfit  its  surface,  ever  occur  in  sucli  inexplicable 
positions.  We  can  easily  imagine  an  earthiiuake  creating  a  deep 
chasm  or  crack  in  the  surface,  and  inhuming  a  c"mi)arativcly  modern 
implement ;  but  there  are  no  traces  of  sucli  cataclysmic  action  here, 
and  if  such  an  event  had  occurred,  there  would  be  otiier  e\idences 
than  the  commingling  of  objects  from  the  surface  wiili  the  underlying 
deposits  ;  but  such  are  wanting.  Besides,  if  these  rmlc  forms  were  of 
identical  origin  with  common  Indian  relics,  then  rude  and  elalxjrate 
alike,  jasjjcr,  q;'artz,  porphyry  and  slate  together,  axes,  spears,  ])ottery 
and  ornaments,  all  of  which  are  found  upon  the  surface,  should  occur 
at  these  depths.  .\ny  disturbance  that  would  bury  one,  would  bury 
the  others.  Such,  however,  is  not  the  case ;  and  this  one  fact  is,  I 
think,  of  itself  sufficient  to  show  that  there  is  a  distinction  to  be  drawn 
between  these  roughly  chii)ped  implements  and  the  skilfully  wrought 
productions  of  the  Indians. 

Furthermore,  in  considering  the  relationship  of  these  rudely  fash- 
ioned stone  implements  to  the  beds  containing  them,  and  the  place  of 
the  latter  in  the  geological  history  of  the  globe,  it  must  fust  be  borne 
in  mind,  that  the  many  changes  which  have  occurred  in  the  past  were 
periods  of  long  duration,  and  that  the  changes  of  climate  and  the 
modifications  of  the  dry  land  were  all  gradual  occurrences.  None 
were  of  such  violence  as  to  render  the  globe  uninhabitable  by  man. 
The  severity  of  the  glacial  climate  itself,  it  is  known,  but  partially  de- 
stroyed, though  it  largely  displaced,  animal  and  vegetable  life  ;  and  if 
the  displacement  of  mammals  is  a  clearly  ascertained  fact,  it  is  quite 
safe  to  include  man,  if  he  aiso  existed  here,  as  I  have  endeavored  to 
show  was  the  case. 


5': 


I'KiMiiivi-;  i\i)i;siKV. 


In  tlie  foregoing  sketcli  ot'  tlu'  indications  of  a  piiniiti-  c  people  that 
occupied  the  nortiicin  .Vtlantic  seaboard  of  America,  prior  to  t!ie  gen- 
erally supposed  recent  advent  of  the  North  American  Indian,  nothing 
has  been  adduced  to  indicate  the  racial  belongings  of  thi.T  [ireoccupy- 
ing  peo])le.  In  the  traces  tiiemselves  of  this  supi)osed  race  that  have 
been  preserved,  there  is  notliing  that  iieljjs  to  solve  the  ipicslion  of 
tiieir  pre-Indian  or  Indian  origin  ;  and  we  must  consider  them  simply 
as  rude  jjroductions  of  the  Indians,  who,  as  a  people  in  the  paUvo- 
lithic  stage  of  cullure,  readied  our  coast  possibly  as  far  baik  in  time 
as  the  glacial  epoch,  unless  otlier  evidence  can  be  brought  to  show 
that  an  earlier  and  ruder  race  once  possessed  this  country.  Have  we 
any  e\idei.ce  of  this? 

A  careful  study  of  the  relationship  of  the  implements  characteristic 
of  the  gravel,  to  the  better  known  traces  of  the  Indian  —  ordinary  ar- 
r'wheads,  celts  and  axes  —  of  itself,  suggests  the  jirobability  of  the  In- 
dians being  comijaratively  recent  occuj)ants  of  Mastern  Amerii:a ; 
althougii,  if  measured  by  years,  the  duration  of  their  occupancy  ex- 
tends far  indeed,  into  the  distant  past. 

The  conclusion  tiiat  tlie  Indians  were  preceded  by  another  j)eople 
is  based  upon  the  fa(  t  tiiat  it  is  not  practicable  to  trace  any  connec- 
tion between  the  characteristic  (hipped  ])ala.'olithit;  imjilements  and 
the  ])nlished,  pecked  and  fmely  wrought  (ji)je<:ts  of  Indian  origin  ;  the 
one  form  certainly  not  having  any  necessary  connection  with  the  other. 
'l"he  wide  gap  that  exists  between  a  full  series  of  each  of  the  two  forms 
is  readily  recognized,  when  the  two  are  brought  ..)gether,  and  no 
one  will  hesitate  to  a<  knowledge  it ;  but  mere  verbal  d  .scriptions  of 
distin(  tive  characteristics,  ])romint  it  as  they  are  to  the  eye,  convey 
but  little  meaning. 

The  gap  that  exists  between  one  o(  the  more  highly  specialized  pal 
otolithic  implements  and  a  rude  agricultural  tool  of  Indian  manufac- 
ture, is  slight  indeed,  and  the  m  ker  of  the  one  might  readily  luive 
made  tlu  other;  but  when  we  consider  that  a  difference  of  material 
also,  to  a  great  extent,  is  characteristic  of  the  two  forms,  and  the  rude 
argillite  objects  on  the  one  hand  are  as  marked  a  feature  of  the  gravel 


I'AL/KOrJTHIC   IMPLEI.  ENIS. 


beds,  as  the  rude  flint  and  slate  hoes  and  shovels  are  romnion  to  the 
surface,  it  becomes  evident  to  those  who  carefully  examine  the  several 
forms  from  the  two  })ositions,  that  they  are  as  widely  sei)arateti  as  the 
fossils  of  different  geological  formations.  Indeerl,  were  the  gravel 
beds,  that  contain  these  i.nplements  of  palaiolithic  age  and  origin,  by 
any  means  converted  into  solid  rocks,  these  artificially  siiaped  stones 
would  become  veritable  fossils,  and  as  clearly  inilicative  of  a  well  de- 
fined species  of  man,  as  the  casts  of  CiicuLca,  so  abundant  in  our 
green  sand  marls,  mark  a  well-known  form  of  moUuscau  life  once  com- 
mon in  the  Cretaceous  seas. 

As  to  the  ordinary  stone  implements,  it  may  be  mentioned  that 
those  found  upon  the  surface  are  all  in  accordance  with  what  we  know 
of  the  Indians,  wiio,  while  occupants  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North 
America,  were  dwellers  in  a  densely  wooded  country,  with  the  distribu- 
tion of  land  an<l  water  as  it  now  is  ;  Init  are  not  these  palaioiithic 
implements  wholly  out  of  place  in  like  jjositions?  One  tan  scarcely 
conceive  of  an\  use  for  a  "  turtle-back  celt,"  or  for  some  of  its  mod- 
ifications such  as  are  seen  in  the  limited  range  of  patterns  of  the  older 
forms,  unless,  perhaps  as  a  rude  weapon.  If  the  environment  of  a 
race  to  any  important  extent  determines  the  patterns  of  its  weajions  of 
war,  and  of  the  char.e,  as  well  as  its  domestic  implements,  then  it  is 
clearly  evident  th:it  the  well  known  forms  of  Indian  stone  implements 
most  readily  met  their  recjuirements  :  and  with  this  peojjle,  depending 
so  largely  ujion  their  skill  with  the  bow  for  their  subsistence,  and  armed 
with  hatchets  of  another  ))attern,  these  palaeolithic  implements  are 
umiuestionably  out  of  place.  They  are  so  flir  dilTerent,  and  more 
j)rimitivt;  in  ( onstn.ution,  as  to  suggest  their  use  at  a  time  long  prior 
to  the  discovery  of  the  bow,  when  another,  an.i  les'>  vary  fauna  must 
neetls  be  liunted,  and  they  also  indicate  a  1<  wer  dejrree  of  culture  than 
that  of  the  Indian  at  the  time  of  the  discovery  ■^f  the  continent  by 
Columbus. 

It  has  been  shown  tliMt  a  variation  in  the  physiial  condition  of  this 
countrv  both  as  to  distribution  of  land  and  water,  and  dimate.  with 
concomitant  differences  of  fauna  ami  flora,  obtained  during  the  gla-ial 


mmamtm 


5'4 


PRIMITIVK  INDUSTRY. 


cpocli ;  and  '>)  this  period,  or  to  ;i  Hul)so(|ii'.;it  one  of  siiortcr  durationl 
wlien  a  second  glaciation  of  tliese  valleys  ocicurred,  it  would  be  more 
reasonable  to  ascribe  these  rudely  fashioneil  implements,  even  if  found 
only  on  the  surface,  but  which,  by  their  presence  in  the  drift  gravels, 
give  us  a  faint  glimpse  of  the  ])rimal  race  that  occupied  our  shores. 

When  also,  we  consider  thnt  the  several  conditions  of  glacial  times 
were  largely  those  of  Greenland  and  arctic  America,  and  that  there  is 
unbroken  land  communication  between  the  desolate  regions  of  the 
latter  and  our  own  more  favored  lanil,  and  more  important  than 
all,  that  there  now  dwells  in  this  ice-clad  country  a  race  which,  not 
only  in  the  distant  jjast,  but  until  recently,  used  stone  implements  of 
rude  patterns;  it  is  natural  to  infer  that  the  traces  of  a  people  found 
here,  under  circumstances  that  demonstrate  a  like  < ondition  of  the 
country  during  their  occupancy,  are  really  traces  of  the  same  people. 

This  o])inion,  however,  has  been  frequently  ([uestioned,  and  grave 
doubts  expressed  as  to  the  relationship  of  American  i)ala;olithic  man 
and  the  modern  Eskimo.  'I'Ik'  publication  of  the  recent  volume  of 
Prof.  \Vm.  Boyd  I  )awkins.  entitled  "Ivuly  M,m  in  liritain,"-'"  renders  it 
desirable,  to  pursue  this  subject  somewiiat  further,  although  the  marked 
similarity  of  the  Kuroiiean  and  Ameri(  an  paleolithic  implements,  and 
of  the  circumstances  under  which  they  occur,  have  been  dwelt  upi'i. 
and  the  recent  remarks  of  M.  Mortillel,  on  this  subject,  (pioted  in  full. 
The  conclusions  of  I'rof.  Dawkius  are  of  unusiial  interest,  inasmuch 
as  his  impression  is  that  the  older  palaeolithic  man  bee  anie  totally  ex- 
tinct and  the  latei  pala;olithic  or  "('a\e-inan"  was  of  a  different 
origin.  This  opinion  is  certainly  at  variance  with  the  traces  of  post- 
glacial pakeolitliic  man,  as  found  on  the  .Xtlautic  coxX  of  America. 
'J'he  conclusions  of  Mr.  Dawkins  may  be  briefl\'  stated,  as  follows: 

Tal;u<jlithic  man  is  separately  consi(lere<l  as  the  River-drift  man  and 
the  Cave-man  ;  the  former  believed  to  be  mu(  h  the  okler  ]>eoi)le  and 
known  by  the  series  of  simplest  patterns  of  stone  im]ilements,  "  found 


""I'';uly  NT. HI   in    nril;un,  I'y  N\'.    I'-iytt   l>.i\\  kins,  t-ltiips.  \i  and  vii,  p.   i-J4ct    sc-q,     LofiOt)l1, 
MacMillaii  and  Cu,,  iSiiui 


mmmt^^'vm 


w  \^wmmmmmmmmKKff 


PA  UEOUTU IC   IM  I'LKM  ENTS. 


515 


in  the  late  Tleistocene  river  ]je(ls."  'I'liis  River-drift  man  \vanderc(l 
over  the  greater  jjart  of  Kiirope,  and  Asia,  leading  "  a  wandering  feral 
life  under  feral  conditions  *  •  *  *  a  hunter  of  a  very  low  order,  but 
not  lower  than  the  modern  Australian."  'J'he  Cave-man,  on  the  con- 
trary, was  greatly  restricted  in  his  range,  whicli  of  itself  is  held  to  be  in- 
dicative of  different  age  and  race,  and  was  far  in  advance  of  the  River- 
drift  man,  in  the  variety  and  wtjrkmanship  of  his  inii)lements  and 
weapons.  If  not  two  distinct  jieoples,  these  River-drift  and  Cave- 
men are  certainly  sections  of  the  same  race,  wiiich  foimd  tlieir  way 
into  luirope  at  widely  (HiTerent  times,  the  River-drift  man  being  of  far 
h''dicr  aiiticiuity,  ami  lived  countless  ages  before  tiie  arrival  of  the 
(  ave-man.  "We  are  without  a  due,'  writes  our  autlujr  "to  the 
ethnology  of  tiie  River-drift  man,  who  most  probaiily  is  as  completely 
extinct  at  the  present  time  as  the  woolly  rhinoceros  or  the  cave-bear ; 
but  the  (!i;coveries  of  the  last  twenty  years  havetendeil  to  confirm  the 
identification  of  the  Cave-man  with  tlie  lOskimo." 

In  the  earlier  chap'ters  of  this  volume,  refereiK  e  has  been  frenuently 
made  to  the  occurrence  of  rude  arrowpoints,  scra])ers,  and  other  forms 
of  stone  implements  made  of  argillite  whi(  h  suggest  an  origin  anterior 
to  the  ordinary  jasper  and  (juartz  implements  i  tlie  Indians  ;  and  in 
the  description  of  the  ojjcn  air  workshop  sites  m  'i--  Indians,  where 
arrowheads  were  chipped  in  great  numbers,  the  absence  of  argillite 
flakes  in  the  accumulated  dilois  was  noted. 

For  the>e  reasons  ami  others  more  particularly  referred  to,  in  pre- 
ceding chajiters,  it  is  believed  that  these  more  specialized  argillite  im- 
jilements,  although  found,  to  a  large  extent,  ujjon  the  surfa.e,  and 
associated  with  objects  of  Indian  origin,  really  bear  a  closer  relation- 
siiip  to  the  rude  implements  made  by  the  .American  River-drift  man, 
than  to  the  Indian  handiwork  of  more  recent  times.-"    if  we  are  war- 


""  One  m.irkcd  result  oftlic  ilcforcslini;  of  the  cnmitry,  .nml  its  const.int  cultiv.itinn  tias  lH;t.'n  to 
remove,  in  ^reat  part,  tin:  many  iiie<|iialitics  of  the  siirfaie,  and  to  ilry  up  many  of  the  smaller 
hrooks.  1  he  hilloi  ks  have  been  worn  down,  the  valleys  filleil  np,  ami  this,  of  cmirse,  ha^  resulleil 
in  liriiiKinkt  to  the  surface,  r»n  tht;  ]ii|;hcr  yit)unil,  the  aruillite  implements  whit  h  were  at  eonsiiler- 
alile  depths,  ami  in  liurying,  in  the  valleys,  the  more  recent  jasper  aiul  ipiaiti  implements  of  Indian 


5^6 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


ranted,  as  suggested  by  M.  de  Morlillet,  in  considering  the  Achculcen 
hatciiets  of  France,  the  flint  inplements  of  the  River-drift  man  of 
England,  and  the  argillite  implements  found  in  the  valley  of  the  Del- 
aware, as  the  handiwork  of  the  same  peojjlc  ;  then,  trading  the  parallel- 
ism furtlier,  it  may  be  asked  whether  we  have,  in  America,  any  evi- 
dence that  this  earliest  or  River-drift  folk  became  extinct  here,  as  Mr. 
Dawkins  believed  was  the  case  in  Europe.  If  we  have  no  evidence, 
but  on  the  contrary  we  are  able  to  point  out  a  united  and  continuous 
series  of  indications  of  palaiolithic  man's  presence  from  so  remote  a 
period  as  the  deposition  of  the  Trenton  gravel,  until  the  comparatively 
recent  date  when  man  had  become  as  advanced  in  culture,  as  the 
Cave-man  of  Europe,  then  the  parallelism  of  the  two  continents  is 
so  far  broken,  that  the  culture  in  the  one  country  is  confined  to  one 
race,  and  in  the  other  it  is  indicative  of  two. 

Along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  this  continent  there  do  not  occur  geo- 
logical formations  of  a  character  favorable  for  the  development  of  that 
particular  phase  of  human  culture  known  as  Cave-life,  as  represented 
in  Europe's  prehistoric  annals ;  but  the  same  improvement  in  the  pat- 
terns and  finish  of  stone  implements,  and  the  use  of  bone,  as  well  as 
stone,  and  all  the  distinguishing  features  of  Cave-life,  except  that  of 
the  artistic  representation  of  men  and  animals,  are  all  readily  traced  as 
the  gradually  acquired  improvements  of  the  descendants  of  the  ancient 
palaiolithic  man,  who  in  nowise  differed  from  the  River-drift  hunter  of 
Europe. 

This  absence  of  geological  formations  calculated  to  preserve  the 
earliest  traces  of  man  in  unmistakable  condition,  and  the  scarcity  of 
fossil  remains  in  the  gravel  deposits  rondel's  the  problem  of  determining 
when  and  by  whom  this  continent  was  originally  populateil  far  more 
difficult  to  solve,  than  the  like  problem  concerning  Europe  ;  but  not- 


origin,  th:U  were  left  tijton  ihe  soil,  when  lost  nr  tliscnrdcil  by  the  re<l<man.  In  the  remnants  of 
fore^ts  still  retn.-iinin^,  where  no  such  disturbance  of  the  soil  has  occurred,  the  relative  depths  at 
which  argillite  anil  jas^jer  resiK-ctively  occur,  indicate  the  greater  a^e  of  the  former.  This  is  also 
shown  liy  the  p<»ilion,  in  "mcaJnw  mud"  of  the  so-called  fish'spcars,  to  which  attention  hai  altcady 
been  calletl. 


r4IJF.OLITHIC    IMPLEMENTS. 


517 


witlistanding  these  disadvantages,  there  is  suflRcient  evidence  remain- 
ing, to  warrant  the  assertion  that  Jie  palitolithic  man  on  the  one  hand, 
and  the  makers  of  the  argillite  spearpoints  on  tlie  otiier,  stadn  in  the 
relationship  of  ancestor  and  descendant,  and  if  the  latter,  as  is 
probable,  is  in  turn  the  ancestor  of  the  modern  Eskimo,  then  does  it 
not  follow  that  the  River-drift  and  Cave-man  of  Elurope,  supposing  the 
relationship  of  the  latter  to  the  flskimo  to  be  correct,  bear  the  same 
close  relationship  to  each  other,  as  do  the  American  representatives  of 
these  earliest  of  people  ? 

If  this  view  be  correct,  it  shows  that  the  sequence  of  events,  and 
advance  of  culture,  have  been  practically  synchronous  in  the  two  con- 
tinents ;  and  the  parallelism  in  the  archaeology  of  America  and  F^urope 
becomes  something  more  than  a  "  mere  fancy."  Nor  is  it  improbable 
that  future  discoveries  in  Europe  will  bring  to  light  the  missing  links, 
which,  by  their  absence,  seem  to  separate  the  River-drift  hunter  from 
the  later  Cave-man. 

The  subjoined  table  shows  the  essentially  similar  characteristic 
features  of  the  prehistoric  archa;ology  of  the  two  continents. 


AMERICA. 

Palawlithic  implements  in  Trenton 
gravel. 

Argillite  implements  uf  nM)rc  spec- 
ialized patterns  in  alluvial  dcpusits  and 
surface. 

Jasper  and  Quartz  implements  of 
North  American  Indian.  Pulished 
stone. 


EUROPE. 

Flint  implements  in  I'leistocene 
River-drift. 

More  specialized  flint  in\plcments  of 
the  caves. 

Neolithic  stone  implements  of  highest 
grade.     Polished  stone. 

Bronze. 


The  evidence  of  the  presence  of  the  Eskimo  far  southward  of  his 
present  range  rests  on  many  and  varied  facts,  some  of  which,  it  must 
be  admitted,  are  of  doubtful  value. 

It  has  been  urgently  claimed  that  no  traces  of  man  have  been  found 
along  our  seaboard  that  cannot,  without  violence  to  known  facts,  be 
referred  to  the  Indians  of  the  i)ast  few  centuries,  and  therefore  we  n»e 
without  war -ant,  in  introducing  a  hypothetical  race  to  explain  away  so 


5i8 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSTRY. 


simple  a  matter  as  the  commingling  of  rude  argillite  and  clahorate 
jasper  arrowheads. 

The  manifold  indications  of  prehistoric  man  on  the  Atlantic  ci.vist  of 
North  .America  cannot,  however,  be  reduced  to  such  a  meagre  array 
that  a  mere  reference  to  the  Indian  is  all  that  is  necessary.  The  com- 
monplace occurrence  of  gathering  rude  arrowpoints  in  the  bottom 
lands,  and  of  finding  others  of  more  artistic  finish  in  an  upland  field, 
may,  to  a  superficial  observer,  have  no  further  meaning  than  that  these 
objects  are  relics  of  the  Indians  who  once  roamed  over  tliis  country ; 
but  to  him  who  gathers  tens  of  thousands  of  these  relics,  and  notes, 
with  conscientious  care,  the  position  in  the  earth  of  each  ;  who  ram- 
bles, not  simply  over  ploughed  fields,  but  scrutinizes  every  exposure 
of  the  upturned  soil ;  digs  deeply  in  the  peaty  accumulations  of  the 
meadow  lands  and  scans  every  foot  of  the  steep  muddy  banks  of  tide- 
water creeks  ;  to  him,  tiiese  abundant  relics  of  the  vanished  races  tell 
a  far  different  story,  and  hint,  in  no  uncertain  way,  of  diverse  origins. 
If  then,  all  are  not  Indian,  to  whom  shall  we  refer  the  others  except  to 
the  Eskimo? 

It  is  not  within  tlie  scope  of  this  volume  to  refer,  except  briefly,  to 
the  historical  evidences  of  the  presence  of  the  Eskimo,  south  of  the 
St.  Lawrence.  Dr.  Brinton-'^  says,  "  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  at 
one  time  they  possessed  the  .Vtlantic  coast  considerably  to  the  south. 
The  Northmen,  in  the  year  looo,  found  the  natives  of  Vinland, 
l)robably  near  Rhode  Island,  of  the  same  race  as  they  were  familiar 
with  in  Labrador.  They  contemptuously  call  them  Skraliiigar,  chips, 
and  describe  them  as  numerous  and  short  of  stature  (Eric  Rothens 
Siiga,  in  yiueWcT,  Sa!^(rnM>/i<>//itl;  p.  214).  It  is  curious  that  the 
traditions  of  the  Tuscaroras,  who  placed  their  arrival  on  the  Virginian 
coast  about  1300,  spoke  of  the  race  they  found  there  (called  Tacci 
or  Dogi)  as  eaters  of  raw  flesh  ^'^  and  ignorant  of  maize  (Lederer, 
Account  of  North  America,  in  Harris,  Voyages)." 

If  we  could  with  full  confidence  refer  the  older  shell  heaps  and  all 
the  more  ancient  traces  of  prehistoric  man,  down  to  so  late  a  date  as 


'"Rrinton.     Myths  of  the  New  World,  ad  cd.  p.  34.  New  York,  1876. 

2'»"'rhc  ii.imc  Kskimois  friim  the  Alsunkin  word  A,r*/wi<j«/;i*,  caters  of  nw  llesh."    Uriiitoii, 


PAL/EOUTHIC    IMPLEMENTS. 


S'9 


A.  D.  1300,  to  the  Eskimo,  the  archncology  of  the  Atlantic  coast 
would  be  shorn  of  all  ol)sciirity,  and  every  relic  would  possess  a  readily 
deciphered  history.  It  may  be  added,  that  in  view  of  the  results  of 
recent  archicological  and  historical  research,  it  is  within  the  range  of 
possibility,  that  this  will  be  the  crowning  result  of  future  investigation. 

In  his  excellent  article  on  the  Tribes  of  the  Extreme  Northwest, 
Mr.  Dall^i*  remarks,  "my  own  impression  agrees  with  that  of  J)r. 
Rink,  that  the  Innuit  were  once  inhabitants  of  the  interior  of  America  ; 
that  they  were  forced  to  the  west  and  north  by  the  jjressure  of  tribes 
of  Indians  from  the  south,"  anil  again,  "  there  are  many  facts  in 
American  ethnology  which  tend  to  show  that  originally,  the  Innuit  of 
the  east  coast  had  much  the  same  distribution  as  the  walrus,  namely, 
as  far  south  as  New  Jersey."  The  conclusion  reached  by  Dr.  Rink,-'^ 
to  which  Mr.  Dall  refers,  is,  that  the  "  I'^skimo  apjiear  to  have  been 
the  last  wave  of  an  aboriginal  .American  race,  which  has  spread  over 
the  continent  from  more  genial  regions,  following  principally  the  rivers 
and  water-courses,  and  continually  yiekling  to  the  pressure  of  tiie 
tribes  behind  them,  until  they  have,  at  last,  peopled  the  seacoast." 

In  a  subsequent  publication '*'•'  Dr.  Rink  has  repeated  these  concli- 
sions.  He  remarks,  "  Quant  i\  IVivi-nement  ([ui  les  a  fiiit  emigrer  ui 
leur  pays  i)rimitif  et  se  diriger  vers  le  Nord,  je  suis  dispose  a  croire 
(jue  cela  a  etc  tine  i^iicrrc,  mais  je  pense  (jue  cette  guerre  n'a  fait  que 
les  nicttrc  en  tnonvcmenf,  (pie  la  marche  vers  I'embouchure  a  etc  tres- 
lente,  et  ipie  la  duree  du  sejour  en  ce  lieu  s'tst  prolongi'e. 

"  D'autre  part,  j'ai  chercht;  a  dcmontrer  ([ue  c'est  dans  la  partie  nord- 
ouest  de  I'Ami'rique  du  Nord,  dans  la  region  du  Mackenzie  et  de 
r.\thna,  ([u'il  faut  clierciier  le  fleuve  ou  les  fleuves  a  i'embouchure  dcs- 
quels  k  •  Es(iuimaux  ont  di'veloppe  leur  civilisation,  et  (jue  leurs 
ancetres  so  U  issus  des  regions  attenant  aux  cours  suporieurs  de  ces 
fleuves. 

"  En  elTet,  la  grande  majoritc  des  Esijuimaux  se  trouve  en  .\mcri(iue, 

•" Coiilribuliom  to  N.  A.  Eilmology  (U.  H.  Survey  of  Rocky  Mt.  Region),  vol.  i,  i>.  102. 
"'''r.ilc's  of  ilio  Eskimo,  l.onclon,  1875. 

^"iConiptc-Kciulii  dc  la  Con>;ri's  intern:. oonul  -les  Amuricanistcs:  L'habital  primitif  dus  Esi|iu. 
Inatix;    M.  11.  Kink,  p.  tu.     I.nxemtiouri;,  1S78. 


520 


PRIMITIVK  INUUSTRV. 


et  un  petit  nombre  seiilement  habite  I'Asie.  Cela  para'it  indiqtier  que 
ce  peuple  est  originaire  tin  continent  amcricain.  Cependant,  tout  en 
soutenant  cette  these,  je  ne  me  dissimule  point  cpie  cette  seule  con- 
sideration ne  suffit  pas  pour  que  la  question  soit  vidoe. 

"  Mais,  Jans  mes  etudes  comparatives  sur  les  moeurs,  la  languc,  la  re- 
ligion et  les  traditions  des  difierentes  tribus  cscjuimaudes,  j'ai  dcjii 
trouvc  bien  des  choses  (lui  confirment  la  these  de  rori,t;inc  ainlricaine 
des  Esquimaux,  tandis  ([u'au  contraire  je  n'ai  trouve  (jue  tres-i)eu  de 
faits  favorables  a  la  these  de  leur  origine  asiatique." 

If  we  accept  the  conclusions  of  Dr.  Rink,  that  the  Eskimo  is  of 
American  origin,  and  necessarily  occupied,  originally,  a  more  southern 
portion  of  the  continent,  than  that  to  which  he  is  now  confined,  every 
difficulty  in  the  solution  of  the  [jroblem  of  the  antitjuity  of  man  on  the 
Atlantic  seaboard  of  America  seems  to  vanish. 

It  has  been  shown  that  we  have  traces  of  early  man  that  are  appar- 
ently not  of  Indian  origin.  The  important  differences  that  ilistinguish 
them  from  Indian  handiwork  have  been  carefully  pointed  out,  and  fur- 
ther, it  has  been  shown  tiiat  they  are  a  characteristic  feature  of  a  geo- 
logical formation,  that  indicates  that  they  are  of  greater  anticjuity  than 
any  known  traces  of  the  Indian. 

The  meagre  evidence,  on  the  other  hand,  that  we  have  of  the  ad- 
vent of  the  Indian  on  the  North  American  continent,  is  strongly  sug- 
gestive of  his  Asiatic  origin,  and  possibly,  of  his  derivation,  in  part, 
from  a  submerged  continent,  of  which  we  have  a  trace,  in  certain 
islands  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  Their  arrival  in  America  probably  does  not 
date  from  a  period  sufficiently  remote,  to  afford  geological  evidences 
of  anticpiity,  other  than  that  offered  by  certain  of  the  shellheaps. 

If  we  admit  the  Asiatic  origin  of  the  Indian,  and  the  American 
origin  of  the  P^skimo,  the  greater  antiquity  of  the  latter  is  evident,  and 
in  the  palceolithic  implements  of  the  river  drift,  and  in  the  neolithic  im- 
plements of  the  surface,  v/e  have  the  remaining  traces  of  the  handi- 
work of  these  two  early  peoples,  who,  throughout  the  unnumbered 
centuries  of  prehistoric  times,  and  until  less  th-'ii:  three  centuries  ago, 
were  the  sole  possessors  of  this  continent. 


of 
ern 

THE 

cry 
the 

ANTIQUITY    AND    ORIGIN 

ar- 
lish 

OF  THE 

fur- 
feo- 

TRENTON   GRAVEL 

han 

ail- 

iUg- 

)art, 

BY 

'*        /           Prof.  Henry  Carvill  Lewis, 

•tain 

Of  the  Second  Geouxjicai.  Survey  of  Pennsylvania. 

not 

ices 

ican 

J  -  )  ■:  '1 

and 

ini- 

mdi- 

ercd 

aRo. 

"■.'..■■                    .        ■                                                                           '         '^' 

fr-yi;  ■  ■  - ' ' 


CHAPTER     XXXIII. 


THE  AGE  OF  THE  TPENTON  GRAVEL. 


The  discovery  of  palaeolithic  implements  in  a  gravel  at  Trenton, 
and  the  important  relation  which  this  holds  toward  the  (piestion  of  the 
antiiiuity  of  man  in  eastern  America,  make  a  careful  determination  of 
its  age  a  matter  of  much  interest. 

While  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge,  we  can  fix  no  exact 
date  for  this  gravel,  it  is  possible  nevertheless  to  ascertain  apjiroximately 
the  relative  geological  time  in  which  it  was  dei)osited.  To  solve  this 
problem  we  must  determine  in  the  first  place  what  relation  this  gravel 
holds  toward  all  the  other  surfiice  deposits  of  the  Delaware  valley,  and 
in  the  second  place  what  connection  each  or  any  of  these  deposits  has 
with  the  great  glacier  which  once  covered  a  large  portion  of  northern 
America.  The  writer,  having  been  for  several  years  engaged  in  a 
special  study  of  the  more  recent  geological  deposits  of  southeastern 
Pennsylvania,  has  divided  them  into  a  series  of  distinct  formations ; 
of  which  the  oldest  is  a  clay  of  weaUlen  or  sub-cretaceous  age,  and 
the  newest,  a  modem  mud  which  is  now  forming  on  the  banks  of  the 
Delaware  and  other  streams.  Of  the  five  clays  and  four  gravels 
which  he  has  distinguished  for  convenience  of  study,  but  of  which 
several  may  hereafter  prove  to  be  of  closely  related  age,  it  will  be 
necessary  here  to  refer  only  to  those  which  bear  directly  upon  tlie 
subject  under  consideration. 

THE  VE'XOW   GRAVEL. 


: 


Nearly  the  whole  of  southern  New  Jersey  and  a  small  adjoining 
portion  of  Pennsylvania  are  covered  by  a  deposit  of  yellow    gravel 

(523) 


524 


PRIMITIVE   INDUSIHY. 


whirli  has  been  variously  known  as  (luatemnry,  sotithern  drift,  etc.  It 
extends  sou'hward  ail  along  the  Atlantic  coast  in  the  region  of  tide 
water,  rising  some  two  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  As 
it  caps  the  watershed  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Delaware  (eleva- 
tion 190  feet),  the  writer  has,  in  a  former  paper,  "^  named  it,  for  con- 
venience, after  a  town  in  this  watershed,  where,  in  a  railroad  cut,  it  is 
well  exposed, — calling  it  the  "  Glassboro  gravel ;  "  but  in  the  present 
discussion,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  call  it  the  vi;i,i.f)w  gRvVVKI,. 

It  is  characterized  by  small  watenvorn  pel>bles,  somewhat  eggshaped 
in  form,  seldom  above  an  inch  in  length,  usually  less,  and  composed  of 
cpiartz  or  cjuartzite  rocks.  There  are  also  occasional  pebbles  of  flint,  and 
of  fossiliferous  hornstone  and  chert.  It  contains  no  large  boulders 
and  has  no  pebbles  of  soft  or  readily  decomposable  rocks,  and  its 
pebbles  have  nearly  all  a  weatherwoni  eaten  appearance.  Still  other 
circumstances,  such  as  the  great  amount  of  erosion  it  has  suffered,  and 
the  decomposed  state  of  the  beds  upon  which  it  lies,  point  to  the 
conclusion  that  it  is  an  ancient  deposit  of  aqueous  origin,  made  during 
a  sulnnergence  in  i)reglacial  times.  Professor  Cook,  of  New  Jersey, 
states'^'**  that  the  glacial  drift  overlies  and  is  more  recent  than  the  yel- 
low gravel.  This  gravel,  of  newer  tertiary  age,  is  bounded  on  the 
northeast  by  a  liu':  of  rocky  hills  which  extends  all  along  the  southern 
Atlantic  coast  parallel  to  the  ocean,  and  which  we  have  called  the 
Ui'i.ANU  'I'f.rralf..*""  This  Uplantl  terrace  crosses  the  Delaware  a  few 
miles  above  Trenton,  trending  towards  Princeton,  and  th>;  yellow  gravel 
is  not  found  above  this  point. 

THK  piulai)k;.i>hia  red  oravel. 

A  more  recent  gravel,  the  Phu-adklphia  red  rjRAVEL,  is  confined  to 
the  immediate  valley  of  the  Delaware.    This  gravel  is  a  mixture  of  the 


'■'The  Trenton  gravel  .-ind  its  relation  to  the  Antiquity  of  Man.  Prjc.Ac.  Nat.  Sciences,  k  hila. 
1880,  p.  »96. 

^''■Rcpdrt  on  Clays,  p.  17, 

'-'I"  The  Surface  (ieulDgy  uf  Pli'ladclphia  and  vicinity.  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Phila.,  i88u, 
p.  J58. 


THE  AGE  OF  THE  TRENTON  GRAVEL. 


525 


yellow  gravel  with  more  recent  jjebhles  l)ro\i','ht  down  the  river  valley. 
It  contains  numerous  pebbles  and  boulders  of  soft  triassic  shale  and  of 
other  rocks  of  the  upjjcr  Delaware,  it  holds  waterworn  boulders  of 
sometimes  two  feet  or  more  in  length,  and  it  is  distinctly  stratified  in 
horizontal  or  untlulating  layers.  This  red  gravel,  colored  by  peroxide 
of  iron,  is  more  clayey  than  the  yellow  grivel  and  lies  at  a  lower  level 
within  a  channel  cut  through  the  other  gravel.  The  writer  has  recog- 
nized the  representatives  of  both  of  these  gravels  in  the  same  relative 
positions,  on  the  Potomac  near  Washington. 

The  red  gravel  has  been  apparently  dejjosited  by  an  ancient  flood  of 
the  river  of  great  volume,  at  a  time  when  it  rose  one  hundred  or  more 
feet  higher  than  at  present.  The  presence  of  flow  and  plunge  motion 
and  of  alternate  sandy  layers  indicates  a  rapidly  flowing  current. 
While  its  stratified  character,  its  smooth  watenvorn  pebbles,  and  the 
soft  decomjKjsed  rock  upon  which  it  rests,  all  show  that  it  was  not 
transported  by  ice,  yet  the  presence  of  boulders  which  can  be  traced 
to  the  northern  valley  of  the  river,  the  absence  of  all  traces  of  former 
life  in  the  gravel,  and  the  altitude  above  the  present  river  which  it  at- 
tains, point  to  the  melting  of  a  great  glacier  as  the  origin  of  the  flood 
which  formed  it.  It  is  more  than  probable  that  this  gravel  belongs  to 
the  Champiain  ewkh,  the  epoch  of  the  melting  of  the  great  glacier 
whose  southern  terminus  in  the  Delaware  valley  was  near  Belvidere, 
sixty-five  miles  above  Trenton. 

THE   PHIi'JVDELPHIA   BRICK  CLAY. 


Resting  unconformably  upon  the  Philadelphia  red  gravel  is  the  next 
deposit  in  order  of  time — the  Phimdelphia  brick  ciay.  This  clay, 
of  a  yellow  color,  and  of  varying  depth  and  purity,  is  here  confined  to 
the  valley  of  the  I  )elaware  and  its  tributaries,  and  is  characterized  by 
the  presence  of  numerous  boulders  which  become  more  frequent  as  the 
river  is  ascended.  The  writer  has  traced  the  boundaries  of  this  boulder 
bearing  clay  up  to  the  glaciated  region  and  finds  that  it  uniformly 
rises  to  a  fixed  limit  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  one  hundred  and 


526 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


eighty  feet  alxive  the  river.  AViiere  the  valley  is  wide,  as  at  Philadel- 
phia and  Trenton,  the  clay  is  pure  and  fit  for  i)nck-making,  but  in 
narrpw  or  steep  portions  of  the  valley  the  current  has  been  too  swift 
for  the  deposition  u{  ciay  and  it  is  represented  by  occasional,  stranded, 
watenvom  boulders.  This  (lay  rests  aj-ainst  the  ui)land  terrace  from 
Trenton  to  Philadelphia,  at  an  elevation  of  one  hL.ndred  and  fifty  feet. 
On  the  Ivehigh  river,  a  tributarj'  of  the  upjier  1  )elaware,  where*"*  the 
bed  of  the  river  is  more  than  two  hundred  feet  higjier  than  at  Phila- 
delphia, the  clay  rises  one  hundred  and  eighty  feet  above  the  river. 
Whenever  both  clay  and  gravel  are  present,  the  day  lies  uncon- 
fonnably  upon  the  latter,  (ienerally  it  lies  in  a  series  of  crests  and 
hollows  upon  the  gravel,  the  clay  occupying  the  hollows  between  the 
crests  of  gravel.  The  following  section,  observed  in  Plxiladclphiu, 
shows  six  well  marked  waves  of  gravel  and  clay. 


Fill.  41A. 


I''re(|iiently  tiure  occur,  in  or  upon  this  clay,  boulders  of  large  size. 
Thus  in  I'hil.ulelphia  there  an-  smooth  h»)ulilers  ot  Silurian  rocks  be- 
tween four  and  five  feet  long,  ai  an  altitude  of  one  hundred  feet  above 
the  river ;  and  on  the  Lehigh  alniwe  the  ( iaj),  we  liave  found  a  bould- 
er six  feet  long,  elevat'.'d  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  alxjve  the  river 
at  that  place.  In  the  vie  iuitv  of  Itethlehem,  thirty  miles  below  the  ter- 
minal moraine,  the  boulder^  ui  the  (lay  sometimes  show  glacial  striae. 
It  hardly  admits  of  doubt  that  these  boulders  were  borne  by  large 
cakes  of  floating  iie  tlerived  friuii  the  Iwse  of  the  tnelung  glacier. 


•**  Wc  (lc>ii{ttatc  as  "  mnicr  I  »clawarr, '  thr  ^lecp  narrow  |Kirti4)ii  nt  ihc  rivf  -'—..c  tide  water, 
and  ai  "  lowvr  Dalnwiirc,  the  litlul  pammn  ul  the  nvcr,  or  frum  TKntun,  luulhwaid  to  l>clilw«l< 
liay. 


THE  AGE   OK  THE   TRENTON   GR,\VEL. 


527 


That  this  was  an  ejjocli  of  Gubmergence  is  indicated  by  the  elevation 
of  the  tleposit.  While  the  underlying  gravel  was  deposited  by  a  rush- 
ing flood,  it  was  not  until  f]uieter  (onditions  had  prevailc<l  that  « lay 
could  be  formed.  It  is  probable  that  this  clay  may  Ije  assigned  to  a 
period  when  the  land  stood  one  hundre<l  and  fifty  feet  or  more  1k;1ow 
its  present  level,  and  when  the  cold  waters  from  the  melting  glacier 
bore  ice  rafts  which  dropped  their  boulders.  No  shells  or  other  signs 
of  life  have  as  yet  lieen  found  in  the  brick  clay,  and  it  is  inferretl  lx)th 
that  the  water  was  fresh  and  that  it  had  a  temperature  too  low  to 
sujjport  life. 

In  the  consitleration  of  the  age  of  this  clay,  the  amount  of  erosion  it 
has  suffered  is  an  important  feature.  Unlike  the  modern  alluvial  clays 
of  dark  color,  it  does  not  ajipear  on  the  immediate  banks  of  streams, 
and  has  disappeare«l,  wherever  eroding  agencies  have  been  most 
active. 

Finally,  it  is  cf  interest  to  find  that  the  clay  whi<h  come:  ts  the  un- 
stratified  "  ni.i,  '  the  "  ground  moraine  "  which  covers  the  glaciated 
region  to  ihe  rorth,  is  ofacharacter  so  similar  to  the  Philadelphia  brick 
clay,  that  there  is  a  strong  probability  that  the  latter  was  derived, 
in  great  part,  directly  from  the  grinding  base  of  the  glacier.  The 
Philadelphia  brickclay  l)ccomes  more  and  more  stony  as  we  proceed 
northward,  until  in  valleys  at  the  base  of  the  terminal  moraine  of  the 
glacier  its  stones  arc  almost  as  numerous  as  those  of  the  true  glacial  till. 
Deposits  of  this  iKnilder  !)tMriiig  bri<  ki  lay  have  more  than  once  been 
confounde  1  with  glacial  moraines.  The  latter,  however,  as  is  well 
ki.jwn,  may  be  distinguishetl  by  the  abundance  of  angular  and  ice- 
scratcheil  iKHilders  and  by  the  absence  of  stratification. 

The  relation  of  the  Philadelphia  brickclay  to  the  till  will  be  further 
discussed  after  the  moraine  and  the  other  jiroducts  of  ice  action  hive 
been  described. 

THE  TRENTON  GRAVEL. 


The  \^t  and  newest  of  all  the  gravels — a  formation  which  when  first 
studied  at  PhUackl])hia  seemed  of  slight  importance,  and  was  called  by 


528 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


the  writer  the  "river  gravel  and  sand,"  but  which  from  its  great 
(leveIo])nient  at  Trenton  is  now  a|)])ropriately  known  as  the  "  trf.nton 
(;kavki,"  —  forms  the  sul)jci:t  of  tiic  present  paper.  At  rhiladeljjiiia 
it  lies  dose  along  the  river,  within  all  the  older  gravels,  and  rises  but  a 
few  feet  above  the  water.  It  is  in  this  alluvial  gravel,  the  latest,  except 
the  recent  mud  flats,  of  all  the  surface  formations,  and  in  tiiis  gravel 
only,  that  traces  of  man  have  been  found. 

The  Trenton  gravel  at  Philadelphia  is  composed  principally  of  a 
sharp,  micaceous  sand,  which  below  rt-ater-level  is  a  (juicksand,  over- 
lying a  clean,  dark  gray  gravel,  whose  pc'obles  are  made  exclusively  of 
the  rocks  forming  the  upper  valley  of  the  river.  The  pebbles  of  this 
gravel,  unlike  those  of  the  older  gravels,  are  generally  flat  —  a  shape 
characteristic  of  true  river  gravels.  Quartz  pebbles  are  much  less 
numerous  than  in  tiie  other  gravels.  Irregular  strata  of  "bar-sand" 
Irefiuently  alternate  with  the  gravel.  The  islands  in  the  river  and  its 
banks  are  made  ol  this  gravel,  and  from  data  obtained  from  artesian 
wells,  it  appears  that  in  the  middle  of  the  riser  it  is  about  one  hundred 
feet  deep,  lying  upon  rock.  It  therefore  fills  up  an  ancient  ciiannel  of 
the  once  larger  river,  and  the  river  now  flows  upon  it.  Occasioiul 
large  boulders  lie  upon  the  sand. 

It  is  to  be  «spe<ially  noted  that  the  Trenton  gravel  is  bounded  by  a 
continuous  hill  of  older  red  or  yellow  gravel,  and  th;it  it  therefore  lies 
in  a  <haimel  i)reviously  excavated  through  tiiose  gravels,  down  to  the 
under'ying  rock.  On  tracing  the  Trenton  gravel  up  the  river,  it  is 
found  gradually  to  extend  farther  from  its  banks  and  to  rise  to  a  greater 
elevation  alnjve  it,  until  in  the  vie  inity  of  Trenton,  thirty  miles  above 
Philadelphia  and  at  the  head  of  tide-water,  this  formation  extends 
several  miles  back  from  the  river  and  rises  between  ihitly  and  forty 
feel  above  it. 

A  few  miles  above  Trenton  the  valley  of  the  river  narrows,  and  from 
here  u|),  the  river  ilows  upon  a  rocky  bottom,  and  the  Trenton  gravel 
is  si.allow  and  <  onfined  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  river.  It  fomis 
a  low  teirac  e,  seldom  over  ten  feet  high,  and  extends  as  a  "  flat  "  on 
either  sitle  of  the  river.     It  continues  up  into  glaciated  regions,  where  it 


THE    ACE   OF   THE  TRENTON   GRAVEI,. 


529 


apjjcars  to  form  the  lowest  and  most  recL-nt  terrace.  The  writer  lias 
observed  similar  gravels  on  the  Siis(niehanna  and  Allegheny  rivers,  and 
it  is  probable  that  they  occur  on  all  rivers  rising  in  the  glaciated 
region. 

iiii:  (;r.()i.(K;v  or  tkenton'. 

'I'lie  great  development  uf  this  formation  at  the  city  of  Trenton, 
and  the  archaeological  interest  attached  to  it  at  this  place,  call  for  a 
yet  more  detailed  des(  rijjtion. 

Trenton  lies  at  the  junction  of  three  great  formations,  the  Azoic  or 
(;neissi<-,  the  Triassic,  and  the  Cretaceous.  A  narrow  belt  of  steei)ly- 
indined  gneissic  ro(  ks,  wiiich  in  Pennsylvania  are  extensively  developed, 
passes  through  the  centre  of  liie  city,  and  is  laid  Inire  in  several  places. 
Resting  unconformably  ujjon  the  northern  edge  of  the  gneiss  is  a 
series  of  red  sandstones  and  shales  which  have  a  gentle  dip  to  the 
north.  'I'hese  belong  to  the  Triassic  formation,  which  extends  for 
forty  miles  up  the  Delaware,  and  which  is  intersected  by  freipient  trap 
dykes.  Inui\e<liately  south  of  'I'renton  is  a  plastic  clay  of  lower  cre- 
taceous or  Wealden  age,  which  rests  upon  the  southern  edge  of  the 
gneiss,  and  dips  very  gently  toward  the  sea.  'i'he  more  recent 
deposits  of  sand  and  gravel  lie  in  horizontal  strata  upon  these  three 
formations,  and  often  cover  them  so  completely  as  to  hide  them  from 
sight.*-' 

The  I'renton  gravel,  which  is  here  ct)arser  than  at  l'hiladeli)hia,  ex- 
tends in  the  shape  of  a  horse-shoe  eastward  and  southward  of  the  ( ity 
of  Trenton.  It  forms  a  bay,  which  extends  filly  four  miles  l«ack  from 
the  river,  and  wliich  has  one  extremity  in  'I'rentcjn.  at  "  Five  Points," 
and  the  other  at  a  tlistance  of  two  miles  below  the  city.  It  is  a  level 
plain,  which  is  bounded  throughout  by  a  hill,  on  which  appear  the 
older  yellow  or  red  gravels  and  the  brick*  lays.     Since  it  was  depos- 


"'  For  full  ilencriiiliniK  i)f  itivs*  riirnmlionK,  nee  iJwilouy  of  New  Jeraey.    8vo.     Ntwark,  N.  J. 
1868.    (ifo.  II.  Cook,  Stale  Ocologitl. 


53° 


PRIMITIVE    INUUSTRY. 


ited,  the  river  has  rut  down  through  it  to  the  gneiss  below,  forming  a 
hlujr.  Suutli  of  tiie  city  tiic  river  is  bordered  by  marshy  meadows 
formed  of  recent  alluvial  mud,  beyond  which  rises  the  bluff. 

The  writer  has  prepared  a  map  (page  531)  showing  the  extent  of  the 
Trenton  grave,  in  this  vicinity.  'I'hat  portion  of  the  map  whicli  is 
unruled  repres.-nts  territory  covered  by  red  or  yellow  gravel  and 
tiie  brickdays.  The  upland  terrace  bounding  these  older  deposits  is 
outside  of  the  linvts  of  the  map.  The  recent  alluvial  mud  is  shown 
bordering  the  river  ii^  places  below  the  limit  of  tide-water,  bwt  i  •,  absent 
above  that  point.  An  iiit-resting  ancient  islan<l  of  re;5  gravel  is  shown 
in  Pennsylvania.  It  will  be  noti»-jd  that  t!-.c  I'renton  gravel,  c^onfined 
to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  river  above  Trenton,  sudilenly  sjjreads 
out  like  a  bay  at  that  city.  Localities  where  palx'olithic  imi)k'ments 
have  been  found  below  the  surface  are  marked  by  a  small  cross. 

The  Trenton  gravel,  as  exposed  on  the  river  bluff  and  in  the 
numerous  and  long  railroad  cuts  in  tlie  city,  is  seen  to  consist  of 
a  dirk  gray  stratified  gravel,  overlaid  by  a  gray  sand.  The  gravel 
contains  no  day,  but  has  fre(iuent  sandy  layers  in  which  "How 
and  plunge  "  struct\ire  may  be  observed.  Its  pebbles  are  smooth, 
and  generally  of  a  flat  oval  shape.  They  are  composed  entirely  of 
tiie  nxks  of  the  upper  Delaware  valley.  This  gravel  has  been  well 
described  by  Professors  Cook--"^  and  Shaler.-"-'^  The  sand  over- 
lying the  gravel  varies  in  depth  from  three  to  eight  feet,  and  has  all 
the  c:haracters  of  a  irue  river  sand.  \\'ateiworn  boulders  freijuently 
lie  in  or  upon  th.s  sand,  and  are  rarely  eight  feet  in  length.  It  is  dif- 
ficult to  accoimt  for  the  presence  of  such  large  boulders,  except  by 
assuming  that  they  have  been  dropped  fnun  ice-rafts  which  floated 
down  the  once  greatly  enlargeil  riser.  They  were  dropiied  at  a  time 
immediately  subseipient  to  that  in  whi(  h  tlie  gravel  was  deposited  and 
when  the  violence  of  the  flood  liad  diminishe<l.     The  depth  of  the 


"•  AiiiiumI  Ri|M)it.  1877,  p.  ii. 

•"■'  Atimi...  "<c|K);i  of  I'ciiliotly  Miimiiiii,  r877,  p.  44. 


^lU^willii 


PRIMITIVF,   INDUSTRY. 


531 


ri     Trenton  U'nivfl.' 
/tci  ,ti(  AUurium 


( 


THE  AOE  OF  THE  TRENTON  GRAVEL. 


m 


Trenton  gravel  varies  from  i)erhai)s  forty  feet  in  the  centre  of  the 
"horse-shoe,"  near  the  river,  to  six  or  eight  feet  near  its  edges.  Near 
the  house  of  Dr.  Al)l)ott,  not  far  from  the  extremity  of  the  "  horse-shoe," 
the  Trenton  gravel  and  sand  is  about  fourteen  feet  thick  and  overlies 
the  series  of  older  str.ita  which  here  compose  the  greater  part  of  the 
bluff.     The  following  section  is  seen  about  two  miles  south  of  Trenton. 


/.  io 


Fig.  4»7. —  Stilimi  of  liliilT  l»o  milis  sonih  nf  rrcntnn,  New  Jersey.  <?,  />,  Tkkntos  C'.kavki.; 
Implcnicnls  — <i,  line  Kf'<y  *"">1  ('""i''''-'''^'  ^-  ""^rse  s.imly  sr^ivcl;  c,  red  gravel;  J, 
yclliiw  uravel  (prenl.iti.il);  c,  plaslii;  lay  (WeaUlcii) ;  y,  tine  yellow  Mnd  (Hastings?) ; 
^,  gnciits:  ^,  alluvial  mini:  /,  Delaware  river. 


lin-,   TRKNTON   (JRAVKI,   A    IRUK    RIVER   r.RAVEL. 


The  i)resence  of  large  boulders  in  die  bluff  at  Ti;  nton,  and  the  ex- 
tent and  depth  of  the  gravel  at  this  place,  have  led  to  the  supposition 
that  there  was  here  the  extremity  of  a  glacial  moraine.  Vet  the  absence 
of  "  till "  and  of  scratched  boulders,  the  absence  of  glacial  stria;  upon 
the  rocks  of  the  valley,  and  the  stratified  ( haracter  of  the  gravel,  all 
point  to  water  action  alone  as  the  agent  of  deposition.  The  depth 
of  the  gravel  and  the  jiresence  of  the  blu(T  at  this  point,  are  ex- 
plained by  the  jjeculiar  position  that  Trenton  occupies  relatively  to  the 
river. 

Trenton  is  in  a  position  where  naturally  the  largest  amount  of  a  river 
gravel  would  be  deposited,  and  wlure  its  best  exposures  would  be 


534 


PRIMITIVE  INDUSTRY. 


exhibited.  It  is  at  the  point  where  a  long,  narrow  valley,  with 
precipitous  banks  and  continuous  downward  slope,  opens  out  into  a 
wide,  alluvial  plain  at  a  lower  level.  It  is  here  that  the  rocky  floor 
of  the  river  suddenly  descends  to  ocean  level,  and  even  sinks  below 
it,  forming  the  limit  of  tide-water.  Thus  any  drift  material  which  the 
flooded  river  swept  down  its  channel  would  here,  upon  meeting  open 
ground,  be  in  great  part  deposited.  liouiders  which  had  been  rolled 
down  the  inclined  floor  of  the  upper  valley  would  here  stop  in 
their  course  and  all  be  heaped  up  with  the  coarser  gravel  in  the 
more  slowly  flowing  water,  except  such  as  cakes  of  floating  ice  could 
carry  oceaj:ward.  On  the  other  haml,  the  finer  gravel  and  sand 
would  be  dt  posited  farther  down  the  river.  Thus  it  is  that  the 
material,  wl.ich  at  Philadelphia  is  generally  fine,  grows  coarser  as 
the  river  is  ascended. 

We  have  seen  that  the  gravel  which  at  Philadelphia  forms  the 
bed  of  the  river  and  rises  only  slightly  above  it,  at  'lYenton  forms 
a  cliff  nearly  fifty  feet  high.  The  river  has  cut  through  the  gravel 
at  Trenton,  but  still  flows  upon  it  at  Philadelphia.  The  fact  follows 
as  a  natural  conseciuence  of  the  jMasition  of  Trenton.  Having  heajjed 
up  a  mass  of  detritus  in  the  old  river  channel  as  an  obstruction 
at  the  mouth  of  the  gorge,  the  river,  so  soon  as  its  volume  di- 
minished, would  immediately  begin  wearing  away  a  new  channel 
for  itself  down  to  ocean  level.  This  woulil  be  readily  accomplished 
through  the  loose  material,  and  would  be  stopjied  only  when  rock 
was  reached.  On  the  other  hand,  that  gravel  which  had  i)een  de- 
posited at  places  farther  down  the  river  where  its  bottom  was  below 
ocean  level,  would  remain  unero<led,  or  nearly  so.  When  the  river 
had  attained  the  level  of  the  ocean  there  would  be  no  ix:casion  to 
cut  a  deep  channel,  and  it  woultl  therefore  flow  on  top  of  the  gravel 
which  it  had  deposited. 

It  is  necessary  that  this  point  should  be  understoo<l,  since  it  has 
been  thought  that  to  account  for  the  high  bank  at  Trenton,  an  ele- 
vation uf  the   kind  must  have  occurred.     It  will  bencen  that   the 


THE  AGE  OF  THE  TRENTON  GRAVEL. 


535 


.^:  ^  .^ 


Trenton. 


BrUtol. 


^<.^ 


I'lillndelphla. 


1 


1 
•3 


C  --  -■  u  ' 


.2j 


present  explanation  rc(Hiircs  no  change  of  level  from  that  at  present 
existing.  An  increase  in  the  volume  of  the  river  will  explain  all  the 
facts.  The  accompanying  diagram 
will  render  this  more  clear. 

The  fact  of  the  river  having  cut 
through  the  gravel  at  Trenton,  while 
at  Philadelphia  it  flows  upon  it,  is 
due  to  the  configuration  of  the  rock 
floor  of  the  river,  which  at  Trenton 
rises  above  ocean  level,  and  at  Phil- 
adelphia lies  neariy  loo  feet  below  it. 

A  few  miles  north  of  'i'renton,  all 
the  older  oceanic  gravels  disappear 
and  two  formations  alone  remain. 
These  are  the  Philadelphia  boulder- 
bearing  brii:kclay  and  the  Trenton 
gravel.  Both  are  confined  to  the 
valley,  an<l  until  we  reach  the  region 
once  covered  by  the  glacier,  no  drift 
of  any  kind  occurs  above  the  limit  of 
the  brick-clay.     . 

The  Trenton  gravel,  now  confined 
to  the  sandy,  flat  bortlers  of  the  river, 
corresponding  probably  to  the  "  inter- 
vale" of  New  England  rivers,  lies 
within  a  channel  cut  through  the  brick 
clays.  That  it  is  much  more  recent 
than  the  brit.kclay  is  shown  l)oth  by 
the  fresh  appearance  of  its  pebbles, 
and  by  the  less  amount  of  erosion  it 
has  sufleretl.  Unlike  the  land  covered 
by  older  surface  formations,  that  cov- 
ered by  the  Trenton  gravel  is  remarkably  lc\el  and  free  from  hillo<:ks  or 
ravines.     The  change  in  toi)ography  may  be  well  seen  in  the  ncighl)or- 


V. 

Id 
•si 

12 


o  S, 

X  i 

1 

1 


I 


it. 


536 


I'KIMiriVE   INKUSTRV. 


hood  of  Trenton,  and  <an  l)e  noticfd  almost  anywhere  along  the 
valley.  I'his  (lilfereiue  is  niii<  ii  more  marked  when  comparison  is 
made  with  the  oceanie  gravels,  'i'he  Trenton  gravel  exhiliils  a  t(i|)og- 
ra|)hy  ])eculiar  to  a  true  river  gravel.  Kre(|nentiy,  instead  of  firming 
a  llat  plain,  it  forms  higher  groimd  close  to  the  present  river  channel 
than  it  does  near  its  ancient  hank.  Moreover,  not  only  does  the 
ground  thus  slope  downward  on  retreating  from  the  river,  hut  the 
boulders  l)e(on»e  smaller  and  less  ahundant.  lioth  of  these  facts  are 
in  accordance  with  the  laws  of  river  deposits.  In  a  time  of  Hood 
the  rapidly  flowing  water  in  the  main  channel,  hearing  detritus,  is 
checked  hy  the  more  ipiiet  waters  at  the  side  of  the  river,  and  is 
force<l  to  deposit  its  gravel  and  boulders  as  a  kind  of  bank. 

The  section  a<  ross  the  Delaware  river  above    Trenton  shows  this 
tojHigraphy  and  the  relation  of  the    Trenton  gravel  to  the  brickclay. 


Fl<;.  439.— Seclion  ncm«»  llic  river  ni  North  Trrnlnn.     a,    Philailclphia  lirickrlny  wiili  boiililcn;    i, 
'I'rcnirin  ^;r;ivci;  f,  l>cl.i\%.iri:  ri\cr;    '/.  KIH'i^H. 

Having  now  shown  that  the  'Trenton  gravel  is  a  true  river  gravel  of 
comjjaratively  recent  age,  it  remains  to  point  out  the  relation  it  bears 
to  the  glacial  epoch. 


nil'.    riKMINAI.    .\roK.\INK. 


At  or  near  the  southern  limit  of  the  great  ice-sheet  is  an  accumulation 
of  drift  hills  of  characteristi*;  roundeil  shape,  forming  a  true  terminal 
moraine.  These  hills,  generally  « overetl  by  large  trans|)orted  boulders, 
are  connected  together  Literally,  in  an  irregular  manner  to  form  a 
ridge  at  right  angles  to  the  ice  motion.  'They  are  composed  entirely 
of  drift  and  form  a  remarkable  accumulation  whi(  h,  rising  sometimes 
over  two  hundreil  feet  in  height,  can  be  traced  continuously  across 
the  country. 


THK 


;K  or  THE  TRKNTf)N  CRAVKI., 


537 


!>, 


'■ 


Across  northern  New  Jersey,  I'rof.  Cook***  has  carefully  traced  it  from 
Stnten  Island,  on  the  east,  to  lie]vi<lere,  on  the  west ;  and  has  shown 
that  it  winds  over  hills  and  across  valleys  in  such  u  manner,  that  by  no 
other  known  aj^ency  than  a  {{real  },'lacier,  could  it  have  been  produced. 
Mr.  Warren  Uphani*^''  has  traceil  it  from  Staten  Island,  eastward, 
through  Long  Island  to  Itiixk  Inland  and  Cape  Cod.  Its  course 
throughout  Pennsylvania  will  shortly  be  made  known.  Similar  moraine 
accumulations  have  been  followed  through  a  number  (jf  the  western 
stales  by  I'rol's.  Whilllosey,  Winrhell,  Chaniberlin,  and  others.  In 
Wisconsin  I'rof.  l!hambLr!in,"^'-"  and  in  .Vlinnesotii,  ,\Ir.  Upham,-"^' 
have  made  investigations  whirii  indicate  that  these  an  mnulations 
mark  the  halting  placr,  ol  the  i^^lacier  iluring  the  period  of  its  grand 
retreat 

This  great  moraine,  which  can  be  traced  across  the  continent,  marks 
the  termination  of  the  i<  e-sheet  throughout  the  princi|)al  portiin  of  the 
Ixst  glacial  epoch.  There  is  some  evidence  that  in  an  earlici  period  a 
glacier  adsanceil  M)utii  of  tliat  limit.  The  moraine,  throughout  its  whole 
course,  is  composed  in  great  jiarl  of  an  unstratilied  deposit  (jf  angular 
and  rounded  boulders  and  ])ebbles  embedded  at  .all  angles  in  a  stiff 
clay,  and  very  frecpiently  scratched  and  jmlished.  Occasional  strati- 
fied samly  beds  also  occur.  Curious  te-itures  of  gl.iciated  regions 
which  may  be  .seen  from  Maine  to  Minnesota  are  the  "  kettleholes "  or 
bowl-shajjed  «le|)ressions  with  no  outlet,  each  of  which  perha|)s  marks 
the  i)lace  where  a  m;iss  of  i(  e  was  bnned  in  the  sand,  afterwards  to 
melt  antl  form  a  hollow.  North  of  the  moraine,  the  glacier  has  left 
undoubted  traces  in  the  universal  covering  of  unstratified  boulder  clay 
or  ////,  in  the  smoothed  anti  grooved  rocks,  the  transported  Iwulders, 
the  fre(|ucncy  of  lakes  au<l  swamps  caused  by  unequal  distribution  of 
the  drift,  the  long  gravel  ridges  known  as  kames,  and  the  terraces  along 
the  rivers.    These  phenomena  are  wanting  south  of  glacial  action. 

«"  Annii.il  Keparti  iif  Ciuulogicil  Survey  of  New  Jer«y,  iS;;  and  1878. 
"'*  I'nu:.  Ainer.  Aswn;.  Ailv.  Soi.,  vol.  xwiii,  1871). 
"^(ivDtuKy  of  Wi.scuii.sin,  ii,  p.  au5,  ct  m:(|.,  18771 
*"  Geologicil  Kcporl  of  MiiiiiemU,  p.  73,  1879. 


538 


I'RIMinVF.   INDUSTRY. 


'I'hc  materials  forming  the  moraine  in  eastern  Pennsylvania  are 
in  great  part  lieriveii,  not  from  far  distant  localities,  but  from  the 
immediate  vi(  inity  to  the  north.  'I'he  same  may  be  said  of  the  till 
and  especially  of  its  lower  |)ortions.  'I'here  is  no  evidence  of  icel)erg 
at  tiun  in  either  of  Miese  deposits.  As  already  stated,  the  l'hiLi<lel|)hia 
brickc  lay,  on  the  other  hami,  hoUls  Ixjulders  generally  brought  from 
longer  distan(!es. 

'I'he  moraine  on  the  I  )elaware,  sixty  miles  alxjve  Trenton,  is  dis- 
tin<  tly  marked  on  Ijoth  sides  of  the  river.  In  the  valley,  its  materials 
have  been  modified  by  water  action  and  spread  ovit  near  Helvidere  as 
a  plain  of  stratified  gravel.  The  pebl>les  on  the  higher  ground  show 
glacial  scratches,  while  those  in  the  valley  have  been  subsequently 
watenvorn.  In  Pennsylvania  the  moraine  trends  from  Helvidere  in 
a  northwest  direction,  crossing  the  Kittatinny  Mountain,  east  of  the 
Wind  (lap,  and  Ix'ing  well  shown  in  each  valley  that  it  crosses. 

During  the  melting  of  the  glacier,  either  the  ice  or  the  morainic 
material  so  blocked  up  the  Water  (lap,  as  to  form  temi)orary  lakes 
north  of  that  ])oint,  by  damming  back  the  water.  Thus  we  find,  ii; 
the  vicinity  of  Stroudsburg,  Pennsylvania,  a  series  of  beautiful,  level- 
topped  terraces,  the  highest  rising  seventy-five  feet  al)ove  Brodhead's 
creek.  Here,  too,  is  what  appears  to  In;  a  "kame," — a  long,  steep 
ridge  of  stratified  gravel  fonneil  probably  by  sub-glacial  streams,  and 
afterwards  partially  covered  by  the  terrace  material.  These  curious 
features  of  glaciated  regions  have  been  well  ilescribed  by  Rev. 
(leo.  K.  Wright***  in  Ma.ssachusetts,  by  Mr.  Warren  Upham*'^  in 
New  Hami)shire  and  Vermont,  and  by  IVof.  (1.  H.  Stone '-"S"  in 
Maine,  and  it  is  shown  that  while  more  recent  than  the  "  till,"  they 
are  older  than  the  stratified  valley  drift. 

The  whole  drainage  area  of  the  Delaware,  north  of  the  Water  (lap, 
shows   undoubt  .d  evidences  of  glaciation.     'ITiere   are   many   facts 


""  J'nM'.  H<)»lim  S<K.  Nul.  II!*!.,  vol.  xi«,  p.  47;  vol.  xx,  p.  jio. 

"*  Amcr.  Jniirn.  Science,  Dec.  1877,  p.  460:  New  Hainpthire  Geolngical  Survey,  vol.  iii. 

*"'  Pnic.  Amer.  Auoc.  Adv.  Science,  vol.  xxix,  1880. 


THE   AOE  or  THE  TRENTON   ORAVEI.. 


539 


which  indicate  that  the  ice  even  close  to  its  lower  terminus  had  a 
thickness  (»f  over  one  thousand  feet,  which  increased  northward. 
Penol)scot  Knob,  3,100  al)ove  the  sea  and  only  alxjut  twelve  miles 
north  of  the  limit  of  'the  ({l'i(°><-'>'  shows  transported  boulders  and 
glacial  scratches  on  its  very  summit ;  while  in  tlie  Wyoming  valley, 
immediately  north,  the  presencx*  of  a  ({lacier  is  shown  by  terraces  and 
kames. 

THE  ACiE  OF  TIIK   IMIII.AI)KI.I>HIA    llRItK  CMY. 


In  discussing  the  origin  of  the  Trenton  gravel,  it  will  !«  most  im- 
portant that  the  age  of  the  Philadelphia  l)ri(  kday — a  formation  di- 
rectly connected  with  the  melting  of  the  glacier — should  be  considered. 
We  have  already  seen  th.it  while  l>oth  the  brickclay  and  the  Trenton 
gravel  are  confined  to  the  same  valley,  the  former  is  of  much  greater 
extent  than  the  latter,  and  was  deposited  at  an  earlier  age.  North  of 
the  moraine  it  is  not  uncommon  to  find  stratified  sands  .-iltcrnately  with 
beds  of  clay,  but  in  no  case  has  the  Trenton  gravel  been  observed 
either  to  contain  l)eds  of  clay  or  to  alternate  with  them,  and  the  con- 
clusion already  arrived  at,  that  the  Trenton  gravel  lies  within  a  channel 
which  had  l)een  excavated  through  the  br'-kclay,  is  confirmed  by 
all  the  facts  observed.  If,  therefore,  it  can  be  shown  that  the  Phila- 
delphia brickcK-iy  is  of  Champlain  age,  and  siibse(|uent  to  the  forma- 
tion of  the  "till,"  it  will  necessarily  follow  that  the  Trenton  gravel  be- 
longs to  the  extreme  end  of  glacial  times,  or  is  post-glacial. 

At  Itethlehem,  Pennsylvania,  some  fifteen  miles  below  the  moraine, 
a  most  instructive  section  is  exposed.  Here,  u|>on  the  summit  of  a 
hill  rising  one  hundred  and  eighty  feet  above  the  Ix-high  river,  the 
brickclay,  holding  large  smooth  Ixiulders,  lies  unc onformably  u|)on  a 
deep  deposit  of  a  stratified  gravel,  intennediate  in  its  characters  be- 
tween the  "modified  drift"  of  glaciated  regions  and  the  Philadelphia 
red  gravel.  The  gravel,  of  which  thirty  feet  in  depth  is  exjxjsed,  is 
distinctly  stratified,  and  is  composed  of  waterwom  pebbles  with 
occasional  coarse  sandy  layers,  and   with   no   boulders.     Identical 


540 


I-KIMTTIVK    irJllUSTRY. 


sections  may  lie  iil)ser\'c(l  in  the  kaiiit-s  and  terraces  north  of  tlic 
Delaware  Water  (lap.  It  is  a  wel' e.stal)lislie<l  tact  that  these  forma- 
tions overlie  and  arc  more  iinnt  tiian  tin-  unnuidified  till,  which  was 
d«:|)ositc(l  both  as  the  terminal  moraine,  or  i)eneat!>  the  ice-sheet  as  a 
p"ound  moraine,  and  that  tlirv  represent  later  stages  in  the  intkin^  of 
tlie  glat  ier.  'i'he  I'hiladelphi.i  ltri<  kclay,  now  shown  to  !«  still  more 
recent,  lielon(,'s.  therelure,  i"  .1  Lite  jHirtion  of  the  ('liam|)lain  jieriod. 
It  appears  to  have  lieeii  (on«ed  at  a  period  of  siiliinergence  during 
tije  retreat  of  the  ghu  ier. 

A  study  of  the  valley  nl  tiie  l.ehij^h  river  throws  nun  h  lij^ht  ii|M)n 
the  age  of  the  hrickclay.  In  the  narrow  valley  extendin;;  from  gia- 
u^Md  regions  down  to  the  l.ehigh  Water  (lap,  the  clay  is  repres».*nted 
liiwiraterworn  houlders,  often  of  large  si/e,  str;inded  on  the  hanks, 
are  most  luinierons  near  the  river,  and  are  very  scarv  e  at  their 
ae  outer  limit,  one  hundnftl  ind  eighty  feet  ahoM  the  water. 
!the  lA.*high(iap  to  the  hnaware  the  valley  is  lm)ad  and  the 
developed.  Its  houUJcrs  jre  so  very  much  more  numerous 
are  .nt  Philadelphia,  tiut  .1  section  through  it  nearly  rcsemhles 
through  a  moraine,  and  the  two  phenonu-na  h.ave  heeu  (on- 
Bil.  The  a<  lion  of  an  n  i-  iitariug  flood  of  immense  magnitude 
■  ifawMrn  all  along  the  vwvr.  Same  of  the  clays  which  border 
>,  rising  one  hm  r^  m  two  hundred  feet  above  them, 
-pecfaoiM-  of  similar  age.  In  .1  paper  on  the  age  of  the  'IVenti>n 
Re\  (1.  I'".  Wright."^"  who  h.l^  cxammed  a  mnnbcr  of  loc.di- 
1th  tter  writer,  estimates  the  gliu  latcd  region  ilraimd  by  the 
ufifier  Delaaore  to  be  aim  t  six  thousand  s<|uare  miles,  and  shows  that 
even  sttppwig  the  ice  to  have  iK-cn  fifteen  hiindre*!  feet  d'.  ep  over 
this  area,  r  would  !*•  imp(»sible  t<)  |)rovide  for  a  llooil  of  suffici«:.t 
m;ii;nitude  s.  account  for  the  whole  deposit  of  Philadelphia  brii  k<  lay, 
ttitiiout  assuming  an  extensive  depression  of  the  valley.  Professor 
Dana,  in  an  c.haiistive  study  of  the  floods  pioduced  in  Kouthern 
New   Kiigluail   during   the   melting  of  the   giuciur,  shows  that   the 


Ml  \'nK.  iloii,  .Sue.  Nat.  Hint.,  Jan.  14,  1881, 


mr.  ac;k  op  the  trf.nton  cravki.. 


541 


Connecticut  river  rose  ow  t.'iiulrcd  and  fifty  t<»  one-  Inindrcd  and 
eiglity  feet  above  its  present  level.  Many  authorities  might  1  j  ( ited 
to  show  the  universality  of  this  flood. 

Whetiier  the  stratified  drift  \vhi(  h  forms  the  New  Haven  plain'-'-'^ 
belongs  to  the  ejnx  li  of  this  same  'jv.ni  flood,  or  whether,  wiih  the 
'I'renton  gravel,  it  was  formed  in  ni»;t.'  recent  times,  is  a  iiuestion, 
tlie  discussion  of  which  brings  us  back  to  the  problem  presented  .it  the 
beginning  of  this  ciiapter,  namely,  the  geological  position  of  the 
Trenton  gravel. 

nil'.  A(ii'.  or  TiiK   rKi'vroN  (;k,vvi;i,. 

i'Vom  the  facts  already  cited,  it  will  be  seen  that  two  h\  potheses 
only  <  an  apply  to  tiie  Trenton  gravel.  It  is  eitiier  /M/-gla(  ial  (A) 
(»r  it-lielongs  to  the  very  last  jiortion  of  the  glacial  period  (H). 

The  view  held  by  the  lateThos.  Helf-''^  can  no  longer  be  maintained. 
In  his  numerous  papers  in  the  (Juarljrly  Journal  of  the  Geological 
Society  of  London,  and  in  th'.'  (,)Karterly  Journal  of  S<  ience.  he  en- 
deavored to  prove  the  i)re  glacial  age  of  the  implement-bearing  beds 
of  Kngland  and  elsewhere.  In  a  paper  "On  tin-  Discovery  of  Stone 
Implements  in  lilac  iai  Drift  in  North  .\mericii,"  he  fails  to  recognize 
any  distinction  between  the  gravels,  and  holds  that  the  f'lvnton  gravel 
is  oldei  than  .'le  brickclay  or  "  pn-diluvial,"  —  /.  <•.,  pre-champlain. 
As  we  have  seen,  the  Trenton  gravel  is  truly  post-glac  ial.  It  only 
remains  to  define  more  strictly  the  meaning  ( ;f  tii.it  term,  i  here  is 
t'videiioe  to  support  eac  h  of  these  by|K)theses  now  set  forth,  and  it 
may  be  tint,  in  considering  them  in  order,  liuth  may  lie  found  to  be 
tnte. 

(A)  That  the  'Trenton  gra\el  is  a  />(>.</ \'/ticiii/ rhvr  deposit,  made 
at  a  time  when  the  river  was  l.irger  than  at  |)resent,  is  a  com  lusion 
warranted  by  many  facts.     We  have  seen  that  it  re)>resents  the  very 


••'  C  )n  liiiiillicrii  New  Knglaiul  iliiimn  ihc  imltiin;  of  llic  ('.lacier.      Amt-r.  Jour,  .Science,  vtil.  «, 
Sepl.  in  ]kx.,  1875. 

•»  D.iiu,  liu  .  ill.,  p.  414. 

••*  Qunrlcrly  Juiirniil  of  Skiencc,  lAimlon,  jMiuutry,  1878,  \t.  55, 


S4» 


PRIMrnVE    INlUrSTRY. 


last  of  the  gravel  deposits  ot  the  upper  Delaware  valley.  It  lannot 
he  assigned  to  the  gla*  iai  iwrkxl.  e\<ept  l>y  assuming  that  there  have 
lieeii  no  river  gravels  deiMisitfcl  since  that  time  — an  assumption  diffi- 
( iih  to  nuiintain.  River  gravels  whieh  are  tnily  jjost-glaiial  (Xiur  in 
glaciated  regions  along  the  l)<)ltoin  of  valleys,  'i'lscse  lie  only  a  few- 
yards  above  the  water,  and  are  Ixirdered  liy  terravcs  of  stratiticd  drift. 
I'hey  form  a  sam'y  plam,  on  top  of  which  boulders  fropiently  lie. 

Where  terraces  occur,  they  fonu  the  lowest  of  these  and  a)i|)ear  to 
have  been  made  up  from  the  materials  ol  the  alder  deiK)sits.  This 
same  sand  and  gravil  r-m  be  tra«ed  down  the  Delaware,  jKi.st  the  ter- 
minal moraine,  mto  the  non-ghu  ialed  regions.  At  Helvi<lere,  we  can 
observe,  ist,  the  iinstr.itifitd  moraine,  some  dist.nice  back  from  the  river ; 
2ml,  the  stratifieil  drill  formeil  Iroin  die  moraine  ami  spread  out  as  a 
plain  at  a  lower  level,  and  whi<  h  is  of  the  same  age  as  the  terrac;es 
above  the  Water  (lap;  ^rd,  a  sanrly  riv<r  gravel  newer  than  either 
of  these,  which  forms  the  low.  sandy  plain  along  the  river  and  is  of 
limited  extent.  Farther  south,  we  rtml  this  last  gravel  all  along  the 
stream.  It  !u<  onus  deeper  .is  we  go  down  the  valley.  I''rei|uenlly 
It  may  bv  observed  to  form  a  bank  close  to  the  stream  and  to  slope 
gently  downwanls  toward?;  the  side  of  the  valley — a  feature  already 
descril)e<l  as  Iwlonging  to  this  gravel. 

Finally,  on  reaching  Trenton,  we  find  this  same  gravel,  with  the 
same  <  haracteristics,  but  of  greater  depth  and  extent,  spread  out  to 
fnnn  the  plain  upon  whii  h  part  of  that  city  sl.inds.  There  has  been 
no  break  in  the  sei|iunce  of  fa(  ts  observed,  and  the  ( om  lusion  is 
fofccii  upon  us  that  the  deposit  at  Trenton  is  the  same  .as  that  wiiich 
borders  the  upper  parts  of  the  river,  and  that  both  are  post-glacial. 
If  tlie  Trenton  gravel  were  the  same,  as  the  iipper  terraces  of  the  gb- 
<  iated  regiims,  there  should  be  some  traces  of  such  terra<es  between 
the  nviraine  and  'Trenti  ii.  V'el  none  such  have  been  obserxed,  and 
the  only  < onlinuous  terr.u  e  !•■  the  lowest  one,  whi(  h  fmaily  merges 
into  the  Trenton  plain. 

The  'i'renton  gravel  differs  in  several  respeits  from  the  str  iiificd 
drift  of  the  New   Haven  plain  —  a  depo.sit  typical  of  New  Knglaml 


I'lIK   ACi;   OF    niE    l-RKNION    KRAVKl.. 


543 


rivers.  During  a  recciU  examination  of  that  locality,  mdcr  the  gui- 
dance uf  i'rof.  Dana,  it  was  ohstned  tiiat  it  resembled  the  gravel  of 
the  terraces  more  than  that  of  tiie  Trenton  plain.  I'nlike  a  true  river 
gravel,  the  boulders  did  not  lie  on  lop  of  the  deposit,  hut  below  it,  as 
though  the  gla(  ier,  in  its  retreat,  h.id  first  dropped  the  boulders  ami 
then  covered  iliem  ivith  sand  and  gravel  carried  along  by  the  tlood 
issuing  froiv,  its  b.ise.  The  New  Haven  plain,  unlike  that  of  1  renton, 
is  characterized  by  numerous  kettle-holes, —  the  result  probably  of  ice 
action, — and  all  of  its  features  suggest  that  it  wxs  formed  while  the 
melting  glacier  was  close  at  hand.  The  Trenton  gravel,  on  the  otner 
hauil,  shows  no  evidences  of  i<  e  ac  tion.  'That  the  boulders  upon  its 
surface  were  dropped  from  i«;e-cakes  is  howe\er  probable.  The  ma- 
terials of  the  gravel  are  composed  of  a  mixture  of  pebbles  brought 
from  the  stratified  moraine  drift  of  Helvidere  and  northward  witli  i)eb- 
bles  fonned  in  the  river  bed  farther  ..outh,  lx)th  of  which  the  tlo(jd  has 
brought  down  and  restratified, 

A  Hood  of  sutlu  lent  t;xtent  to  produce  the  deposit  at  Trenton  nce<l 
not  necessarily  be  of  very  grea!  magnitude.  From  the  up|)er  border 
of  Pennsylvania  to  Trenton,  the  Delaw.ire  descends  over  nine  hun- 
dred feet — an  average  fall  of  five  feet  per  mile.  I!\eii  from  tlic  Dela- 
ware U'.'Uer  (i.ip  to  Trenton  the  descei.t  is  about  four  feet  to  the  mile. 
Since  in  a  grea'.  p.in,  of  its  course  the  valley  is  a  narrow  one,  it  will  be 
seen  that  a  moderate  in<  rcase  if  the  volume  of  the  river  at  its  head- 
waters could  produce  all  the  effects  observed  at  the  point  where  the 
valley  su<ldenly  opens  out.  A  similar  post-glacial  tlood  has  been 
recognized  in  I'.ngland  and  upon  ■•■■  continent.  Mr.  i'ylor'"-''  calls 
the  age  of  the  tlood  the  "  I'liivial  period."  ivmarkin;;,*"'  that  "the 
existence  of  a  glacial  jieriod  almost  necessitates  that  of  a  i)luvial 
period,  commeiu  itig  prior  to  the  glacial  and  continuing  after  it,  occu- 
pying a  re,i,'ion  south  of  that  occupied  by  the  ice  and  snow." 

Although  the   Trenton  gravel  was  subsei|uent  to  the  great  melting 


"'  (Ju.'irt.  Jiiiini   (Jciil.  Sill ,,  vi>l.  sxii,  p.  4fij;  vol.  !i»iv,  p.  loj, 

•*•  /,!>■      I/'/  ,  vol.  X»iv,  p.   ISO. 


544 


PRIMITIVE   INDL'STRV. 


which  ])ro(liu:e(l  the  brick(  lay,  it  is  possible  that  it  was  immediately 
subseqiit-iu  to  the  final  disappearance  of  the  last  traces  of  the  ice 
at  the  headwaters  \i(  the  Delaware,  and  that  it  is  post-glacial  only  in 
a  Io<'al  sense.  It  is  more  recent  than  the  glacier  at  the  time  of  its 
retreat  from  i!el\  ideri.-,  but  there  is  no  i)roof  that  the  glacier  did  not 
linger  consider.ibly  later  in  more  iiortiiern  regions. 

(M)  Thus  the  second  hypothesis  may  be  true,  as  well  as  the  first. 
In  considering  the  Trenton  gra\el  as  entirely  post-glacial,  there  arises 
the  difficulty  of  assigning  a  suOu  ieiit  origin  for  the  llood  whii  h  formeil 
it.  No  llood  within  the  historical  epoch  has  been  known  to  at  all 
a|)proacli  in  magnitude  those  which  in  time  deposited  the  'I'ronton 
gravel.  No  boulders  of  the  size  found  in  and  upon  that  gravel  are 
now  carried  down  the  river  by  floating  ic  e.  .\t  the  time  of  the  Trenton 
gravel  Hoods,  the  lower  part  of  the  site  of  I'hiladelphia,  the  whole  of 
til  It  of  Hrislol  and  Tullytown,  and  nearly  all  of  that  of  Trenton,  were 
submergeil.  No  rain-storms  within  the  recollection  of  man,  or  men- 
tioned in  tradition,  could  have  sujiplied  such  an  amount  of  water, 
and  no  origin  for  sucii  extraordinary  rains  is  suggested,  ext  ept  under 
a  very  'lilTerent  ilimate  or  by  evaporation  from  a  melting  glacier. 

'That  ilie  <  liniate  was  then  <:old  is  further  imiicated  not  only  by  the 
suggestion  th.it  then'  \»as  liieii  probalily  very  large  masses  of  bouKler- 
Iiearing  ii  e  floating  in  tiie  enlarged  river,  l)ut  also  from  the  fad  that 
fossil  remains  of  an  tic  animals,  as  the  reiiuUer  and  walrus,  have  been 
found  ill  ];ost  gl.u  ial  deposits  in  Ni'w  Jersey  and  I'cnnsyhania,  wliicli 
indicate  a  continuaiu  e  of  .a  colder  climate  than  now,  alter  the  disap- 
pearance of  true  glacial  condition^.  'The  freiiueiit  occurrence  t.>f 
boulders  resting  uivui  the  sand  overlying  the  gravel  suggests  the 
grouniling  of  large  ice-cakes  derived  from  some  mass  of  ice  large 
enough  to  be  itilled  a  glacier. 

Since  the  present  channel  of  the  river  at  'Trenton  has  been  exca- 
vated after  the  dei)o>ilioii  of  the  'Trenton  gravel  at  thai  jilacc.  and 
since  such  ex(  avation  would  necessarily  begin  so  soon  as  tiie  river 
ceaseii  to  deposit  any  gravel,  it  follows  that  llie  ri\cr  (ouhl  iiave 
floweil  on  top  of  ilie  deposit  at  Trenton  only  when,  as  .i  flood  ol  great 


MIK    Ai;K   {)!•    rilK    IKKNTON   CRAVKI.. 


545 


volume  and  rajiidity,  it  l)()rc  along  large  masses  of  gravel.  Although 
possiiile,  it  is  (litlfinilt  to  separate  lompletely  sueh  a  Hood  from  the 
melting  of  a  ghu  ier.  \''-l,  if  a  ghu  ier,  it  must  have  l)eeii  very  differ- 
ent, Ir.ith  in  age  and  extent,  from  that  who^e  nielting  eaused  the 
rhiladelpiiia  lirii  kelay.  Judging  from  ( omparalive  erosion  alone, 
one  miglu  be  indiK  ed  to  think  that  perhaps  as  much  time  elapsed 
between  the  deposition  of  the  lirickflay  ami  tJK't  of  the  'Ireaton 
gravel  as  has  elapsed  from  the  latter  period  to  the  present  day. 

From  the  limited  extent  of  the  frenton  gravel,  it  is  inferred  that  if 
caused  by  a  ghu  iai  flood,  such  gl.u  ier  must  have  been  either  a  lo(  al 
one  or  at  least  have  had  its  soutiiern  extreiivity  ( onliiied  to  the  l>ela- 
ware  vidley.  Tlie  melting  of  a  local  glacier  in  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains wouhl  probably  result  at  tiie  headwaters  of  the  Delaware  in  a 
continued  flood  of  sufticient  volume,  if  su];plemented  by  tbe  jj  lion 
of  floating  iie,  to  form  the  Trenton  gravel.  \\  hether  »u<  h  a  gla-  ier 
was  a  lingering  remnant  of  the  great  gla<  ii-r  wiuch  hail  retired  tT<jm 
Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  ami  utill  existed  f.uilier  nort:^,  or 
whether  there  was  a  separate  anil  more  recent  ghu  ier  bckniyiut;  to  a 
second  glacial  epoch,  is  as  yet  an  open  <|ue>iion. 

There  are  not  wanting  evidences  of  a  second  gla«  iai  epoch  in  .\mer- 
ica.  Intercalated  beds,  which,  according  to  their  geogTajihical  jio^i- 
tion  r ontain  land  plaiifi  or  manne  shells,  have  fropiently  been  foimd 
with  true  "till"  both  a!>ove  and  lielow  tl  em.  'I'lKse  otVer  "undeniable 
evidence  that  animals  and  plants  occui)ied  the  land  during  temperate 
interglacial  epochs,  preceded  and  followed  l>y  an  art  tic  climate  and 
ice-sheets  ''kc  those  now  covirring  the  iiiteri<«r  ^4  ^»nenlanil  and  the 
.Antarctic  continent  "*•"  Prof,  (hamberlia.  of  Wiw dusui,  m  a  rc(  ent 
letter  to  the  writer,  suggests  tha*  tlie  I'hiladelphia  red  gra\cl  and  bri(  k- 
clay  were  formed  .it  the  time  of  the  tirsi  and  most  extemled  glacialion, 
and  a  channel  excavated  ihrouuii  it  dminx  the  interval  of  dcglacia- 
tion  ;  while  tluw^cind  advajji- i  of  the  glacier  tijr«ie«l  the  New  Jer- 
sraiiie.  and  //.v  tinal  t0tte0U1ttc  Trenton  iruel. 


'*'  CmI.  of  Mimmola,  Repait  fur  t»ri,  t>-  .!?'    Kcpon  for  1I-/9,  p.  aiis. 


S4« 


PRiMrnvK  iNnusTRv. 


A  second  glacial  iK'riod  in  Kuropc,  known  as  the  "  Reindeer  Pe- 
riod," has  long  Iwcn  recogni/cd.  It  apiJcars  to  have  followed  that  in 
which  the  clays  were  tleposiled  and  the  tcrratcs  fomied,  and  may 
therefore  correspond  with  the  period  of  the  'I'renton  gravel.  If  there 
have  been  two  glac  ial  epochs  in  this  country,  the  'I'renton  gravel  can- 
not l)e  earlier  than  the  close  of  the  later  one.  If  th'TC  has  iKvn  liut 
one,  tra<es  of  the  glacier  must  have  continued  into  tompanilivdy 
recent  times,  or  long  afttT  the  j)erio«l  of  sul)mergence.  The  Trentun 
gravel,  whrtl^er  made  by  long  continue<l  .'loods  which  followed  a  first 
or  second  ^cial  eiwch,  —  whether  se|»;iratetl  from  all  true  glacial 
action  or  the  result  of  the  hKk  ier's  final  mcltin^;,  —  is  tnily  a  post- 
glacial <k;jK)sit.  but  still  a  i>lu;nomenon  of  essentially  glac  i;il  times  — 
times  mure  nastirly  related  to  the  Cireat  Ice  Ajje  than  to  '.ho  present. 


THE  ANTlgUHY   OK   MAN. 

Interesting  a.s  is  the  >ohition  of  any  geological  problem,  it  is  doubly 
«n  when  it  involves  the  i|iu'stion  of  the  antiijuity  of  the  human  race. 
Archaiok^y  now  joins  "ith  geology  to  make  history.  When  we  find 
that  the  Trenton  gravel  contains  implements  of  human  workmanship 
so  placed  with  reference  to  it  that  it  is  evident  that  at  or  soon  afler  the 
time  of  its  deposition  man  hatl  apjK'ared  on  its  Injrders,  anil  when 
the  ijuestion  of  the  antiijuity  of  man  in  America  is  thus  before  us,  we 
are  tempted  to  incjuire  still  fiirther  into  the  age  of  the  deposit  under 
discussion. 

It  has  been  clearly  shown  by  several  competent  archicologists  that 
the  implements  that  have  been  found  are  a  constituent  part  of  the 
gravel,  and  not  intnisive  objects.  It  w.is  of  \)ecu'iar  interest  to  find 
that  it  has  Ix-en  only  within  the  limits  of  the  Trcnlon  gravel,  previ- 
ously traced  out  by  the  writer,  that  Dr.  Al>bott,  Prof.  l*'.  W.  Putnam, 
Mr.  Lucien  C"arr,  anil  others,  iiave  discovered  these  imj)lcments,  in 
situ.  The  map  accompanying  this  chapter,  on  which  each  place 
is  marked  where  implements  have  been  founil  beneath  the  surface, 
illustrates  this  iwint.      At  the  localities  on  the    Pennsylvania   Rail- 


' 


THE   AGE  OF  THE  TRENTON  ORAVn,. 


S47 


road,  when;  extensive  exiiosiires  of  these  gravels  have  been  made, 
the  deposit  is  umJoiilHcdIy  undisturbed.  No  iin|>lenient  <;()iild  have 
come  into  this  gravel  cxce])t  at  a  time  when  the  river  flowed  upon  it 
and  when  they  might  have  sunk  through  the  loose  and  shifting  ma- 
terial. .Ml  the  ivideme  ])oints  to  the  <'on<  iusion  tiiat  at  tiie  time  of 
the  TrenttJU  gravel  flood,  Man  in  a  rude  state,  with  hahits  similar  to 
those  of  the  River-drift  Htmter  of  Kurope,  and  probably  imder  a 
climate  similar  to  that  of  more  northern  regions,  lived  upon  the  banks 
of  the  ancient  Delaware,  and  lost  his  stone  implements  in  the  shifting 
Kinds  anil  gravel  of  the  lied  of  that  stream.  The  term  "Kskimo 
period"  has  boon  suggested '■'•"'  for  that  of  the  Trenton  gravel,  in 
.  accordance  with  the  view  that  present  boreal  races  are  the  tlestendants 
of  the  ancient  palaeolithic  man. 

The  a«  tual  age  of  the  Trenton  gravel,  and  the  consequent  date  to 
which  the  anti(iuity  of  man  on  the  Delaware  should  be  assigned,  are 
(jnestions  whi<h  geologic al  data  alone  are  insnfticicnt  to  solve.  'The 
only  clew,  and  that  a  most  unsatisfactory  one,  is  afforded  by  cah  uix- 
tions  based  upon  the  amount  of  erosion.  This,  like  all  geological 
considerations,  is  relative  rather  than  absolute,  yet  several  calculations 
have  been  made,  which,  based  either  upon  the  rate  of  erosion  of  river 
channels,  or  the  rate  of  accumulation  of  sediment,  have  attemjited  to 
fix  the  date  of  the  close  of  the  glacial  epoi  h.  My  assmning  that  the 
'Trenton  gravel  was  deposited  immediately  after  the  close  of  this 
epovh,  an  account  of  sue  h  cali  ulations  nu>y  be  of  interest.  If  the 
'Trenton  urn'"*l  is  /oj /-glacial  in  the  widc.it  acceptation  of  the  term,  a 
yet  later  date  must  be  assigned  to  it. 

When  a  student  of  surface  geology,  who  has  live<l  south  of  glacial 
action,  examines  for  the  first  time  the  true  glacial  drift  an<l  sees  the 
kanie-like  ridges  and  bowl-shaped  ilepressions  maintaining  regular 
outlines  and  steeji  slopes,  he  cannot  but  i)e  struck  with  the  compara- 
tively recent  look  of  these  deposits.  He  caimot  but  believe  that  if 
the  great  periods  of  time  have  il.ips*  d  siin  c  tluir  dcpositiuii,  which 


"•  IjwIk.     I'nir.  \,:m\.  Nat.  Sci.  riiilailrl.,  i«8<i,  |>.  |o8. 


548 


PRlMrnVK   INiniSTRV, 


some  j,'C()I()(,'ists  innintaiii,  the  gravil  rid^'cs  wdiild  In-  roniKlcd  down 
and  the  kettle-holes  filled  dp  by  the  erosive  action  of  frost,  rain  and 
wind.  Recent  investifialions  in  j^laeial  neolojjy  are  bringinf,'  fonvard 
many  eviden(  es  that  the  fnial  disappearance  of  the  glacier  in  eastern 
.\ini'ri(a  was  not  far  ninole. 

Prof.  Cliainherlin  ■^•''■'  remarks  that  "no  sensible  denudation  !ias 
taken  phu  e  in  Wisconsin  smce  the  glacial  times  in  either  drift  bearing 
or  driftless  areas.  .\!r.  I'pham.''^"  speakinj,'  of  the  lakes  whi<  h  dot  the 
surfat  e  of  Minnesota,  says,  "the  l.ipse  of  time  since  the  ice  age  has 
been  insiitVu  ient  for  rains  and  streams  to  fill  these  basins  with  sediment 
or  to  (  nt  oiitUlM  low  enou);h  to  drain  them  ;  though  in  many  instan<  es 
we  can  see  su<  h  i  hanges  mIow1\  going  forward." 

Rev.  Ci.  F.  Wright,'-'^'  in  a  |)aper  entitled  ",/«  <//A;///*/  to  nt/iu/itfr 
apfiiiKxhmxtfly  tfir  ifatr  of  t/ie  Ciliuiol  Km  in  /utstiin  North  Amrrifa, 
from  till'  ili'f^lh  o/  si'dinwitl  in  one  of  the  lnm>l-shiif>rii  i/ffirrs^ions 
ahonniiing  in  tfif  A/orninrs  am/  A'litnrt  />/  A'ni>  fini;/)itii/,"  linils  that 
the  aciumnlation  of  peaty  matter  in  a  typical  kettle  hole  in  Massachu- 
setts, whether  caused   b)  growth  of  xegelalion  or  b)'  winds  and  rains, 

•ciual  to  a  lev  1  deposit  of  eight  feet  in  thic  kness.  .\t  the  rate  of 
cue  inc  h  in  a  c  inlur  ,  wliic  ii  is  probably  less  than  the  true  rale,  this 
would  plac  e  the  close  ol  the  glacial  epoc  h  at  less  than  ten  thousand 
years  ago. 

A  still  more  recent  estimate  has  been  made  by  Dr.  .\Mdrews,'J"'who, 
from  c  ale  ulat  ions  based  ujionllie  erosive  action  of  the  great  lakes,  con- 
cludes that  the  total  lake  ck|>osits  made  since  the  glac  ial  epoch,  were 
formed  within  seventy-five'  iiuiulied  years. 

Another  soun  e  of  c  ale  ulaiioii  is  liie  rec  ession  c»f  the  tails  of  a  river 
since  glacial  times.  The  most  notable  c  alculalion  of  this  kind  is  that 
made  upon  the  r'^cossion  of  the  falls  of  Niagara.  A  gorge  s>.v*,n 
mile.s  in  length  has  been  cut  from  Ixwistun  to  the  present  falU.     Mr. 


•■•  Cio>lttuy  of  WiM'oithin,  \nl.  ii,  \i.  fi^j,  1877. 
•*"Cici)l(iny  of  Miiiiit-<.oi.i,  Ki'iMirt  fur  1871;,  p.  7a.        * 
'**  Aincr.  jtMirihil  Siit'iitc,  vnl.  xxi,  V'vU.  iB8i,  p.  i*j. 
"*"  ■I'raiifiaitiiiiiH  C'ltii.agit  Ai'aik'iny  nf  SijfntfH,  vol.  ii. 


TIIF.   AOE  OF  THR  TRKNTON  ORAVFt,. 


549 


llakcwcll  estimated  the  annual  ciittin};  backward  of  the  falls  to  he 
about  one  yard  a  year,  Init  lYof.  James  Hall"''''  ami  Sir  Charles 
Lyell***  thought  that  one  foot  a  year  was  a  more  prohalile  amount. 
They  showed  that  beds  ( ontaininj,'  recent  shells  ami  mastodon  teeth 
occurred  in  the  banks  above  the  ^''^K'N  -'t  l''"-'  whirlpool,  three  miles 
bdow  the  falls,  and  also  on  (loat  Islaml  above  the  falls,  indicating,' 
that  in  the  C'hamplain  epoi  h  the  waters  of  Lake  Kric  extended  up 
over  the  K^rKi^  '>"''  l>resent  falls,  and  that  sin(  e  that  perifxl  a  large 
I)()rti!>n  of  the  K^rK*-'  1>'"1  '"^'i'"  excavate<l.  They  found  also  at  the 
whirl|)ool  an  ;m(  lent  iire-uKu  iai  channel,  which,  having  been  filled 
with  drift  in  glacial  times,  had  forced  the  river  to  <iit  a  new  channel 
through  the  roc  k  since  tiuM  period. 

There  are  here,  therefore,  daw  for  calcul.iting  the  dose  of  the  gla- 
cial epoch.  If  the  whole  gorge  has  been  ( ut  out  since  that  cpoi  h,  at 
the  rate  of  one  foot  per  year,  thirty-five  thousand  years  would  be  re- 
<|uired.  It  has  been,  however,  more  than  once  suggested  that  a  jjor- 
tion  of  the  gorge  is  pre-glac  ial.  I'rof.  nana""-'  supposed  .diout  one 
mile  of  it  to  be  pre-gl.u  ial,  but  Mr.  licit  ■■"•'  after  a  ]ier>Mnal  investiga- 
tion concludes  that  the  gorge  above  the  whirlpool  was  excavated 
nearly  up  to  the  present  position  of  the  falls  in  jire-glac  ial  limes. 
After  giving  the  evidences  upon  which  he  founds  his  opinion,  he 
says  :'■'<'  "  If  the  ccmclusion  at  which  I  have  arrived  is  correct,  tlwt 
the  gorge  from  the  whirlpool  to  the  falls  is  pre-glacial,  and  that  the 
jiresent  river  has  only  cut  through  the  softer  beds  between  (Jiueens- 
town  and  the  whirlpool,  and  above  the  latter  point  laerely  cleared  out 
the  ]>re-glac  ial  gorge  in  the  hardc-r  roc  ks,  twenty  ihous.ind  vears  or 
even  less  is  amply  sutlic  ient  for  the  work  dcuie,  i'lid  the  occurrence  of 
the  glacial  e|)och,  as  so  measured,  will  be  brought  within  the  shorter 


••'Clfitlo^'y  (if  Nrw  \t^r\i,  vf»!.  iv,  p.  \B^,  c\  }ict\, 

'*<  Trtivi-K  ill  Niiiih  Aimrrii:i,  1841 -'j,  vol.  i,  p.  jj,  ct  sc).      Svc,  .-iIm),  I'nn;.  CIccil.  Siticiy  ,if 
l,iiiKlnn,  vol.  ii.  p.  77,  vol.  jii,  p.  si>S)  vol.  iv,  p.  nj. 
••'  Mmiii.il  of  clcolouy,  p.  K^i. 

'•*  C^ilarterly  Joiuiial 'if  Sticiiic,  .\pril,  187s,  p.  us. 
»"/.....  I>.  154. 


S50 


rRIMITIVE   INniJSTRV. 


pcrioit  that,  from  otiicr  consideratiunM  I  have  argued,  has  elapsed sinct; 
it  was  at  its  licinht." 

A  ('ai<  Illation  of  a  similar  kind  has  been  made  by  Prof,  N.  H.  Win- 
t  hell ""  ii|Kin  the  recession  of  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  since  the  last 
j<la<  iai  e|Mn  h.  These  falls,  in  the  Mississippi  river,  were  disrovered 
in  i6So,  and  a  ((intinnous  record  of  their  recession  may  be  found 
siii(  e  then.  A  narrow  ^orj^e,  formed  by  their  recession,  extends  from 
the  falls  to  I'"ort  Snellin},',  eij^ht  miles  south.  Helovv  this  point  the  val- 
ley widens,  an<l  shows  iiidisptitalile  evidence  of  having  l)een  exca- 
vated in  pre-glac  iai  times.  l"'rom  the  falls  to  Kort  Snelliiif,',  however, 
the  drift,  whi«  h  lies  above  the  rocky  walls  of  the  ({orj^e,  has  been  cut 
throuj;li  so  as  to  form  a  blufl'  on  either  side  ;  this  fact,  when  taken 
in  connet  tion  with  others  pointing  to  the  same  conclusion,  clearly 
shows  the  post-glacial  .nge  of  this  gf)rge.  .\n  an«  ienl  channel  of  the 
river,  now  filled  with  glacial  drift,  is  described  and  the  evidence  seems 
decisive  that,  since  the  ghu  iai  ep(M:h,  the  river,  having  been  forced  out 
of  its  old  channel,  has  cut  out  a  new  one  eight  miles  long,  through  the 
rock.  I'lilike  tiie  nx  ks  at  Niag.irn.  those  at  the  Kails  of  St.  .Anihony 
are  horizontal  and  of  unvarying  coin|H)sition,  and  any  com  lusions 
mjiile  here  will  be  of  much  greater  accuracy.  Prof.  Winchell  gives 
three  separate  me.asurements,  whic  h  result  in  the  following  terms  of 
years  re(|uired  for  the  total  recession,  viz.  : — 1 2,103  years  ;  6,276  years  ; 
and  X,202  years.  He  holds  that  an  average  of  these  rates — 8,860 
years — represents  the  time  whii  h  li;is  elapsed  since  the  maximum  cold 
of  the  last  glacial  eput  h. 

Thus  we  find,  that  if  any  reliance  is  to  be  jiKaced  ujion  such  calcu- 
latioi»s,  even  if  we  assume  that  the  Trenton  gravel  is  of  glacial  age.  it 
is  not  ne<'ess.-;ry  to  make  it  more  than  ten  thousand  years  old.  'I'he 
time  necessary  for  the  Delaware  to  i  ut  through  the  gravel  down  to  the 
rock  is  by  no  nn .  ns  great.  \\'\\vn  it  is  noted  that  the  gravel  diff  at 
Trenton  was  made  by  a  siilc  wearing  away  as  at  a  bank,  and  when  it 


'•"  l»:iil  ii(  Miiim-Hil.<,  AiiiiimI  Kcp,  f<>r  lijn,  t>,  13(1  cl  wi],     S<n:  hIm,,  (jiittrl.  Joiirnnl  ('cot. 
SiKicty  of  I..IIHI.HI,  Nov.  1H78,  p.  HIM. 


THE  AGE   OF  THE  TRENIXIN  CRAVEf,. 


SSI 


is  remembered  that  the  erosive  power  of  the  Delaware  was  formerly 
greater  than  at  present,  it  will  l)e  concedeil  that  the  Dreseni  e  of  the 
clifTat  Trenton  will  not  necessarily  infer  its  hi^'h  anti(iiiily  ;  nor  in  the 
character  of  the  gravel  is  there  any  evi<lence  that  the  time  of  its  ilej)- 
osition  need  have  been  long.  It  maybe  that  as  investigations  are  car- 
ried further,  it  will  result  not  so  much  in  i)roviiig  man  of  very  great 
anticpiity,  as  in  showing  how  much  more  rec  enl  than  usually  supposed 
was  the  final  disappearance  of  the  glacier. 

In  all  these  subjects  we  are  but  at  the  threshold  of  understanding. 
We  are  entering  a  field  where  many  sciences  meet  and  where  each 
must  help  the  other.  No  single  investigation  is  sufficient.  In  the 
present  discussion,  the  aim  has  been  to  define  the  age  of  the  Trenton 
gravel,  and  the  conseepient  antiquity  of  Man  in  the  Delaware  valley 
solely  with  reference  to  geological  events. 

.At  the  present  suige  of  the  tli.scussion,  theories  are  necessarily  some- 
what provisional ;  but  as  facts  multi|)ly  an<l  others  enter  this  wide  field 
of  investigation,  we  may  hope  at  no  distant  date  to  arrive  at  more 
definite  and  trustworthy  conclusions. 


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INDEX. 


Abbott,  C.  C.  11,201. 238,  281.  3,t2,  339,  370, 
.371,  3!ll.  3!W. 

Abseconi  Inlet,  Atlimtio  Co.,  New  Jersey, 
sliell-lienps  neitr,  447. 

Academy  of  Scienne.  Salem,  Mass..  11.20, 
.54,  67,  68,  112,  172,  206,  220.  227,  305,  307, 
318. 

Adze,  New  Zealand,  51. 

Afi'ica,  cults,  40.  45. 

'•       pei-roi'ated  pebbles.  402. 

Agriciilliiral  implcnieiits,  1!).5,  217. 

"  ••  bones  and  tor- 

toise-shells. 
iise<l  as.  218. 
"  "  grooved,  or 

lioes,  223. 
"  "  spade-like.  223. 

Alaska,  stone  carvings  from.  305. 

Albany.  New  York,  State  Museum  at,  101. 

Aleutian  Islands.  Kholl-heaps  on,  214,  438. 

AU  jnkins,  Territory  occnpleil  by,  4. 

Alleghany  Mountains,  15,  270,  287. 

Allen,  J.  A.,  remarks  on  walrus  remains, 
from  New  .Jersey,  483. 

American  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York,  37, 
249. 

Amesbury  Nat.  History  Society,  229. 
"  Mass..  plummet  from,  229. 

Anchor,  stone,  243. 

Andrews,  l»rof.  E.  «.,  3.39,  ;181. 

Animal  carvings.  323. 

"      mouldings  in  clay,  3.37. 

"  "  occurrence  of,  in  New 

York,  :«8. 
"  "  occurrenco  of,  in  Mas- 

sachusetts, 323. 

Apocynum  cnnnabinum  used  for  cord- 
making,  147. 

Archajology  of  America  and  Europe,  par- 
allelism of,  517. 

Argillite  llsh-spears,  274. 

■'       rude  implements  of,  7. 

"        spcarpoints.  254. 

"        use  ol*,  earlier  than  flint,  285. 

Arkansas,  scrapcr-likc  implement  from, 

"  steatite  pipes  fl-om,  327. 

Arrowhead,  found  in  tree,  77. 

'•  human  bone,  piercerl  by,  283. 

"  in  vertebra  ol  elk,  77. 

"  steatite,  as  oiiiament,  307. 

Arrowheads,  abundance  of,  280. 

"  barbed,  29;J. 

"  "        triangular,  304. 

"  birds'  claws  used  as,  280. 

«  bone,  280. 

••  brass,  occurrence  of  on  Long 

Island.  421. 

"  Chickles  Uock,  Pennn.,  284, 

2»5. 

"  flakes  used  as,  284. 

"  how  attached  to  shafts,  279. 

"  leaf-sliapcd,.300. 

"  lozcngc-shaped,  301. 

"  noti^hed-based,  294. 

"  on  soacoast,  281. 

35* 


Arrowheads,  serrated.  .303. 

■'  stemmed,  289.  / 

"  trianguliir.  2!K>.  ' 

"  triple-notclicd-based,  294. 

"  unsymmetrical,  282. 

"  used  as  knives.  279. 

Attleboro,  Penna.,uuirblefrom,  144. 
Awls,  bone,  212. 
•'         "     occurrence  of  in  New  Jersey, 

212. 
"      stone,  109. 
"  •'      abundance    of    in     Middle 

States. 111. 
"  "     double  pointed,  114. 

"  "      imlisheil.  116. 

"  "      rude,  of  argillite,  llfi. 

Axe,  inscribed,  from  New  Jersey.  32. 
"    in  Museum  of  Uutgcr's  College,  New 
Jersey.  17. 
Axe-like  implement,  pointed,  .30. 
Axe,  pointed,  from  California,  31. 
Axes,  stone,  antiquity  of.  34. 
'■  "     Champlain  valley,  10. 

"  "     deposits  of,  ;53. 

"  "     double-edged,  25. 

"  "     double-grooved,  20. 

"  "     Georgia,  11. 

'•     Gloucester  Co.,  N.. I.,  18. 
"  "     grooves  of,  oblique,  Sasque- 

hanna  valley,  8, 2fi. 
"  "     grooves,  position  of,  7. 

"  "  "       variation  in.  7. 

"  "     Lambertville.  N.  .J.,  13. 

"  "     moiindbuilders',  l(i. 

"  "     New  .Jersey,  9. 

"  "     notclied,28. 

"  "  "        of  South  America, 

29. 
"  "     occurrence  of.  in  graves,  11. 

"  "     polished,  20. 

"  "     shortened  by  resharpening, 

15. 
"  "     scarcity  of,  in  New  England, 

10. 

Barnegat,  Biirlinctton  Co.,  New  Jersey, 

flsli-spears  IVo  ii.  271. 
neaucliaini),  Hcv.    V.  M..  121. 161. 
Hears'  teeth,  as  otiuiments,  40B. 
IJeaver.  270. 

Beck.  Prof.  Lewis  (;.,  412. 
Becsleys  Pt..  Cat  e  May  Co.,  N.  J.,  flsh- 

spears  fi'om,  2  '1. 
Belt,  Thomas,  476. 

Belvidere,   New  .lersey,  site   of  arrow- 
maker's  works  top,  4.'W. 
Berlin,  A.  F.,  415. 
Bird-sliapcd  stones,  309. 

"       "  "      Michigan.  370. 

"       •'  "      modillcation  of,  375. 

"        "  '•      New  .Jersey,  372. 

"        "  "      supposed  lise  of,  369. 

"       "  "      Vermont,  373. 

Boat-shaped  stones,  383. 

••         ••       New  England,  .3.83. 

"         "       Tennessee,  383. 

(653) 


554 


INDEX. 


nnlns,  Pntnjrnninn,  ?12. 
Hone  nwls,  i!l'2. 

'•      flshliook,  208. 

"     iiiipluiiieiitr^,  20,'). 

"  '•  California,  20S. 

••  "  New  Kn;iliind,2OT. 

••  "  Miildlo  slates,  205. 

"     gpooni',  Mass.,  2Wi. 
noston  Society  of  Natural  History,  510. 
lirereton.  Jolin,  l:)5,  414. 
Jlrinton,  Dr.  Daniel  U.,  4,  443,  618. 
liroilhoad,  Luke,  lU!),  415. 
liushkill,   Pike  Co.,  I'unna,,   stone  ring 
iVom,  404. 

Cnbe^a  tie  Vacn,  note  of,  concerning  nets 

ol  Indians.  238. 
California,  axe-like  in)plpni"nt  from.  31. 
•'         barbed  arrowlieads  from,  293. 
"         ca'.'vcd  pestles  from,  102. 
"  chert  iliij-'gers.  300. 

"         dH'-'ifer-liko   flint    implements 

from,  203. 
"  flint  knives,  "0. 

"         Indians.  75.  411. 
"         leaf-shaped  arrowheails  from, 

303. 
"         ornamertcd     smoking     pipes 

fiom,  304. 
"         small    inortnr    or   paint    cup 

Irom.  107. 
"         Boapsione  quarries  in.  180. 
"         stone     implements    of,     how 

used,  88. 
"  stone  tubes  from,  339. 

"         tubular  smoking   pipes  from, 
i«0,  3.12. 
Cape  Henlopeu,  shell-heaps  on,  439, 
"     May,  marine  erosion  at,  478. 
"         "    shell-heaps  on,  43H. 
Carr,  L.,  3!e. 
Curved  plummet,  234. 
"       shells,  72. 

"       stone,  representing  flsh.  380. 
"  "  "  cetacean,  387. 

Casse-tete,  211. 
Cayuga  Lake,  New  York,  stone  ornament 

from,  3!i2. 
Celts,  classiflcation  of,  35. 

"     halted,  IVoui  Lake  Luzerne,  N.  Y., 

37. 
••     hematite,  40. 

"     liow  differing  from  chisels,  38. 
"     Iroquois,  38. 
"     maxiuium.  sizeof,  30. 
"     New  England,  42. 
"     occurrence  in  graves,  38. 
"     shapes  of.  47. 

"     shortened  by  resharpening,  43. 
•'     small.  40. 
"      square,  41. 

•'     universal  occurrence  of,  30. 
'•     uses  of.  47. 
Ceremonial  objects,  fragments,  how  used, 

307. 
Ceremonial  objects,  grooved,  355. 

"  ••        New  Kngland.  350, 

•»  "  "    Jersey,  351. 

H  "        Ohio.  Xti. 

«  "       ornaniented,        from 

Cape    Cod,  Alass.. 
:iOft. 
"  •'       oval,  ,),'>7. 

,M  "        perforations  of, S.W, 

••  "       renutrkalile  form  of, 

from  New   Hump- 
shire,  3C0. 


Ceremonial  objects,  supposed  meaning  of, 
3411. 
"  "        Vermont.  3,50. 

Chesapeake  bay.  shell-heaps  on,  443. 
Chickies  Hock,  I'euna.,  01,  232,  207,  284, 

205,  420.  428. 
Chisels,  not  celts,  48. 

"       Oliio,  .50. 

"      small,  cylindrical,  ,50. 

"  "      quadrangular.  50. 

"  "      snpposeil  uses  of.  49. 

"  "      with  cimical  heads,  49. 

Chnngki  stones,  341,  427, 
Clay  pipes.  334. 
"    tubes,  339. 
Clement  collection,  in  Museum  at  Cum- 

bridge.  42, 289. 
Clubheads,  stone.  ,109. 
Concord,  Mass.,  117. 

Cook.  Prof.  Geo.  II.,  445.  448,  449,  472,  474. 
Cope,  Prof.  K.  D.    remarks  on  reindeer 

remains  found  in  dritt gravels,  in  New 

Jersey.  48;i. 
Copper  celts,  occurrence  of  in  nany  lo- 
calities. 415. 
Copiier  gouge,  "  "   "    western 

New  York,  417. 
Copper  imi>lements,  411. 

'•  "  in       common       use 

among  New  England  trd)cs,  414. 
Copper  spearpoints  in  conmion  use,  among 

New  England  tribes,  419. 
"       native,  occurrence  of  in  N.  J.,  412. 
'*       plnunnet,  233. 
Connecticut    river.   Valley    of,    ancient 

wooden  maul  from,  01. 
Conneclicnt  river,  valley  of,  arrowheads 

from.  280,  280, 2!I2,  207,  303. 
Connecticut  river,  valley  of,  chipped  stone 

knives  from,  80.  87. 
Connecticut  river,  valley  of,  stone  awls 

from,  115. 
Connecticut  river,  valley  of,  stone  drills 

from.  111. 
Connecticut  rivcr,valley  of,  stone  scrapers 

from,  121.  129. 
Connecticut  river,  valley  of,  spearpoints 

from,  2ii4,  207,  270,  27.1. 
Crosswicks  Crock,  New  Jersey,  04,  231, 

238.  242,  ■AOa.  410. 
Crouch's  Cove,  Maine,  bone  implements 

from,  211.211. 
Cumberland  Sound,  Eskimos  of,  04. 

Valley,  Tenn..  74. 
Cimningham's  Island,  Lake  Erie,  bird- 
shaped  stone  fro-n,  309. 
Cyprus,  te.'vn  cuttus  from,  407. 

Daggers,  flint,  305. 

knives  used  as,  83. 
Dall,  W.  IL,  140,  214,  215,  438. 
Danvers,  Mass.,  slate  knife  from,  08. 
Davis,  Dr.  E.  II. .31. 
Dawkins,  Prof.  W.  IJ.,  514. 
De  Costa,  Rev.  U.  F.,  30«. 
Delaware  Indians,  12.  l.'iO,  149,  155,  177, 

185,  208,  243,  248,  270,  285,  310,  310,  323, 

384.  430. 
Delaware  river,  15. 10.  :184,  472. 

tri-notched    arrowheads   from, 

294. 
Delaware  Water  (Jap.  50,  72,  02, 109,  172, 

178,241,251.400,473. 
Delaware,  scidptnred  pipe  from.  385. 
Demerara,  noU^hed  axes  IVom,  29. 
Denmni  k,  Lewis  Co.,  New  York,  deposit 

of  flint  knives  from,  84. 


ii 


INDEX. 


555 


Denmark,  flint  scrapers  from,  121. 
DiKlitun  Kock.  81U. 

DUc.uiilal  Ktunce,  8niitliern  States.  341. 
"  "        nniiHiial     in    Nortliern 

States,  :i41. 
•'  "        used   l)y  Delaware  In- 

dians, :il,>. 
"  "       iiKed  1)}'  Siiawnce  Indi- 

ans, :u.'). 
Dos   Pueblos,   Culilbrnia,   stone   pestles 

from.  I(i2. 
Drills,  btonu,  bird-slinped,  110. 

'•  '•       Conni'i!ti<uit  Valiev,  111,  113. 

"         "       knlle-like  based,  Ibl. 
"         '•       niaxinmni  size  of,  107. 
"         "       New  York,  III. 
"         "       notclied  based,  105. 
"        "      polished,  11(1. 
"      .  "  "         Concord,      Mass., 

117. 
"  "  barbed,  118. 

"  "  "  New  Jersey.  119. 

"    York,  119. 
"         "  •'         Ohio,  119. 

"         "  "         Pennsylvania,  119. 

"         "  •  Wisconsin,  119. 

.lu  I'ratz,  M.  Lc  Page,  320. 

Kaston,  Penna.,  spearpoints  from,  2.11. 

Khauchoir.  209 

Ellsworth,  E.  W..  01. 

England,  flint  scrapers  from,  121. 

Engraved  gorget,  384. 

Eskimo,  Cumberhind  Sound,  04. 

"        ornaments,  408. 

"         stone  scrapers.  120. 

"  •'    spearpoints,  208.  • 

Eskimos,  traces  of,  in  New  England,  2. 
E8se.\  Co.,  Mass.,  ))lummet.s  from.  208. 
Europe,  flint  slingstones  from,  1.34. 

perforated  stone  hammers  in,  00. 
European  origin,  oljjects  of,  1. 401, 418, 420. 
Evans,  .John,  09, 130,  l.i»,  255,291,  294,  301. 
Evans,  Dr.  John  C,  31. 

Fish-spears,  argillite,  273. 

"  "         how  different  fi'om 

flint,  278. 
"  "         in  alluvial  deposits, 

274. 
"  flint,  Connecticut  valiev,  273. 

"  "       Massachusetts.  2li9. 

"  "        Susquehanna  rivr,  272. 

Flintchips.  occurrence  of,  on  "workshop" 
sites,  453. 
"    daggers,  305. 
"  "        Arkansas.  119. 

"  "        Denmark,  305. 

"  "        Tennessee,  119. 

"     implements,  chipped,  19.5. 
"  "  "         deposits  of, 

1!K). 
"  "  "  Mass..  202. 

"  "  "         Onondaga  Co., 

N.  Y..  204. 
'  "  "         supposed  uses 

of,  105,  200. 
Florida,  fresh- water  sheUhcaps  of,  215, 439. 
Fort  Hridger.  Wyoming  Terr.,  137. 
Fossil  shark  teeth.  40.5. 
Foster,  .1.  W.,  280,  383. 
France,  flint  ecrapers  from,  121. 
Froy,  8.  L.,  204,  2a5,  213,  407. 

Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  reference  of,  to 
H»U  nets  of  Indians,  239.    . 


Georgia,  arrowheads,  281. 
"        grooved  axes,  II. 
"        steatite  pipes,  328. 
Gillman,  Henry.  .370. 

Gloucester  Co.,  New  Jersey,  arrowheads, 
302. 
"  "        "  "      a.xcs,  IS. 

"  "       "  "      axe-like  im- 

plement, 29. 
"  "       "  •'      discoidal 

stones,  341. 
"  "       "  "      grooved 

hammers,  57. 
"  "       "  "      perforated 

sinkers,  245. 
"  "       "  "      spearpoints, 

200. 
Gorgets,  377. 

"        copper,  .380. 
"        fragments  of.  utilized,  .381. 
"        New  England,  383. 
"  "    Jersey,  378. 

"       Ohio,  378. 
"       ornamented,  379. 
Gouges,  50. 

•'       Cliamplain  valley,  .52. 
"       New  .lersev,  .55. 
"         "      York,' .54. 

"      Museum  iit  Cambridge,  Mass.,  54. 
Greenwell.  Kev.  William,  140. 
Grooved  hammers,  57. 

"  "  Kansas,  .58. 

"  "  peculiar  forms  of,  59. 

"  ■'  used  as  weapons,  59. 

"       hoes,  222. 


New   .Jersey,    flint 


Hackensack    river, 

knives  from.  81. 
Haldah  Indians,  bone  implements  of,  207. 
Ualdeman.  S.  S.,  29,  00,  83.  115.  137,   14.3, 

209,  251,  2.52,  253,  200,  20).  201.  207,  208, 

280,  284,  288,  2!I0.  292,  29.5,  298,  299,  302, 

337.  342,  397.  428. 
Ilartfonl,   Washington  Co.,  N.  Y.,  slate 

knife  from,  GO. 
Ilaynes,  Prof,  llcurv  W.,  510. 
Heckewelder,  l{ev.  John,  74,  384. 
Henderson,  J.  G.,  230,  234. 
Ilingham,  Mass..  clay  pot  from,  173. 
Hoes  made  of  elk-horn.  218. 
Hoe-blades,  objects  supposed  to  bo,  220. 
Holm,   T.  Campanius.   J39,  149,  200,  243, 

207,  279.  310.  335,  406. 
Hudson,  Itemlrick,  407. 
Hudson    river.   Valley    of,    arrowheads 

from,  292. 
Human  face,  carved  in  atone,  from  Alaska, 

3it4. 
Human  face,  carved  in  stone,  from  New 

,ler.sey,  .392. 
Human  face,  carved  in  stone,  from  New 

York.  392. 
Huntpnlon   Co.,   New  Jersey,   hematite 

celts  from,  46. 
Hunterdon   Co.,    New  Jersey,   hematite 

implements.  3!K). 
Hnpil  Indians,  white  deer  dance  of.  307. 

411. 

Illiuois,  boat-shaped  stone  from.  383. 

'•        deposits  of  flint  implements  in, 
199.  ' 

"        flint  spades  and  shovels  from,  197, 

"        fragments  of  pottery  from,  182. 

'•         pinmmel  from,  233. 
Indian  piutograplis,  345, 


El 


556 


INDEX. 


Indinnn,  nrrowlienda  from,  288, 2C8,  303. 

"        celts  fioni.  4ft. 

"        iiiincw  ci'ltH  !)!•  chisels  ft'om, 60. 

"        scrnpers  from,  VJl). 

"        stoiiii  iiwIh  or  iierfurator8  from, 
lit. 

"        t»'i.<tvi1  spenrpoiiit  from.  2(J6. 
Ingcrsoll.  KriiuAt.  441. 
Iiincribcil  stoncH,  346. 
Irelaiiil,  flint  HcniperH  from,  121. 
lro(|iioig,  bone  lioes  of,  218. 

"  celts,  how  used  by.  38. 

"         clnv  orniiments  in.alo  by,  172. 

"         pipes  of.  320,  338. 

"  pottery.  173. 

"         stono  clubs  among,  161. 

"  totems  of,  383. 

"  wnr-cliibs  of,  200.  310. 

Isle  of  WiKht  Co.,  Virginia,  steatite  pipe 

fi'om,  320. 

Jones.  Col.  C.  C  ,  jr  .  2.',.  73,  12i),  144,  VA. 

ViS,  \>M,  208,2^5,  230,  245,  250,  281,  305, 

300. 
Josseiyn,  John,  258. 

Knini.  Peter.  »4,  147,  LM.  1"«,  183,  208,  ?37, 
27!l,  316,  3;!.").  .340,  413.  4.38,  441. 

Kansas,  grooved  stone  hammers  fi'om,  68. 

Kentucky,  spearpoints  fi  oni,  2li2. 

Kingston,  New  Hampsliire,  elute  knife 
from.  70. 

Kiowa  Indians.  ,3113. 

Kumlein,  Lndwig,  04,  408. 

Lake  Chumplain.  Valley  of,  arrowheads 

from.  281. 
Lake  Champlain,  Vnlley  nf,  axes  in,  10. 
"  "  "       "  ceremonial 

olijects,  aw. 
:"  "  "       "  cliipi)ed    flint 

knives,  8(1. 
■•»  ♦•  "       "  gorgets   fiom, 

382. 
"  "  "       '•  stone    gouges 

found  in,  62. 
Lake    Ilopatcong,  \cw   Jersey,  ground 

arrowhead  from,  1)2. 
Lake  Ilopatcong,  Now  .lersey,  large  ar- 
rowhead from,  2lil. 
Lake  Ilopatcong.  New  Jersey,  perforated 

sinker  Iron),  245. 
Lake   Lu/crne,   New    York,   halted  celt 

from,  37. 
Lake  .Superior,  Indians  of,  421. 
•'     Winnipi.seogee,  N.  H..  3()0. 
Lamliertville.  New  Jersey,  laige  grooved 

axe  IVom,  13. 
Lancaster  Co.,  Penna,,  clay  pipe  nom, 
;«7. 

Leidy,  Prof..Ios.,  137.  439. 
Lenni-Lcnapi,  12,  72.  270,  343. 
Lewis  and  Clarke,  310. 
"      Elias.jr,  415,  430. 
"      Henry  Carvill,  472. 
Lewes,  Delaware,  sculptured  pipe  from, 

322. 
Liberty  Co.,  Georgia,  quartz  mortar  flom, 

155. 
Lockwood,  Rev.  8.,  376.  380. 
Loskiol,  12,  14S.  166,  218,  268,  323. 
Lubbock,  Sir  John,  40,  45,  305,  402. 
Luxembourg,  Congres  des  Americanistes, 

113,  428. 

MacehuatI  of  Pacific  IsIandsrSi  84, 
UncLean,  J.  P.,  355. 


Maine,  copper  celts  trom,  414. 
"       plummets  from,  2:{:i. 
"        shell-heaps  of,  4311. 
"        spearpoints  from.  263.  2.'i!). 
"       steatite  food-vessels  from,  185. 
Maize.  140. 

Maryland,  shell. heaps  of.  444. 
"  slate  knives  from,  63. 

"  spearpoints  tVoni,  2.Vt.  251). 

"  steatite  food  vessels  from,  185. 

Massachusetts,  abnmlaiicc  of  copper  a- 
Fiong  Indians  ol.  414. 
"  abundance   of   stone 

gouges  in,  60. 
"  bune   implements   ft-om, 

ril. 
"  bone  spoon  t\-om  ancient 

Indian  graves  in.  20*1. 
"  carved  stone  pestle  from, 

ItiO. 
'■  carved    stono  represent- 

ing flsli,  from,  ,"85. 
"  ceremonial  carved  stones 

IVom,  3.V2,  350,  366. 
"  chipped  flint  knives  ftrom, 

85. 
"  clay  pot  fi'oni,  173. 

"  copper  celts  from,  416. 

"  flint  drills  and  awls  from, 

111.114. 
'<  fresh-water   shell-heaps, 

in,  440. 
'■  grooved  axes  from,  11. 

"  "  "     not    found 

in  Indian  graves,  in,  11. 
"  Indians,  method  of  pro- 

curing Ure  of.  135. 
"  largo      chipped     imple- 

ments from,  202. 
"  nortliwest     coast     pipe 

from.  32:1. 
"  oci'urrence  of  plummets 

in, 227. 
"  ornament  of  deer's  bone 

from,  3li». 
"  polished  drill  fi'om,  117. 

"  pottery  from   shell-heap 

in,  181. 
"  shell-heaps  on  coast  of, 

124,  440,  448. 
"  slate  knives  from.  68. 

"  steatite  pipe  from.  318. 

"  "       vessel  from.  185. 

"  stono  ])endant8  tVom  In- 

dian graves  in,  380. 
"  supposed         flsh-sitears 

from,  268. 
"  tubular     smoking    pi^e 

from.  3:10. 
Maul,  wooden,  from  Connecticut  valley, 

61. 
Mercer  Co.,  New  Jert,ey,  ancient  Indian 

village  site  in.  143. 
Merc:er  Co.,  New  Jersey,  arrowheads,  207. 
Mica,  occurrence  uf  in  Indian  giaves,  175. 
Michigan,  bird-shaped  stones.  :I70. 

"         occurrence  of  JIutucon  shells 
in,  325. 
Mink  (Ptitorius  viiioti),  276. 
Mississiiipi  river,  13, 100,  .S49. 
Missouri,  pottery  from  mounds  of,  172, 
177. 
"         sharpening  stones  fi'om,  4:15. 
Mohawk  valley.  New  York,  bone  imple- 
ments from,  206. 
MohHwk  valley.  New  York,  contents  of 
ancient  Indian  gmvos  in,  887. 


INDEX. 


557 


Mnlmwk  valley.  Now  York,  small  nrrow- 

lienils  trnin/itK). 
Mohawk  valley.  New  York,  worked  bcn- 

ver'H  tooth  f*-oni,  213. 
Mniik-HHJi,  bones  of,  in  shell-heaps,  124. 
Moiiniouth  Co.,  New  Jersey,  gorget  IVom, 
380. 
"  "       "        "        Btono    oriia- 

meni  from,  H'li,  302. 
MorKan,  Lewis  H.,  38, 200,  300. 
Mortars,  ;ee|i,  iiseil  with  pestles,  155. 
portable.  152. 
"        shallow,  to  be  used  with  crush- 
ers, 1.53. 
Mortars,  stationary.  151. 

"        wooden,  lIMi. 
Mortillet,  remarks  by,  on  Delaware  river 

pala-olithie  implements.  4)10. 
Moiind-bidlders,  relationship  of,  to  Indi- 
ans, 2. 
Monnd-biiilders,   gi-ooved  stone  axes  of, 

IB. 
Mnllera.  KM. 
Mnskrat,  270. 
Musters,  Geo.  C.,  .312. 
Net-sinkers,  Delaware  river  valley.  2.S.'<. 
"  lar»ie.  used  as  anclioi-s,  US. 

"  notched  pebbles  used  as,  237. 

"  perlorated.  243. 

"  Suxqiiehanna    river    valley, 

240. 

New  England,  agriuiiUural  tools  in.  318. 

"  "        arrowheads  in.  281, 298, 302. 

"  "        lione  awls  in,  98. 

"  "       ceremonial    objects  ft-om, 

:«0,  356. 

"  "       chipped    flint   knives.   80. 

"  "       copper  olijects  anions  In- 

dians of,  419. 

"  "       flint  drills  in,  99. 

"  "  '•    scrapers   in,   123,  129, 

131,  l:tt 

"  "       grooved  hammers  in,  57. 

"  "  '•       stone  axes  in,  11, 

19,  27,  30. 

"  "       Indians,  »i4. 

"  "       nets  of  Indians  of,  239. 

••  "       northwest     coast     pipes 

from,  323. 

"  "       ornamented     clay     pipes 

from,  ai8. 

"  "       paint  cnps  In,  l(i8. 

"  "        pendants  IVoni,  393, 39.5. 

••  ''        pestles  in,  155, 103. 235. 

"  pitted  stones  in,  192. 

"  '         )>liinimets  in,227, 240, 

"  "       polished  celts  in,  41, 44. 

"  "  "        stone  drill   from, 

117. 

«'  "       pottery  of.  171,  182. 

"  "       scrapers  used  as  "  strike- 

a-light"in,  13.5. 

"  "       semiliiiiiir  slate  knives,  63. 

'•  '•       sinew  dressers  in.  146. 

"  "       shell  heaps  in,  180,  440.  448. 

"  "       Blender  spearpoints  or  fish- 

spears  from,  27i. 

"  "       slickstoncs  in,  144. 

''  "       smoking  pipes  in.  317. 

"  "        spearpoints    in,    252,   260, 

2(!4I. 

"  "       Steatite  food-vessels  from, 

188. 
"  "       stone  gouges  in.  51. 

*  "  "     ornaments    of  Indi- 

ans of,  400,  400. 


New  Hampshire,  animal  carvingfrom, 387. 
"  "  boat-shaped  stone  from. 

382. 
"  "  carveil  ceremonial  stone 

from,  360,  365. 
■'  "  northwest     coast    pipe 

from.  320, 
"  "  slate  knife  from,  70. 

"    Jersey,  agricnitui-al  im|)lenients.  217. 
"         '•       arrowheads,  278. 
"         "       awls,  112. 
"  "        bird-shiiped  stones,  .369. 

"         "       bone  fishhooks.  208. 
"         "  '•     implements,  205. 

"         "       celts.  ;m. 
"         ••       ceremonial  objects,  ,350. 
IJ         II       chipped  flintimplements.  19.5. 
"  "  sup- 

posed uses  of  smaller,  201 . 
"        "       chipped  flint  knives,  75, 

"  how  haft- 


ed.  79. 

"  ,  ^,      "        "          •*     sui.poseU 

11868  of.  81. 

New  Jerfloy 

"        "         "     spear- 

shaped. 

80.                               "^ 

Ne\ 

V Jersej 

"        "          "     with 

Btommed  baseR*  86. 

ti 

Jersey 

,  chisels,  48. 

(i 

" 

clay  nipes,  :i34. 
"    tubes,  340. 

it 

I* 

** 

.1 

copper  implementf,  311, 

'* 

It 

deposits  of  a.xes,  33. 

(( 

It 

discoidal  stones,  341. 

n 

tf 

drills,  97. 

•( 

ti 

"     uses  of,  109. 

«( 

It 

flsh-spears,  266. 

(( 

glint;,  27,5.     "       »»"•»""?  of  «■•- 

it 

tt 

Jersey 
it 

,  flint  chips,  453. 
"    daggers,  305. 
gorgets,  377. 

(1 

It 

gouges.  50. 

n 

It 

grooved  hammers.  5T. 

ti 

11 

"       stonenxes,  11, 19,24. 

n 

ti 

"           *'     club-heaas, 
309. 

It 

It 

hand-hnmmers,  423. 

It 

ti 

hematite  celts  46. 

*i 

It 

Indians  of.  73. 

(( 

It 

"      trails  in.  16. 

*• 

II 

inscribed  axes.  32. 

ti 

tk 

II 
It 

"         stones,  345. 
mortars,  149. 

t( 

It 

'•        in  glacial  bowlders, 
150.                       ' 

li 

It 

mullers,  165. 

ti 

II 

native  copper,  312. 

'i 

ti 

net-sinkers,  237. 

it 

ti 

obliquely  grooved  axes,  28. 

*t 

ti 

occurrence  o.'Catlinite  pipes 
In,  317.                             ' 

li 

ti 

ti 
It 

paint  cups.  166. 
pendants.  388. 
perforated  sinkers,  243. 

U 

ti 

pestles.  156. 

14 

tf 

pipes,  315. 

ti 

II 
If 
it 

pitted  stones,  192. 

plnniinets,  231. 

pointed  axe  like  implement, 

30. 
polished  drills.  116. 

tf 

ti 

ti 

If 

"        fclate  knives,  spear- 
shaped,  92. 

tt 

ti 

pottery,  170. 

ti 

tt 

rubbiiig  stones,  429. 

II 

II 

scrapers,  121. 

558 


INDKX. 


New  Jersey  scrapers,  uses  of.  1 J3. 

"  "             "            "    '•  iiH  strike-n- 

liKht.  iXi. 

"  "        8liai'|iuiihig  Htnnes.  43.1. 

"  *'       sliull-liciipu,  inliind,  440. 

"  "              ■■            miiriiiu,  4:17,  44.'), 

4llii. 

"  "        pinew-drossors.  US. 

"  "       slate  knivus,  118. 

"  "          "          •'     with    ornnmen- 

tiitioM,  TO. 

"  "       BliukstoiieB,  i:iU. 

"  "       spnde-Hliuned      slickntoncs, 

223. 

"  "       spoai'poinla,  'UK 

"  "                  •'            slntc.  2110. 

"  "                 "           twisted  or  rifled, 

2«.5. 

"  "       Steatite  food  vessels,  18(i. 

"  "        stone  mask,  303. 

"  "       teslioaa.  I.W. 

'•  "        totems.  ;184. 

"  "        trinkets,  3!«. 

"  "       tnl)nlar  smoking  pipes,  .132. 

"  Mexico,  pulislicd  grooved  axes, 20. 

"  York,  arrowlieads,  288,  200. 

"  "     axes.  II. 

"  "     l)ir(l-sliaped  stones,  300. 

"  •'      bone  tisli-liook,  200. 

"  "       '•     impienu-nts,  20.'). 

"  *'     carved  pestle  from,  101. 

"  "     celts.  42. 

"  "     ceremonial  objects.  S.'iO. 

"  "     chipped  flint  imi>lcment8,  204. 

"  "            "         "      knives,  »i. 

"  "            "         '•           "       deposit 

of.  84. 

"  "      clay  pipes,  330. 

"  "     copper  im|>lenicnts,  4U. 

"  "     flsfi  spears.  273. 

"  "     flint  drills.  111. 

"  "     Ronges,  .')0. 

"  "     grooveil  stone  clHb-heads,SIO. 

"  "     haltcdceltlVom  Lake  Luzerne, 

37. 

"  "      pipes,  .317,  331.3.37. 

"  "     p()li^'hed  barl)ed  drills,  121. 

"  "      scrapers.  131. 

"  "     shell-heaps,  inland,  441. 

"  •'             •'            marine,  4;il). 

"  "     slate  knives.  B6. 

"  '•        "        ••       spear-shaped,  92. 

"  "      slickstones.  143. 

•'  "      spearpoinfs.  240, 203. 

"  "      stone  trinkets,  3!Ki.  400. 

"  "     worked  l)eavcr'8  tooth,  213. 
Nilsson,  Sveo,  40, 140,  209, 214,  218,  309. 

Ohio,  arrowheads.  288.  290. 

"  hird-shaiied  stones,  374. 

"  bone  awls,  98. 

"  celts.  4.1. 

*■  ceremonial  objects,  349,354- 

"  chisels,  60. 

"  clay  tnbes,  .3.39. 

"  copper  gorgets,  380. 

"  •'       plummet  ftom,  233. 

"  flint  drills.  98,  114. 

"  "    knives,  83. 

"  gorgets,  .378. 

"  hematite  plummets,  2.31. 

"  liumiin  lai'e  carved  in  stone,  301. 

"  mnllers,  1U4. 

"  pipes,  32S. 

"  pitted  stones.  102. 

"  plummets,  230. 

"  jiolislied  drill-like  implements,  119. 


Oliio,  scrapers,  129. 
"      spears,  2.'i9.  270. 
"      stone  masks.  3'.)3. 
"     twisted  spears,  2fl'l. 
"     triangular  arrowheads,  208. 
Onondaga   Co.,  New    York,    implcmentfl 

from.  1111,204. 
Otter  (I.utra  cmKitleimt) .  270. 
Owego.  New  York,  inland  shell-heaps  at, 

441. 
Oysters,  shells  of,  iu  marine  slioU-heaiiB, 
438, 443. 

rnciflc  coast,  bone  flsh-hooks  from,  208. 

"  "      pestles  from,  102. 

Paint  cups,  105. 
I'alieolilhic  implements,  2H.5.  471. 

"  "  abundance       of, 

489. 
"  "  character  of.  48.1. 

"  "  how        diflViring 

from  "Indian  "  implements,  .Ml. 
Paleolithic  implements,  position   of,  in 

silu.  4ld.  490,  .500.  ao-i.  .'W4,  AOO. 
Palieolitliic  man  of  America,  supposed 

relationship  of,  to  Kskimo,  &14,  517. 
Palmer.  Dr.  Edward,  228. 
Paring  knife  from  Ainoskcag  falls,  N.  II., 
IKI. 

Passaic  river,  N.  J.,   oval   flint  knives 

from,  81. 
Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archas- 
ology,  at  Cambridge.  Mass..  11.  20, 20, 
32,  42.  54,  !>»,  03,  (id.  70,  111,  117. 110,  131, 
151.  1«0,  101,  172.  liVi.  mi,  207,  229,  241, 
275,  2»:i,  MH.  30(i.  32;!.  327,  .328,  .339,  350, 
;«1,  ;«iO,  373,  381,  383,  389,  392,  394,  471. 
474,  510. 
Pembei'ton,  New  Jersey,  iuscribed  axe 

from,  32. 
Pendants,  389. 

"        ornamented,  3(0. 
Pennsylvania,  arrowiieads.  290. 

"  axes,  witli  narrow  edge,  30. 

"  brass  arrowheads.  420. 

"  carved    arrowhead  from, 

397. 
"  copper  celts,  414. 

"  (liscoidal  stime  from,  342. 

"  el)auchoir.  210. 

"  fl-ih  gigs,  200. 

"  "    spears,  267. 

"  gouges.  54. 

"  nancl  hammers,  428. 

"  Indians.  10. 

"  net  sinkers,  241. 

"  oblitiuely  grooved  axes.  20. 

'•  perforated   stone  hammer 

from.  01. 
"  polished  stone  drilU,  118, 

119. 

"  slickstones,  143. 

"  8pearpoints,2.''>l. 

"  stone  ring.  49:1. 

Perforated  net-sinkers,  143. 

Perkins.  Prof.  Geo.  H..  10,  80,  91,  IfiO,  101, 

l<!2,  171,  281.  282.  331,  :450,  351,  382. 
Peruvian  stone  knife,  1)0. 
Pestles,  165. 

"        carved, 159. 
"        collared,  102. 
Pipes,  315. 
"       calumet,  317. 
"        clay,  334. 

"       materials  of  which  made,  310. 
"       Northwest    const,   from    Atlantic 
States,  324. 


■ 


IP 


INDEX. 


559 


of, 


ripog,  Bculptnred,  323. 
''       so-calleil   •■  compound    cnlumet," 

.S:i3. 
"       tubulin-,  330. 
"  "        Ciillfoinin,  330. 

"       vnvioHs  forms  ol',  317. 
Fitted  etonoM,  l!)l. 

"  "     occurrence  of,  In  Soutliorn 

Staten,  102. 
rinmmets,  nbuntlance  of  in   New  Eng- 
llind.  227. 
"  Bupposed  uses  of,  228. 

PogKnmopgon,;iiO. 
i'ot-lioies  in  rocl{9,  as  mortnrs,  1.51. 
rotBciiim  Hands'    lo,  mortar  of  bowlder, 

of,  l.'il. 
Potter.  Dr.  W.  B.,  4,V>. 
Pottery,  1«0. 

"        cord  mariced,  184. 
"        how  ornamented,  177. 
"        incised,  1"». 
"        in  sliell-iieapR,  170. 
"        Missouri  or  blacili  pottery,  occur- 
rence of,  on  Atlantic  seaboard, 
177. 
"        pniu^nrcd.  180. 
"        tiiuml)-nail  markings  on,  181. 
Pueblo  axes, 20. 

Pntnani,  Prof.  K.  W.,  21.  0.5, 121,  17.5,  185, 
18H,  227,  231,  241,  323,  3,W,  350,  304,  3S5, 
415,  510. 

Qnahang,  see  shell-heaps. 

IlaslcH.  Father,  211. 

Kau,  Dr.  Chiis.,  01.  170,  11)3,  107,  217,  222. 

240.  ;127,  414,  4311,  445,  448, 153. 
Head,  Prof.  »i.C,(il. 
Keincleer,  bones  of,  in  Trenton  gravels, 

483. 
Uose  collection  of  Danish  implements,  in 

Museum  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  3Uti. 

Sabonic  Neck,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  shell- 
heaps  at,  420. 
Salem  Co.,  New  Jersey,  spearpoints  ft-om, 
2,51,  2,5,5. 
"     Mass.,  stone  implements  from,  121. 
Scandinavia,  axe-like  implement  frimi,  40. 
Schoolcraft,  H.  R.,  <i5,  157.  1«2,   248,  310, 

325,  ;«8,  345,  ,34«,  .3()!t,  377. 
Schumacher,  Paul,  30,  88, 180. 
Scrapers,  121. 

"         flakes  used  as,  124. 
"         notcheil,  13(>. 
"         polished,  131. 
"         stemmed,  130. 
"         used  as  "  strike-o-lights,"  13fi. 
Shawnee  Indians,  74,  371. 
.Shells,  as  knives.  M. 
Shell-heaps,  124, 170,  IVl,  180,  4.17. 
"  Aleutian  Islands.  438. 

"  Anoiionta  purpurea,  shells  of, 

forming  inland.  440. 
"  antiquity    of  New   England, 

448. 
"  antiquity  of  New  .Terscv,  449, 

"  Atlantic  coast,  438,  440,  444, 

449. 
"  inlanit  or  ft-osh-water,  441. 

"  Oitrea    horeiiHs,    shells    of, 

forming,  445. 
"  Ottrea    virijinica,    shells    of, 

forming,  443,  414. 
"  J'l/ruUi  canalicnlata,  shells  of, 

funning,  415. 


Shell-heaps,  Unio  complaiuitun,  shells  of, 
fm-nilng  inland,  440. 
"  Vnio  vlriilin,  ?hell»  of,  form- 

ing inland,  440. 
"  IV/ms  mercenarin,  shells  of, 

forming,  44.5. 
.Sinew-dressers.  145. 
SlickstoMCs.  139. 

.Sna  |)per  ( Chelyilrn  serpentina),  200. 
.Snyder,  Dr.  J.  K.,  11»U. 
Spearpoints,  247. 

"  argilllte.  200. 

"  ••       antiquity  of,  260, 

"  as  "  nsh-glg«."2(IO. 

miiximum  size  of,  2.50. 


pvolnible  use  of.  2.58 
twisted  or  "rifled 


26S. 


Splndle-sockct  stones,  102. 

Sqnier,  E.  (i.,  2.33.  415. 

Squler  an<l  Davis,  Messrs.,  17,  ttG,  307,  330, 

3(i9,378. 
St.  Catttlina  Island,  Cal.,  steatite  quarry 

on,  18<i. 
Steatite  food  vessels,  185. 

"        "         "        how  manufactured, 
lS(i,  188. 

"      quarry  in  New  England,  lv8. 
Stevens,  K.  T.,  ISO,  329. 
Stirling,  l»r.  K.,  370. 
Stnbbs,  Dr.  Chas.  H.,  351. 
Susqnelnninn  river.  Pa.,  valley  of,  arrow- 

lieails  from,  288,  292. 
Susquehanna  river.  Pa., 

2(i,  27. 


axes, 
copper 

drills, 

flsh- 

flint 

hand 

net- 

pol- 


Susquehanna      "       "  " 

implements,  414. 
Susqnelianna  river,    "  " 

11,5. 
Susqueliiinna      "       "  " 

I- pears.  273. 
Susquehanna  river,   "         " 

knives.  Si. 
Susquehanna     "       "  '< 

hanmiers,  420. 
Susquehanna  river,   "  " 

sinkers,  240. 
Susquehanna  river,   '•  " 

ished  stone  drills,  118. 
Swanton,  Vermont,  implements  fl'ora  an- 
cient graves  near,  374. 
Swiss  lakes,  celts  from.  42. 
Stvitzerland.  flint  scrapers  from.  121. 
Syria,  stone  implements  from,  45. 

Tapley,  D.  .T.,  360. 
Tazous  Indians,  325. 
Tennessee,  <day  pipes,  327. 
"  flint  daggers,  203. 

"  polished  scraper  from,  131. 

"  sliell  disk  from,  73. 

Teshoas,  138. 

Wyoming  Territory,  138. 
"        New  Jersey,  l;f8. 
TitusvlUe,  New  Jersey,  carved  stone  ft"om, 

384 
Tooker,  W.  VV.,  209,  439. 
Totems,  72.  .383. 
1'rentou  gravels,  antiquity  of,  472. 

"  "       mammalian        remains 

found  in,  483. 
"  "  origin  of,  522. 

Trenton,  New   Jersey,  an  Indian  village 
site,  372. 
"  "  "        clay  pot  from,  174. 

"  "  "        deposit    of    axes 

tound  at,  33. 


j(W"gpi'> 


560 


INDEX. 


Trenton,  New  Jersey,  mortnrin  bowlder, 
nt.  ISI. 
"  "  "       pipe  fi-oin,  326. 

Trinkets,  40». 
Tiiukerton,  Now  Jersey,  slioll-heapH  nenr, 

"  "         "       spearpoints,  271. 

Uh'-Bfao-KwathS.  !W. 
Vnaliic-htKo,  see  Delaware  Indians, 
UnanilK,  Hee  Delaware  Indians. 
17.  !i.  NntlonnI  MuRonm,  (14. 
U.  8.  Survey,  West  inotli  Merid.,  20,  70,  81, 
88, 2IKi,  aoiO,  30(1,  40.5. 

Vannxem.  Gardner,  U'^. 

VenuH  mercenaria.  see  shell-heaps, 

Vermont,  ariiiwheads,  2H0. 

"         bird-shaped  stone  from,  .TO. 

"         clay  pots fiom,  17S,  170, 181,    ' 

"         pestles  nrom,  102, 


Walrus,  bones  of,  in  drift  Rravels,  483. 

WarroniCo.,  New  Jersey,  hematite  imple- 
ments, 4(1. 

Welllleet,  Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  carved  stone 
representing  hnman  tuce,  from,  300. 

Whitney.  Prof.  J.  D.,  ».  421, 

Whittlesey,  Col.  Chas..  370, 

Williams.  RoKcr.  2:t».  325. 

Wilaon.  Dr.  Tianlel,  31. 

Wisconsin,  c  ipper  implements,  410. 

"         palished  drill-like  Implements, 

111), 
"  pottery.  181. 

WIttmerdlsk.  see  DiHuoldnl  stones, 

Woollev.  Cliiis.  K..  447. 

Wyman.  Prof.  .lolfrios,  171,  173,  205,211, 
2in,  431),  440,  444,  448,  403, 

Yardville,  New  Jersey,  an  Indian  village 
site,  151. 


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